Surface Modification Of Polyester Research Articles

Sustainability-Oriented Surface Modification of Polyester Knitted Fabrics with Chitosan

Sustainability-Oriented Surface Modification of Polyester Knitted Fabrics with Chitosan

Effect of surface modification of polyester fabric on microfiber shedding from household laundry

PurposeSynthetic textile materials are noted as one of the major contributors to microfiber pollution through laundry. Though many research works evaluated microfiber pollution, the solutions provided to control microfiber shedding are meager. The existing products collect or filter the microfiber from laundry effluent and restrict the direct leaching. However, no methods were proposed to effectively reduce the shedding from the textile itself.Design/methodology/approachThis research is aimed to analyze the influence of surface modification of polyester knitted textiles by sodium hydroxide, on microfiber shedding. Response surface methodology was adapted to optimize different treatment parameters (alkali concentration, treatment time and temperature).FindingsThe results show that the sodium hydroxide concentration and treatment time had a negative correlation with microfiber shedding reduction. Whereas, treatment temperature had a positive correlation with microfiber shedding reduction. The statistical analysis revealed that 0.4 M concentration, 90°C temperature and 24 min of treatment time was the best process condition for minimum microfiber release. The same was confirmed with a practical experiment and a significant reduction of 80.63% in microfiber shedding after alkali treatment was found.Originality/valueAlkali treatment of different knitted polyester fabrics with various knit structures and mass per square meter showed a significant reduction in microfiber shedding. The repeated laundry performed for 20 washes with surface-modified samples showed a significant reduction in microfiber release at every wash cycle and ensured the longevity of the effect.

Response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling of work of adhesion on plasma-treated polyester–cotton-woven fabrics

This paper aimed to study the effects of plasma treatment parameters on polyester–cotton of woven fabric surfaces through the work of adhesion test using artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). This study used plasma treatment parameters, such as electrode distance, voltage, and plasma exposure time, as inputs for the models. We used surface tension as a function of contact angle (θ) to measure the work of adhesion ( the model's output. Results showed that adhesion is closely related to the selected input variables. In addition, the development of artificial neural networks and response surface methodology could predict the experimental data with the coefficient of determination results were 0.902 and 0.719, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) values were 2.135138 and 3.685359, respectively. Based on this research, compared with SRM, ANN has higher accuracy in calculating the work of adhesion. We concluded that ANN is expected to be a valuable quantitative method to predict and understand the adhesion effect of plasma treatment on the surface modification of polyester–cotton woven fabrics. The novelty of this study is that we used both ANN and RSM for the first time to predict the work of adhesion of polyester–cotton woven fabric treated with corona plasma. The use of the artificial neural network to simulate and predict the effect of plasma treatment on improving the work of adhesion is another novelty of this research.

Exploring Impacts of Hyper-Branched Polyester Surface Modification of Graphene Oxide on the Mechanical Performances of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene.

In this manuscript, the graphene oxide (GO) was modified by hyper-branched polyester (HBP). The effects of GO or modified GO (HBP-m-GO) on the mechanical performance and wearing properties were investigated. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the successful grafting of HBP onto GO. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the graft amount of HBP is calculated to be 9.6 wt%. The GO or HBP-m-GO was added into acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) to prepare the ABS/GO composites. The mechanical properties and wear performance of the composites were studied to comparatively study the impact of GO modification on the properties of the composites. The results revealed that the addition of GO has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of ABS, and when HBP-m-GO was added, the elastic modulus and tensile strength of ABS/HBP-m-GO increased evidently compared with ABS/GO. The tensile strength increased from 42.1 ± 0.6 MPa of pure ABS to 55.9 ± 0.9 MPa, up to 30%. Meanwhile, the elongation at break was significantly higher than ABS/GO to 20.1 ± 1.3%, slightly lower than that of pure ABS. For wear performance, the addition of raw GO decreased the friction coefficient, and when the HBP-m-GO was added, the friction coefficient of the ABS/HBP-m-GO dropped more evidently. Meanwhile, the weight loss during the wear test decreased evidently. The related mechanism was discussed.

Improving Dyeing Parameters of Polyester/Cotton Blended Fabrics by Caustic Soda, Chitosan, and Their Hybrid

The production of polyester fibers has been dynami‌cally increased, accompanied by the common use of polyester-cotton blends. In this research work, polyester (100%), cotton (100%), and polyester-cotton blend fabrics (50/50) have been subjected to treat with caustic soda, chitosan and their hybrid, followed by one-bath two-stage dyeing with reactive dye (Reactive Red 198 RR198), to study their dyeing performance and morphology. SEM images of polyester treated and untreated with caustic soda, it describes the ease of adsorption on the alkaline modified fabric surface. The one bath two step method was used to shorten the dyeing process, increase yield and reduce the utility and chemical cost. In the final stage, the dyed fabrics were tested for color strength (K/S) value, dye intensity, fixation% in addition to, fastness properties evaluated by testing the light, washing and perspiration fastness properties of the dye. The results clearly show that for all pre- treated fabrics using caustic soda (90 g/dm3 of caustic soda, 100 min ; 80oC), favorable absorption of reactive dye RR198, resulting a high color strength and fixation % due to surface modification of polyester and mercerization of cotton fabrics. The effect of chitosan pretreatment on dyeability, fastness, and some physicochemical properties has been investigated. Hybrid treatments of textile materials by combining alkali and chitosan are potentially the most effective for improved dye color strength and fixation % and it could be applied as a novel approach to textile dyeing and finishing.

Characterization and Evaluation of Polyester and Silk Fabrics Treated using Plasma as Clean Energy Advanced Technique.

In this article we studied the effect of surface modification of polyester (PET) and silk fabrics by their exposure to cold plasma. The cold plasma was carried out using oxygen as a working gas and different plasma device parameters have been studied such as: different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure using plasma/Oxygen. Treated fabrics are characterized by the measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties, air permeability, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and the changes in surface morphological of pretreated fabrics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X- Ray Analysis (EDX)). The nano-silver particles were prepared by green synthesis method, then were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Zeta Potential and particle size. The exposed plasma fabrics at optimum conditions were modified with the prepared nano-silver. The antibacterial activity properties for treated fabrics against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were examined. The SEM results confirmed that there was a significant increase in roughness of the surface for all treated fabrics . The results of mechanical properties showed that plasma treatment had not destructive effect on the physical properties of the fabrics. The results obtained clarify that the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values increase for polyester exposed fabrics but the increase is not significant for silk fabrics while antibacterial properties were highly improved by all treated fabrics.

Photo and biocatalytic activities along with UV protection properties on polyester fabric through green in-situ synthesis of cauliflower-like CuO nanoparticles

In this paper, a facile environmentally friendly method is introduced for in-situ synthesis and fabrication of cauliflower-like CuO nanoparticles on the polyester fabric to produce photo and biocatalytic activities with UV protection properties on polyester fabric. The ash of burnt leaves and stems of Seidlitzia rosmarinus plant called Keliab was used as a natural and nontoxic alkaline source for simultaneous synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and surface modification of polyester without using any other compounds. The images of field-emission scanning electron microscopy, patterns of energy-dispersive spectroscopy, UV–visible spectrum and X-ray diffraction confirmed successful synthesis and loading of CuO nanoparticles on the polyester fabric. The treated fabrics showed very good antibacterial activities toward two pathogen bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus as a Gram-positive and Escherichia coli as a Gram-negative bacteria with no adverse effects on human dermal fibroblasts based on MTT test. The treated fabrics confirmed significant photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene blue under sunlight, self-cleaning properties under UV light and also UV protection properties. Further a colorant effect along with an improvement in the wettability and mechanical properties of the treated fabrics were indicated. Overall, this method can be applied as a clean route for producing photo and bio active textiles protecting against UV irradiation.

An effective surface modification of polyester fabrics for improving the interfacial deposition of polypyrrole layer

A simple and effective surface modification of polyester (PET) fabrics with H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) to improve the interfacial deposition of polypyrrole (PPy) on PET fabrics was presented in our work. Effects of H2SO4 concentration on hydrophilicity of PET fabrics were analyzed by water contact angle measurements. Effects of H2SO4 modification on deposition of PPy were investigated by electrical resistivity and color depth of fabrics measurements. Besides, the adhesion of PPy on PET fabrics was also discussed. The PPy-deposited PET fabrics were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR and XPS results showed that sulfonic acid groups appeared on PET fibers after modification which were contributed to improving deposition of PPy on PET fabrics. The improved deposition increased electrical conductivity of fabrics.

Application of sonochemical technique for sustainable surface modification of polyester fibers resulting in durable nano-sonofinishing

In this study firstly we aimed at introducing the effects of ultrasound and sonochemistry in surface modification of polyester fibers. For this purpose, surface modification of polyester fibers was achieved by ultrasound, and contact angle and water spreading time measurements were used to confirm the treatment efficiency. Hydroxylation of terephthalate was occurred by hydroxyl radicals formed during water sonolysis, forming functional groups on polyester surface, as confirmed by XPS analysis, improving the wettability. Creation of hydroxyl groups under sono surface modification was further assessed by dyeing the samples with reactive dye. Secondly, we investigated the durable nano-sono-finishing of polyester fibers by nano TiO2 particles under ultrasonic bath. Washing durability of the sono-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles was evaluated confirming the effective role of sonochemical technique in polyester surface modification. Thirdly, the self-cleaning activity of sono-synthesized nano TiO2 treated samples toward degradation of Methylene Blue stain was superior to coating of fabric with commercial nano TiO2 using identical procedure.

Aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate surface along with in situ synthesis and stabilizing ZnO nanoparticles using triethanolamine optimized with response surface methodology.

This research concerned the simultaneous polyester surface modification and synthesis of zinc oxide nano-reactors to develop durable photo-bio-active fabric with variable hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity under sunlight. For this purpose, triethanolamine (TEA) was applied as a stabilizer and pH adjusting chemical for the aminolysis of polyester surface and enhancing the surface reactivity along with synthesis and deposition of ZnO nanoparticles on the fabric. Therefore, TEA played a crucial role in providing the alkaline condition for the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles and acting as stabilizer controlling the size of the prepared nanoparticles. The stain-photodegradability regarded as self-cleaning efficiency, wettability and weight change under the process was optimized based on zinc acetate and TEA concentrations, using central composite design (CCD). Findings also suggested the potential of the prepared fabric in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria growth with greater than 99.99% antibacterial efficiency. Besides, the proposed treatment had no detrimental effect on tensile strength and hand feeling of the polyester fabric.

Cotton and polyester surface modification by methacrylic silane and fluorinated alkoxysilane via sol–gel and UV-curing coupled process

The aim of the present work was the surface modification of cotton and polyester fibers to confer hydro and oil repellency to the fabrics. Sol–gel, previously investigated by the same authors as textile finishing, was here chosen as surface treatment not involving the bulk of the fibers, so fabrics can keep unvaried comfort characteristics. Moreover, it was coupled to post-UV-curing to enhance the finishing adhesion to fibers, improving treatment fastness. Process optimization was in fact focused on an economical and ecofriendly process to obtain an effective finishing with good fastness to washing. 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MEMO) was used as sol–gel precursor both alone and with Fluorolink® S10, a commercial product from Solvay Solexis (Italy), to obtain an UV-curable modified nanosol to be applied to fabrics with add-ons ranging from 5% to 30% o.w.f. (on weight of fibers). Treated samples were tested by means of contact angle measurements with water and oil while fastness to washing was tested according to ISO standard (till 5 washing cycles). Moreover the modifications that occurred on fiber surface were investigated by FTIR–ATR and XPS while the influence on thermal properties was revealed by DSC measurements. Promising results were obtained in terms of conferred water and oil repellency and treatment fastness, enhanced in particular on UV post-cured samples, as expected.

Evaluation of IR Spectral Analysis and Dyeing Parameters for Plasma and /or Nano-Silver Treatments of Polyester and Nylon Fabrics

In our work of this paper, we study the effect of surface modification of polyester and nylon fabrics induced by DC plasma discharge and/ or nano-siliver treatments .DC plasma discharge was employed at first, as a function of plasma device parameters including different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure using chemically inert working gas: argon or nitrogen. Optimization of the performance of the applied DC plasma discharge with various applied conditions were performed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy spectral analysis, by following up the changes in the peak intensity values of the characteristic functional groups that characterize polyester fabric. Then the dyeing properties of different pretreated fabrics with plasma by the best conditions are subjected to nano-silver treatment by concentration 50 ppm under the effect of different dye concentrations, different dyeing temperature and different dyeing time. Finally, the fastness properties to light and washing for the treated samples were studied. The results obtained showed that both of the dyeing parameters and fastness properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabrics by either individual plasma treatment or combined DC cold plasma and nano-silver treatments.

Aminolysis-based surface modification of polyesters for biomedical applications

The ester-containing polymers, in particular polyesters, are widely used as biomedical materials due to their industrial availability and, in many cases, degradability. However, the commercially available polyesters are usually absent of bioactive sites or motifs to meet the requirements of some specific biomedical uses, especially in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Aminolysis is a convenient and versatile method to introduce –NH2 or other functional groups onto the polyester surface. Functional moieties can then be conjugated to or grafted from these active sites. Numerous studies have managed to fabricate a series of functional surfaces on various types and forms of polyesters. They are capable of improving cell adhesion, proliferation and cellular functions, domination of stem cell differentiation and isolation of certain subgroup of cells, demonstrating the versatility of the aminolysis-based polyester surface modification in biomedical applications. The mechanism and kinetics of aminolysis reaction, as well as its subsequent influence on materials properties are discussed in this review. The successive functionalization strategies and derivative applications of the aminolyzed surfaces are introduced. Finally, the review concludes with current challenges and future perspectives.

Surface modification of polyester by oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐plasma treatment

AbstractIn this paper, we present a study on the surface modification of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) polymer by plasma treatment. The samples were treated by nitrogen and oxygen plasma for different time periods between 3 and 90 s. The plasma was created by a radio frequency (RF) generator. The gas pressure was fixed at 75 Pa and the discharge power was set to 200 W. The samples were treated in the glow region, where the electrons temperature was about 4 eV, the positive ions density was about 2 × 1015 m−3, and the neutral atom density was about 4 × 1021 m−3 for oxygen and 1 × 1021 m−3 for nitrogen. The changes in surface morphology were observed by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface wettability was determined by water contact angle measurements while the chemical composition of the surface was analyzed using XPS. The stability of functional groups on the polymer surface treated with plasma was monitored by XPS and wettability measurements in different time intervals. The oxygen‐plasma‐treated samples showed much more pronounced changes in the surface topography compared to those treated by nitrogen plasma. The contact angle of a water drop decreased from 75° for the untreated sample to 20° for oxygen and 25° for nitrogen‐plasma‐treated samples for 3 s. It kept decreasing with treatment time for both plasmas and reached about 10° for nitrogen plasma after 1 min of plasma treatment. For oxygen plasma, however, the contact angle kept decreasing even after a minute of plasma treatment and eventually fell below a few degrees. We found that the water contact angle increased linearly with the O/C ratio or N/C ratio in the case of oxygen or nitrogen plasma, respectively. Ageing effects of the plasma‐treated surface were more pronounced in the first 3 days; however, the surface hydrophilicity was rather stable later. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Evaluation of IR Spectral Analysis and Dyeing Parameters for Plasma and /or Nano-Silver Treatments of Polyester and Nylon Fabrics

In our work of this paper, we study the effect of surface modification of polyester and nylon fabrics induced by DC plasma discharge and/ or nano-siliver treatments .DC plasma discharge was employed at first, as a function of plasma device parameters including different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure using chemically inert working gas: argon or nitrogen. Optimization of the performance of the applied DC plasma discharge with various applied conditions were performed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy spectral analysis, by following up the changes in the peak intensity values of the characteristic functional groups that characterize polyester fabric. Then the dyeing properties of different pretreated fabrics with plasma by the best conditions are subjected to nano-silver treatment by concentration 50 ppm under the effect of different dye concentrations, different dyeing temperature and different dyeing time. Finally, the fastness properties to light and washing for the treated samples were studied. The results obtained showed that both of the dyeing parameters and fastness properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabrics by either individual plasma treatment or combined DC cold plasma and nano-silver treatments.

Effect of Irradiation Power on Surface Modification of Polyester by Ammonia Plasma Treatment

The power dependence of nitrogen functional group introduction treated with ammonia plasma on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and liquid crystal polymer (LCP) was investigated. The ratios of NH2 and N–C=O groups, which are the introduced functional groups, differ depending on the power used for plasma generation. The ratio of N–C=O groups increases with increasing power. For PET, the introduction of oxygen functional groups occurs at low power. Power dependences of contact angles were found for PET and LCP. They are related to the different types and quantities of functional groups with respect to the power. A considerable decrease in contact angles is apparent at the low-power side of 0–15 W.

Surface modification of polyester and polyamide fabrics by low frequency plasma polymerization of acrylic acid

AbstractIn this study, the surface characteristics of polyester and polyamide fabrics were changed by plasma polymerization technique utilizing acrylic acid as precursor. This monomer was used to produce hydrophilic materials with extended absorbency. The hydrophilicity, total wrinkle recovery angle (WRA°) and breaking strength of the fabrics were determined prior and after plasma polymerization treatment. The modification of surfaces was carried out at low pressure (<100 Pa) and low temperature (<50°C) plasma conditions. The effects of exposure time and discharge power parameters were optimized by comparing properties of the fabrics before and after plasma polymerization treatments. It was shown that two sides of polyester fabric samples were treated equally and homogeneously in plasma reactor. For polyester fabrics, the minimum wetting time, 0.5 s, was observed at two plasma processing parameters of 10 W–45 min and 10 W–20 min, where untreated fabric has a wetting time of 6 s. For polyester fabrics, the maximum value was obtained at 60 W–5 min with the wrinkle recovery angle of 306° where the untreated fabric has 290°. The optimum plasma conditions for polyamide fabrics were determined as 30 W–45 min where 2 s wetting time was observed. Wrinkle recovery angle of untreated polyamide fabric was 264°. In this study, after plasma polymerization of acrylic acid, wrinkle recovery angle values were increased by 13%. No significant change was observed in breaking strength of both fabrics after plasma treatment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2318–2322, 2007

Surface modification of polyester to produce a bacterial cellulose-based vascular prosthetic device

The surface of medical grade polyesters was modified to impart hydrophilic character for attachment to bacterial synthesized cellulose to produce a vascular prosthetic device. The polyesters were treated with UV/ozone, air plasma, and nitrogen plasma for various lengths of time. The unmodified and modified surfaces were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and advancing contact angle measurements. The surfaces were then coated with bacterial produced cellulose to study adhesion properties through tensile testing (peel testing). UV/ozone and plasma treatment XPS results indicated an increase in the oxygen concentration in the form of C O(H) on the treated polyester surfaces. The treatment time to reach steady state in the case of air and nitrogen plasmas took the order of seconds, while 7 min and longer were required for UV/ozone treatment. Peel strength tests to measure adhesion of modified polyester to cellulose reached their maximum values when the C O(H) concentrations were at the highest level. It was also at this level that the contact angle measurements showed no further decrease.

Effect of Charge and Hydrophobicity on Adsorption of Modified Starches on Polyester

Polyester fabric (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) is a hydrophobic polymer. Its hydrophobic nature can be a disadvantage for certain applications like dyeing, finishing, detergency, etc. Physical or chemical modification of the polyester to make it more hydrophilic is therefore desirable for certain performance characteristics. Surface modification of polyester to make it hydrophilic can be achieved by adsorbing polymers on the polyester surface. Starch is a commonly available, hydrophilic polymer used in many textile applications that can be used to modify polyester. However, it needs to be chemically modified so that it can adsorb on the polyester fabric and physically modify the fabric characteristics. The polymers used in this study are two different modified starches—cationic and anionic starches and mixtures of the two. The adsorption kinetics on a polyester substrate was studied. The effect of charge and hydrophobicity on adsorption was investigated. Cationic starches were shown to readily adsorb on polyester and this was attributed to electrostatic interactions. Hydrophobic substituents on the cationic moiety resulted in increased adsorption. This was attributed to the weak hydrophobic interaction between the polymer chains which could result in a more coiled polymer conformation. It is hypothesized that more starch molecules are required for surface coverage of the polyester, resulting in an increase in adsorption. Anionic starch was adsorbed on the substrate but at a slower rate than the cationic starches. It is likely that there is a H bonding between acid groups on the starch and the ester groups of the polyester. However, the anionic starch is desorbed when the polyester is placed in an aqueous medium. When a blend of cationic starch and anionic starch was used, a low concentration of anionic starch was seen to increase adsorption, indicating that the polyelectrolyte complex itself may be adsorbing on the substrate. Further increases cause a decrease in adsorption as no sites may be available on the complex for adsorption. When hydrophobic substituents are present, addition of the anionic starch causes a decrease in adsorption at all concentrations. This was attributed to the “crosslinking” between the hydrophobically modified starch and the anionic polymer.

Surface modification of polyester by low temperature plasma treatment and its effect on coloration

The effect of low temperature plasma (LTP) on polyester (PET) is investigated by examining the changes in the dyeing properties of treated PET fabrics. An optimum condition for LTP treatment is determined by orthogonal analysis and this treatment condition was used through out the study. After LTP treatment, the PET fabric samples exhibit better hydrophilicity and the dyeability of the fabric is increased and such improvement is more pronounced in the case of high energy disperse dyes. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation also reveals that the surface of the treated PET fibre becomes rough with the formation of microtroughs.