Surface Modification Of Nanocellulose Research Articles

Preparation and Surface Modification of Nanocellulose and Its Adsorption Performance on Cu2+

Nanocellulose fibers (NCFs) were converted to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and then modified with diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) to form modified CNCs (DTPA–CNCs), which were investigated as adsorbents for removing Cu2+ from aqueous solution. The adsorption behavior was affected by pH, contact time, dosage and raw Cu2+ concentration. Langmuir model is the best method to fit the adsorption isotherm of experimental results. The optimal conditions for Cu2+ adsorption were 2 h at 35 °C and pH 3, the optimal adsorption capacity is 94.5 mg/g. These functional groups on the DTPA–CNCs provided enhanced adsorption capacity, compared with unmodified NCFs.

Surface modification of Nano cellulose: The path to advanced uses of smart and sustainable bio-material

In order to develop sophisticated applications for intelligent and sustainable biomaterials, our work focuses on the surface modification of nanocellulose. Nanocellulose has the ability to be modified to improve its surface characteristics, making it appropriate for a variety of uses in industries including biomedicine, packaging, textiles, and water treatment. There have been discussions on a number of physical and chemical surface modification approaches, including mechanical treatment, high-pressure homogenization, and chemical functionalization. The study also highlights the results of different characterization methods that were employed to examine the surface-modified nanocellulose. The review addresses the difficulties in integrating nanocellulose into many applications, despite its potential, including manufacturing scale-up, standardisation, and toxicity issues. The article's conclusion highlights the need for continuing research and development of nanocellulose-based materials in order to meet these obstacles and offer long-term solutions to a range of social issues.

Nanocellulose as a new sustainable material for various applications: a review

Purpose: This paper presents a comprehensive review of nanocellulose and its application in several applications, including composites, biomedical, and food packaging fields. Design/methodology/approach: General explanations about cellulose and nanocellulose have been described. Different types of nanocellulose (cellulose nanofibers, cellulose nanocrystals, bacterial nanocellulose) as well as their isolation processes (mechanical process, chemical process) have been reviewed. Several surface modifications have been explained to improve the dispersion of nanocellulose in non-polar polymers. The possible utilization of nanocellulose in composites, biomedical, and food packaging fields have also been analysed. Findings: This review presents three application fields at once, namely composites, biomedical, and food packaging fields. In the composite field, nanocellulose can be used as a reinforcing agent which increases the mehcnical properties such as tensile strength and toughness, and thermal stability of the final composites. In the biomedical field, nanocellulose is reinforced into hydrogel or composites which will be produced as tissue scaffolding, wound dressing, etc. It is found that the addition of nanocellulose can extend and control the drug release. While in the packaging field, nanocellulose is added into a biopolymer to improve the barrier properties and decrease the water and oxygen vapor transmission rates. Research limitations/implications: Nanocellulose has a hydrophilic nature, thus making it agglomerated and difficult to disperse in most non-polar polymers. Therefore, certain surface modification of nanocellulose are required prior to the preparation of composites or hydrogels.Practical implications: Further research regarding the toxicity of nanocellulose needs to be investigated, especially when applying it in the biomedical and food packaging fields. Originality/value: This review presents three application fields at once, namely composites, biomedical, and food packaging fields.

From Cellulose to Cellulose Nanofibrils-A Comprehensive Review of the Preparation and Modification of Cellulose Nanofibrils.

This review summarizes the preparation methods of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and the progress in the research pertaining to their surface modification. Moreover, the preparation and surface modification of nanocellulose were comprehensively introduced based on the existing literature. The review focuses on the mechanical treatment of cellulose, the surface modification of fibrillated fibers during pretreatment, the surface modification of nanocellulose and the modification of CNFs and their functional application. In the past five years, research on cellulose nanofibrils has progressed with developments in nanomaterials research technology. The number of papers on nanocellulose alone has increased by six times. However, owing to its high energy consumption, high cost and challenging industrial production, the applications of nanocellulose remain limited. In addition, although nanofibrils exhibit strong biocompatibility and barrier and mechanical properties, their high hydrophilicity limits their practical application. Current research on cellulose nanofibrils has mainly focused on the industrial production of CNFs, their pretreatment and functional modification and their compatibility with other biomass materials. In the future, with the rapid development of modern science and technology, the demand for biodegradable biomass materials will continue to increase. Furthermore, research on bio-based nanomaterials is expected to advance in the direction of functionalization and popularization.

Surface modification of nanocellulose through carbamate link for a selective release of chemotherapeutics

Herein we report the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals covalently bound to a model chemotherapeutic drug (DOXO) via a novel spacer arm, which acts both as linker and as selective releasing agent. The carbamate linkage present in the linker, shows stability in aqueous environments for a wide range of conditions and can only be hydrolyzed in the presence of cells, freeing the active drug, with unmodified chemotherapeutic properties.

Surface modification of nanocellulose using polypyrrole for the adsorptive removal of Congo red dye and chromium in binary mixture

In this study, nanocellulose was synthesised by acid hydrolysis of cellulose and was coupled with polypyrrole supporting matrix. The synthesised nanocellulose polypyrrole composite (NCPPY) was characterised by FESEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, TGA/DSC and NMR. These analysis showed the conversion of cellulose to nano sized crystalline structure with excellent thermal stability and higher surface area. The effect of different parameters like pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of Chromium (Cr(VI)) and Congo Red (CR) were optimised in batch mode. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been employed as an optimization tool for the efficient removal of Cr(VI) and CR and the maximum removal efficiency was found to be 80% and 85% respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm well fitted the equilibrium data for CR and Cr(VI) respectively. Thermodynamic data showed that the biosorption of Cr(VI) and CR on NCPPY is an endothermic, spontaneous, and entropy-driven process. The adsorption kinetic followed pseudo-second-order for Cr(VI) and intraparticle diffusion for CR. Effect of co-existing ions were checked using several common salts and heavy metals. Results indicated that NCPPY has great potential to remove Cr(VI) and CR binary mixture under simulated conditions.

Nanocellulose, a Versatile Green Platform: From Biosources to Materials and Their Applications

With increasing environmental and ecological concerns due to the use of petroleum-based chemicals and products, the synthesis of fine chemicals and functional materials from natural resources is of great public value. Nanocellulose may prove to be one of the most promising green materials of modern times due to its intrinsic properties, renewability, and abundance. In this review, we present nanocellulose-based materials from sourcing, synthesis, and surface modification of nanocellulose, to materials formation and applications. Nanocellulose can be sourced from biomass, plants, or bacteria, relying on fairly simple, scalable, and efficient isolation techniques. Mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments, or a combination of these, can be used to extract nanocellulose from natural sources. The properties of nanocellulose are dependent on the source, the isolation technique, and potential subsequent surface transformations. Nanocellulose surface modification techniques are typically used to introduce either charged or hydrophobic moieties, and include amidation, esterification, etherification, silylation, polymerization, urethanization, sulfonation, and phosphorylation. Nanocellulose has excellent strength, high Young's modulus, biocompatibility, and tunable self-assembly, thixotropic, and photonic properties, which are essential for the applications of this material. Nanocellulose participates in the fabrication of a large range of nanomaterials and nanocomposites, including those based on polymers, metals, metal oxides, and carbon. In particular, nanocellulose complements organic-based materials, where it imparts its mechanical properties to the composite. Nanocellulose is a promising material whenever material strength, flexibility, and/or specific nanostructuration are required. Applications include functional paper, optoelectronics, and antibacterial coatings, packaging, mechanically reinforced polymer composites, tissue scaffolds, drug delivery, biosensors, energy storage, catalysis, environmental remediation, and electrochemically controlled separation. Phosphorylated nanocellulose is a particularly interesting material, spanning a surprising set of applications in various dimensions including bone scaffolds, adsorbents, and flame retardants and as a support for the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts.

Isolation and Surface Modification of Nanocellulose: Necessity of Enzymes over Chemicals

AbstractNanocellulose is an emerging sustainable biomaterial with exceptional physicochemical properties. It can be isolated from inexpensive renewable cellulosic biomass. Wood cellulose is the most extensively used biomass for the isolation of nanocellulose. Yet, owing to their hydrophilic nature, their utilization is restricted to applications involving hydrophilic or polar media, which limits their exploitation. With the presence of a large number of chemical functionalities within their structure, these building blocks provide a unique platform for significant surface modification through various methods. On the other hand, significantly used hazardous chemicals make the process environmentally unfriendly. Furthermore, recovery of used chemicals and toxicity of final products are the biggest challenges. To overcome these problems, the enzymatic approach is an emerging trend for isolation and surface modification of nanocellulose. This review assembles current knowledge in the research and development of nanocelluloses from cellulosic biomass and emphasizes the enzymatic routes developed so far for isolation, production, and functionalization.

A Mini Review on Plant-based Nanocellulose: Production, Sources, Modifications and Its Potential in Drug Delivery Applications.

Nanocellulose is an emerging sustainable biomaterial with exceptional physicochemical properties. It can be isolated from inexpensive renewable cellulosic biomass and a number of natural plant fibers have been extensively investigated as a source for such isolation. The geometrical dimensions of the prepared cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are however, found to vary widely, depending on the source of the cellulosic material and hydrolysis conditions. CNCs are biocompatible and biodegradable which exhibit very low cytotoxicity thus, offering a wide range of opportunities for biomedical applications. By surface modification of nanocellulose, various functional materials with tunable properties can also be developed. Over the past two decades, CNCs have garnered a significant interest as biobased reinforcing nanofiller material. This mini review will provide an overview into the production methods, sources of cellulosic fibers, surface modification strategies and drug delivery applications of the chemically or mechanically isolated nanocellulose.

Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from plant sources for application as reinforcing agent in polymers

In the last few decades, the usages of plant sources-based stiff fillers as reinforcement material in polymer composites have attracted significant interests of researchers. The crystalline part of the semicrystalline cellulose chains as found in the plant cell walls represents the most highly potential reinforcing agents for polymer. This review systematically covers the extraction of nano-sized cellulose crystals from plant cell wall which involving the applications of several highly effective techniques. The topic about the derivation of products functionality at each stage as well as their influences on the final reinforcing capability is also covered. Apart from these, a detailed overview of current knowledge on the surface modification of nanocellulose has been provided also. Inasmuch, this paper is desired to encourage the emergence of preparation of cellulose derivative nanocrystals with controlled morphology, structure and properties, so that enable positive development of biocompatible, renewable and sustainable reinforcing materials for polymer composites field.