Surface Imaging Technology Research Articles

Discrete Element Method Simulation of Particulate Material Fracture Behavior on a Stretchable Single Filter Fiber with Additional Gas Flow

This study presents a comprehensive discrete element method (DEM) simulation approach for the stretching of a filter fiber with a separated polydisperse particle structure on top. For a realistic interaction between the fiber surface and the particles, the original surface of the polymer fiber was projected onto the surface of the fiber cylinder using surface imaging technologies (atomic force microscopy (AFM) and white-light interferometry). In addition, the adhesive forces between particle–fiber and particle–particle contacts were calibrated in the DEM domain using values from self-conducted AFM measurements. Fiber stretching was implemented by the linear motion of small periodic fiber elements. Discretization problems were resolved through studying the stretching of a fiber segment at the size of 8 mm. A critical fiber element length was discovered to be ≈100 μm for minimizing discretization dependencies during the cracking of the particle structure. The number and density of particle–particle contacts within the particle loading on the fiber were obtained at two different elongation rates. Effects such as densification of the particulate structure and increased detachment due to additional air flow were demonstrated.

Patient perceptions of three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging technology and traditional methods used to assess anthropometry

BackgroundObesity and overweight are commonplace, yet attrition rates in weight management clinics are high. Traditional methods of body measurement may be a deterrent due to invasive and time-consuming measurements and negative experiences of how data are presented back to individuals. Emerging new technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging technology, might provide a suitable alternative. This study aimed to understand acceptability of traditional and 3D surface imaging-based body measures, and whether perceptions differ between population groups. MethodsThis study used a questionnaire to explore body image, body measurement and shape, followed by a qualitative semi-structured interview and first-hand experience of traditional and 3D surface imaging-based body measures. Results49 participants responded to the questionnaire and 26 participants attended for the body measurements and interview over a 2-month period. There were 3 main themes from the qualitative data 1) Use of technology, 2) Participant experience, expectations and perceptions and 3) Perceived benefits and uses. ConclusionFrom this study, 3D-surface imaging appeared to be acceptable to patients as a method for anthropometric measurements, which may reduce anxiety and improve attrition rates in some populations. Further work is required to understand the scalability, and the role and implications of these technologies in weight management practice. (University Research Ethics Committee reference number ER41719941).

ACEMID cohort study: protocol of a prospective cohort study using 3D total body photography for melanoma imaging and diagnosis

IntroductionThree-dimensional (3D) total body photography may improve early detection of melanoma and facilitate surveillance, leading to better prognosis and lower healthcare costs. The Australian Centre of Excellence in Melanoma Imaging...

Development and Validation of a Comprehensive Perioral Evaluation Method Using Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetry.

The non-invasive three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry is widely used in anthropometry for medical purpose. Yet, few studies have assessed its reliability on measuring the perioral region. This study aimed to provide a standardized 3D anthropometric protocol for the perioral region. 38 female and 12 male Asians were recruited (mean age 31.6±9.6 years). Two sets of 3D images using the VECTRA 3D imaging system were acquired for each subject, and two measurement sessions for each image were performed independently by two raters. 25 landmarks were identified, and 28 linear, 2 curvilinear, 9 angular and 4 areal measurements were evaluated for intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability. Our results showed high reliability of 3D imaging-based perioral anthropometry by mean absolute difference (0.57 and 0.57 unit), technical error measurement (0.51 and 0.55 unit), relative error of measurement (2.18% and 2.44%), relative technical error of measurement (2.02% and 2.34%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.98 and 0.98) for intrarater 1 and intrarater 2 reliability; respectively 0.78 unit, 0.74 unit, 3.26%, 3.06% and 0.97 for interrater reliability; and respectively 1.01 unit, 0.97 unit, 4.74%, 4.57% and 0.95 for intramethod reliability. This standardized protocol utilizing 3D surface imaging technologies are feasible and highly reliable in perioral assessment. It could be further applied for diagnostic purpose, surgical planning and therapeutic effect evaluation in clinical practice in relation to perioral morphologies. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Evaluation of Vectra Xt 3D Surface Imaging Technology in Measuring Breast Symmetry and Breast Volume

Journal of the American College of Surgeons 236(5):p S9, May 2023. | DOI: 10.1097/01.XCS.0000932304.51365.42

Evaluation of Vectra® XT 3D Surface Imaging Technology in Measuring Breast Symmetry and Breast Volume.

Breast symmetry is an essential component of breast cosmesis. The Harvard Cosmesis scale is the most widely adopted method of breast symmetry assessment. However, this scale lacks reproducibility and reliability, limiting its application in clinical practice. The VECTRA® XT 3D (VECTRA®) is a novel breast surface imaging system that, when combined with breast contour measuring software (Mirror®), aims to produce a more accurate and reproducible measurement of breast contour to aid operative planning in breast surgery. This study aims to compare the reliability and reproducibility of subjective (Harvard Cosmesis scale) with objective (VECTRA®) symmetry assessment on the same cohort of patients. Patients at a tertiary institution had 2D and 3D photographs of their breasts. Seven assessors scored the 2D photographs using the Harvard Cosmesis scale. Two independent assessors used Mirror® software to objectively calculate breast symmetry by analysing 3D images of the breasts. Intra-observer agreement ranged from none to moderate (kappa - 0.005-0.7) amongst the assessors using the Harvard Cosmesis scale. Inter-observer agreement was weak (kappa 0.078-0.454) amongst Harvard scores compared to VECTRA® measurements. Kappa values ranged 0.537-0.674 for intra-observer agreement (p < 0.001) with Root Mean Square (RMS) scores. RMS had a moderate correlation with the Harvard Cosmesis scale (rs = 0.613). Furthermore, absolute volume difference between breasts had poor correlation with RMS (R2 = 0.133). VECTRA® and Mirror® software have potential in clinical practice as objectifying breast symmetry, but in the current form, it is not an ideal test. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Near-zero contact force atomic force microscopy investigations using active electromagnetic cantilevers

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) belongs to the high resolution and high sensitivity surface imaging technologies. In this method force interactions between the tip and the surface are observed to characterize sample properties. In the so-called contact AFM (C AFM) mode the tip is brought into continuous contact with the sample. Significant progress in the AFM technology can be obtained, when the so-called active cantilever technology is implemented in the surface measurements. The built-in deflection actuator enables very precise excitation of the cantilever. Moreover, as the mass of the beam is very small the static beam displacement can be controlled in the wide frequency range. In the experiments, which we describe in this article, we applied the so called active electromagnetic cantilevers. They integrate a conductive loop which, when immersed in the magnetic field and biased with electric current, acts as an electromagnetic deflection actuator. The induced and precisely estimated Lorentz force, which is a function of bias current, cantilever geometry and magnetic field makes the cantilever deflect. Moreover, the probe stiffness can be calibrated with lower uncertainty as in the case of standard thermomechanical analysis. NZ AFM technology required application of a novel control algorithm, called PredPID, in which the cantilever bending caused by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) block maintaining the constant load force was predicted.

Construction and Scanning Probe Microscopy Imaging of Two-dimensional Nanomaterials

Several fabrication technologies for molecular level ultra-thin films, from organic to organic–inorganic hybrids, are introduced using the surface imaging technology of scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and related techniques enable the observation of the surface of 2D materials in near real-time and in real-space. The combination of 2D materials and SPM technology opens up a new avenue of surface and material science, despite its many restrictions.

The Use of a 3D Simulator Software and 3D Printed Biomodels to Aid Autologous Breast Reconstruction.

Aesthetically pleasing and symmetrical breasts are the goal of reconstructive breast surgery. However, multiple procedures are sometimes needed to improve a reconstructed breast's symmetry and appearance. Since all breasts vary in terms of volume, height, width, projection, orientation, and shape, the lack of attention to these details at the moment of flap shaping in autologous reconstruction can lead to poor results. Recent advances in 3-dimensional (3D) surface imaging and printing technologies have allowed for improvement in autologous breast reconstruction symmetry. While 3D printing technology is becoming faster, more accurate, and less expensive, the technology required to obtain proper 3D breast images remains expensive, including laser scanners or 3D photogrammetric cameras. In this study, we present a novel use of an aesthetic surgery simulator software as an affordable alternative to obtaining 3D breast images and creating 3D printed biomodels to aid in the precise shaping of the flap. This approach aims to optimize aesthetic results in autologous breast reconstruction avoiding surgical revisions and reducing surgical times. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

条纹投影动态三维表面成像技术综述

The dynamic three-dimensional(3D) surface imaging technology based on fringe projection was summarized and the characteristics of typical strategies were analyzed. Firstly, the basic principle of the technique was introduced, including the basic structure of the system, the principle of 3D surface imaging, and the two typical phase extraction methods, phase shifting method and Fourier transform method. Secondly, the dynamic imaging scheme including high speed projection scheme and dynamic 3D surface imaging method using relatively low speed camera was introduced. Thirdly, the absolute phase acquisition methods in dynamic 3D image were introduced, mainly analog and digital coding and area statistical coding, were introduced. Finally, the methods of accurate dynamic phase measurement were introduced.

Replicating the complexity of natural surfaces: technique validation and applications for biomimetics, ecology and evolution.

The surfaces of animals, plants and abiotic structures are not only important for organismal survival, but they have also inspired countless biomimetic and industrial applications. Additionally, the surfaces of animals and plants exhibit an unprecedented level of diversity, and animals often move on the surface of plants. Replicating these surfaces offers a number of advantages, such as preserving a surface that is likely to degrade over time, controlling for non-structural aspects of surfaces, such as compliance and chemistry, and being able to produce large areas of a small surface. In this paper, we compare three replication techniques among a number of species of plants, a technical surface and a rock. We then use two model parameters (cross-covariance function ratio and relative topography difference) to develop a unique method for quantitatively evaluating the quality of the replication. Finally, we outline future directions that can employ highly accurate surface replications, including ecological and evolutionary studies, biomechanical experiments, industrial applications and improving haptic properties of bioinspired surfaces. The recent advances associated with surface replication and imaging technology have formed a foundation on which to incorporate surface information into biological sciences and to improve industrial and biomimetic applications. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology'.

Building Next-Generation Collections: Natural History Specimens, Just One Click Away!

Digitisation has made significant advances in many natural history collections since the 1980s. The Vertebrate Zoology Collections team of the Canadian Museum of Nature (CMNVZC; ca. 1,250,000 catalogued specimens) has the ambition to go fully digital with our physical objects and associated data. Organising CMNVZC data electronically (primary digitisation) through computerisation for collection management purposes was initiated in 1972 and systematically implemented since the 1980s. This databasing process involved several stages, each with its own objectives and challenges. It resulted in ca. 100% of the CMNVZC being now digitised and core specimen data being retrievable from the Web (e.g., GBIF, and VertNet). Digitising requires regular updates to reflect the changing needs of the collections-based research community, and to capitalise on new opportunities that arise with the advances in technology. In this digital age, improving collections accessibility and usability through realistic and sustainable digitisation, while avoiding the downside of information overload, remains the most pressing challenge. Increasing CMNVZC accessibility necessitates further consolidation and information standardisation of various types (e.g. collecting data) to be retrieved from several sources (e.g., field notes, original data sheets, and maps). Optimising collections usability can be achieved by adding value to existing records (secondary digitisation) by means of additional information as mentioned above, georeferencing, as well as 2D and 3D imaging. Virtual sharing of 3D specimen images allows for remote examination of specimens usually inaccessible through loans, such as type and rare specimens, and the possibility for morphometric analyses. Digital imaging of the vertebrate collection, however, represents a major challenge given the complexity and variation of shapes and sizes among specimens. Limitations of current 3D surface imaging technology, none of which have been specifically designed for natural history specimens, hamper CMNVZC imaging workflows. Digital tools are key to the success of increasing usability of natural history collections and play an important role in preserving information. Digitisation activities should endeavour to improve online access of physical objects and their full array of data with optimized usability.

EP-2170: A feasibility study of optical surface imaging technology in radiotherapy

EP-2170: A feasibility study of optical surface imaging technology in radiotherapy

Virtual Surgical Planning and Applications in Plastic and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery

Advanced plastic and craniomaxillofacial reconstruction is a multidisciplinary field, requiring communication and accurate planning among various specialists including oncologic surgeons, plastic surgeons, and radiologists. Complex defects may present in pediatric congenital deformities, after trauma or oncologic surgery. Restoration of form and function require precise planning among the various specialists involved and accurate execution of the surgical plan. Often, considerations for bony and soft tissue requirements make the reconstruction more challenging. Virtual surgical planning using computed tomographic imaging, 3D surface imaging technology and computer‐aided design allow the surgeons to perform virtual surgery and generate templates and cutting guides that allow for the precise and expedient recreation of the plan in the operating room. The author presents cases highlighting various reconstructive requirements where virtual planning was used for advanced plastic and craniomaxillofacial reconstruction to achieve precise reconstruction.Support or Funding InformationNone

Breast volumetric analysis for aesthetic planning in breast reconstruction: a literature review of techniques.

Accurate volumetric analysis is an essential component of preoperative planning in both reconstructive and aesthetic breast procedures towards achieving symmetrization and patient-satisfactory outcome. Numerous comparative studies and reviews of individual techniques have been reported. However, a unifying review of all techniques comparing their accuracy, reliability, and practicality has been lacking. A review of the published English literature dating from 1950 to 2015 using databases, such as PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and EMBASE, was undertaken. Since Bouman's first description of water displacement method, a range of volumetric assessment techniques have been described: thermoplastic casting, direct anthropomorphic measurement, two-dimensional (2D) imaging, and computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. However, most have been unreliable, difficult to execute and demonstrate limited practicability. Introduction of 3D surface imaging has revolutionized the field due to its ease of use, fast speed, accuracy, and reliability. However, its widespread use has been limited by its high cost and lack of high level of evidence. Recent developments have unveiled the first web-based 3D surface imaging program, 4D imaging, and 3D printing. Despite its importance, an accurate, reliable, and simple breast volumetric analysis tool has been elusive until the introduction of 3D surface imaging technology. However, its high cost has limited its wide usage. Novel adjunct technologies, such as web-based 3D surface imaging program, 4D imaging, and 3D printing, appear promising.

DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction Using 3-dimensional Surface Imaging and a Printed Mold.

Summary:Recent advances in 3-dimensional (3D) surface imaging technologies allow for digital quantification of complex breast tissue. We performed 11 unilateral breast reconstructions with deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps (5 immediate, 6 delayed) using 3D surface imaging for easier surgery planning and 3D-printed molds for shaping the breast neoparenchyma. A single- or double-pedicle flap was preoperatively planned according to the estimated tissue volume required and estimated total flap volume. The DIEP flap was then intraoperatively shaped with a 3D-printed mold that was based on a horizontally inverted shape of the contralateral breast. Cosmetic outcomes were assessed as satisfactory, as confirmed by the postoperative 3D measurements of bilateral breasts. We believe that DIEP flap reconstruction assisted with 3D surface imaging and a 3D-printed mold is a simple and quick method for rebuilding a symmetric breast.

Development and assessment of a Microsoft Kinect based system for imaging the breast in three dimensions

Three-dimensional surface imaging technologies have been used in the planning and evaluation of breast reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. The aim of this study was to develop a 3D surface imaging system based on the Microsoft Kinect and assess the accuracy and repeatability with which the system could image the breast. A system comprising two Kinects, calibrated to provide a complete 3D image of the mannequin was developed. Digital measurements of Euclidean and surface distances between landmarks showed acceptable agreement with manual measurements. The mean differences for Euclidean and surface distances were 1.9mm and 2.2mm, respectively. The system also demonstrated good intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICCs>0.999). The Kinect-based 3D surface imaging system offers a low-cost, readily accessible alternative to more expensive, commercially available systems, which have had limited clinical use.

Comparison of three-dimensional surface-imaging systems

In recent decades, three-dimensional (3D) surface-imaging technologies have gained popularity worldwide, but because most published articles that mention them are technical, clinicians often have difficulties gaining a proper understanding of them. This article aims to provide the reader with relevant information on 3D surface-imaging systems. In it, we compare the most recent technologies to reveal their differences. We have accessed five international companies with the latest technologies in 3D surface-imaging systems: 3dMD, Axisthree, Canfield, Crisalix and Dimensional Imaging (Di3D; in alphabetical order). We evaluated their technical equipment, independent validation studies and corporate backgrounds. The fastest capturing devices are the 3dMD and Di3D systems, capable of capturing images within 1.5 and 1 ms, respectively. All companies provide software for tissue modifications. Additionally, 3dMD, Canfield and Di3D can fuse computed tomography (CT)/cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images into their 3D surface-imaging data. 3dMD and Di3D provide 4D capture systems, which allow capturing the movement of a 3D surface over time. Crisalix greatly differs from the other four systems as it is purely web based and realised via cloud computing. 3D surface-imaging systems are becoming important in today's plastic surgical set-ups, taking surgeons to a new level of communication with patients, surgical planning and outcome evaluation. Technologies used in 3D surface-imaging systems and their intended field of application vary within the companies evaluated. Potential users should define their requirements and assignment of 3D surface-imaging systems in their clinical as research environment before making the final decision for purchase.

Using 3D Surface Imaging Technology to Reduce Cardiac Dose in Left Breast Radiation Therapy: Plan Comparison of 5 Patients

Using 3D Surface Imaging Technology to Reduce Cardiac Dose in Left Breast Radiation Therapy: Plan Comparison of 5 Patients

Isolation and Functional Studies of Eukaryotic Ribosomes using HaloTag Surface Display and Imaging Technology

The understanding of ribosome complex assembly, structure, and function has exploded in recent years by achievements in the areas of single molecule studies, electron microscopy, and X‐ray crystallography. To facilitate further biochemical and cellular characterization, we have developed a protein capture and labeling technology, HaloTag, and applied it for functional studies of ribosomes, including efficient isolation and covalent attachment to surfaces as well as fluorescent labeling to visualize in vivo localization. Using mass spectrometry analysis we show successful capture intact 80S ribosomes directly from a mammalian cellular lysates. A notable advantage for analysis with mass spectrometry is the feature that HaloTag remains bound to the resin during the elution step. Therefore the sample is not plagued with the capture molecule, allowing for a more efficient analysis of the sample and detection of dilute and small proteins. Further experiments were done to show that the isolated ribosomes were bound to mRNAs and retained activity in vitro for elongation and complete protein synthesis. Correlative pulse‐chase cellular imaging experiments were done to follow old and newly assembled ribosomal populations after starvation. The multiple capabilities of this technology demonstrate the ability to fully characterize ribosomal assembly, interactions, function, and cellular localization.