Surface Drag Force Research Articles

Sodium alginate-based unsteady nanofluid flow over a porous stretching surface with endothermic and exothermic reaction and bioconvection effects

The impact of nanofluid (NF) circulation under gyrotactic microorganisms and endo/exothermic chemical reactions across a permeable medium is the primary emphasis of this investigation. Sodium Alginate and Silicon dioxide are the base fluid and nanoparticle utilised here. The governing equations are reduced to a set of ODEs by employing the appropriate similarity variables. To get the numerical results, the shooting method and Runge–Kutta Fehlberg's fourth fifth order (RKF-45) are implemented. The numerical outcomes are conveyed graphically across numerous parameters. In addition, the engineering factors are analyzed and explained. It was found that the velocity profile decreased with the enhanced Casson and porous parameter values. An increment in temperature profile is experienced during exothermic reaction and is reduced for endothermic reaction and also the concentration profile got accelerated as the impact of chemical reaction parameter is upsurged. There is a significant growth in surface drag force from NF to base liquid of about 2%, rate of thermal and mass distribution of about 0.1% in context to various constraints.

Study on a tangent hyperbolic thermal fluid flow over a porous stretching sheet with a magnetic field and the effect of suction/injection

This work examines a steady and incompressible flow of 2-dimensional MHD tangent hyperbolic fluid over a linearly stretchable surface with an injection/suction effect. It also investigates the impact of thermal radiation, heat source/sink, a porous medium and variable thermal conductivity. The slippery boundary conditions are employed to consider the presence of velocity slip near the surface. The Lie symmetric analysis with a novel homotopy approach is used to study the influence of non-dimensional characteristics, including the Weissenberg number, the Hartmann number, the power-law index, the Prandtl number, the porosity parameter and the heat absorption/generation parameter, on the fluid flow and temperature. Moreover, the numerical data include an examination of the influence of various parameters on both the surface drag force and the heat transmission rate, presented through graphs and tables. Ultimately, the acquired outcomes have been numerically verified with the pre-existing results. Finally, the heat transmission rate escalates with the augmentation of the Prandtl number and the variable thermal conductivity parameter.

Numerical Study of Convective Flow of Casson Fluid Through an Infinite Vertical Plate with Induced Magnetic Field

The present objective is to numerically analyze the induced magnetic field (IMF) effect of an unsteady MHD flow of Casson fluid through two infinite vertical plates. The effect of radiative heat has been scrutinized. Governing non-dimensional PDEs of the flow are discretized by the finite difference method to some algebraic system of equations, which is then numerically solved concerning the boundary conditions. The effects of the radiations, magnetic Prandtl number, Prandtl number, Hartmann number, and Casson parameter on temperature profile, velocity profile, and induced magnetic field have been depicted through graphs. The radiative effect and Prandtl number have considerable influence on the surface drag force and also on the rate of heat transfer.

Numerical investigation of electromagnetic [Cu + TiO2/H2O]h hybrid nanofluid flow with solar radiation over an exponential stretching surface

AbstractThe idea of a hybrid nanofluid (HNF) has sparked curiosity among many scientists because of its ability to enhance thermal characteristics, leading to elevated rates of heat transfer (HT). These HNFs are utilized in various engineering and industrial settings, such as electronics cooling, manufacturing, naval structures, biomedical applications, and drug delivery. The current study investigates the analysis of irreversibility in EMHD [Cu + TiO2/H2O]h flow over a stretching sheet with radiation and viscous dissipation. The governing PDEs are converted into ODEs using similarity variables. These ODEs are then solved using the RKF method along with a shooting technique. The effects of different physical parameters on the velocity and temperature distributions of the HNF, as well as on HT and surface drag force, are thoroughly examined and presented in graphs. The velocity of [TiO2/water]n flow declines as the magnetic field strength rises, but it rises with greater electric field values for [Cu + TiO2/water]h. The temperature of the [Cu + TiO2/water]h increases with elevated levels of radiation, Eckert number, and heat generation strength. Higher Reynolds and Brinkman numbers result in a rise in entropy generation for [Cu + TiO2/H2O]h, whereas the Bejan number decreases to the same extent. The HT rate in [Cu + TiO2/H2O]h increases by 3.05% as the Eckert number rises, while it drops by 4.01% when there is significant thermal radiation. Skin friction reduces by 3.21% in [TiO2/water]n as the electric field strength increases, whereas it decreases by 4.05% with an increase in magnetic field strength. These discoveries offer valuable perspectives on furthering the utilization of HNFs in engineering and industrial operations.

Insight into the magnetohydrodynamic flow of CNT-based nanofluid through a horizontal porous channel: Nanoparticle passive control

This work aims to investigate the CNT-based nanofluid flow in a rotating horizontal channel. The fluid is considered to be thermally radiative, and Hall effect is expected to be dominant in the fluid flow. The Darcy-Forchheimer model is used to describe the flow of a porous material. The usual approach of transformation converts the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) into a reduced set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To solve the created model, the MATLAB bvp4c procedure is used. The effects on temperature, speed and volume percentage of nanotubes of the key flow parameters are clearly indicated by the graphs. Energy strength, and surface drag force are also calculated and summarized. The result shows that both primary and secondary fluid velocities with MWCNTs are decreased with the inertia parameter. In addition, a rise in thermophoresis occurrences leads to an increased temperature of nanofluids, whereas an increase of Brownian diffusion parameter leads to lower nanofluid temperature.

Magnetohydrodynamics bio-convection flow at Casson fluid stagnation point in porous medium: Cross-diffusion effect and heat production

This study examines the effect of heat production and radiation absorption on the magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid flow at the stagnation point in a porous medium. We convert the group of fluid flow equations, which are non-linear partial differential equations with suitable boundary constraints, into a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) solves the converted system of ordinary differential equations. We draw graphs for numerous values of non-dimensional parameters and tables of surface drag force, rates of heat transfer, and mass transfer to analyze the relationship between velocity field, temperature field, concentration field, and other essential parameters involved in the study. We have proven that the Dufour number, radiation parameter, and heat generation parameter elevate the fluid temperature, whereas the magnetic parameter lowers it. The Casson fluid parameter, buoyancy force parameter, and mixed convection parameter all promote fluid movement throughout the flow field. The presented tabular data allows us to see the trend of heat and mass transfer rates, as well as drag force rates, against important parameters, enhancing our understanding of these rates.

Stacking regression model approach to mixed convection flow of ternary- nanofluid over slanted surface with magnetic field, waste discharge concentration, and joule heating effects

The current work is carried out to investigate the mixed convection flow behavior of ternary-based nanofluid over an inclined surface in the presence of a magnetic field, waste discharge concentration, and joule heating effects. The governing equations with proper assumptions were converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) form by implementing suitable similarity constraints and solved with Runge Kutta Fehlberg 4th 5th order and shooting scheme. The stacking regression model approach is implemented along with the Runge Kutta Fehlberg 4th 5th order technique. The obtained outcomes are presented with graphs, and model correctness is assessed using the combination of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Extra Tree Regression (ETR), and Random Forest (RF). The consistency and stability of the model are demonstrated by the closely linked testing and training data. The study outcomes show that the rise in the magnetic constraint will improve the velocity profile while improved values of local pollutant external source and external pollutant source variation parameters will enhance the concentration profile. Enhancement in Eckart number and solid volume fraction values will improve the rate of thermal distribution. Ternary nanofluid shows significant improvement than nanofluid. The surface drag force is increased about 8 %-9 % in assisting flow case and 8 %-17 % for opposing flow case for different values of magnetic parameter, the rate of thermal distribution improved from 75.54 % to 11.55 % in assisting flow case and 16.87 % to 25.70 % in opposing flow case for different values of Eckert number. The study's results might contribute to the advancement of more effective heat exchangers and cooling systems for electronics and engines. Exploration and extraction of oil, as well as the creation of efficient water purification systems.

EMHD micropolar fluid flowing through a micro‐structural slipped surface with heat source/sink and chemical reaction

AbstractThe electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) has a vital role due to its importance in aerospace and plasma physics, including energy transformation systems in which interaction between the liquid and magnetic field is crucial. Further, micropolar fluids with microstructural slip is used in the lubrication and liquid crystals. From this observation, the current study is conducted to express an EMHD flow of liquid on a microstructural slipped surface. The effects of a uniform heat source/sink (HS/S) with homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions have been incorporated in energy and mass profiles. The governing equations are converted to ordinary differential equations using proper similarity variables. The converted equations are computed by the implementation of Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF) 4th 5th order with shooting technique. A list of the essential dimensionless constraints and graphs showing how they are affected are provided. The outcome of the problem shows that the electric parameter will improve the velocity but decline the microrotation profile. Further, both heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions have a decreasing concentration. While the heat distribution rate increases with greater magnetic and electric fields, the surface drag force decreases.

Homogenized color-gradient lattice Boltzmann model for immiscible two-phase flow in multiscale porous media

In this paper, a homogenized multiphase lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is established for parallelly simulating immiscible two-phase flow in both solid-free regions (pore scale) and porous areas (continuum scale). It combines the color-gradient multiphase model with the Darcy–Brinkman–Stokes method by adding a term that includes surface force and drag force of porous matrix to multiple-relaxation-time LB equation in moment space. Moreover, an improved algorithm is proposed to characterize and implement the apparent wettability in the locally homogenized porosity field. Validations and test cases are given to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of this new model, as well as its applicability for trans-scale fluid simulation of transport and sorption behavior from porous (Darcy flow) area to free (Stokes flow) area. For practicality, the two-phase seepage flow in a composite rock structure with multiscale pores is simulated by this new model, and the effects of viscosity ratio and wettability on the displacement process are discussed.

Aggregation of magnetized nanoparticles (TiO2-EG) across stretching disc with pollutant concentration

In recent years, there has been a growth in demand for improved heat transfer and control over the transportation of pollutants in complex systems. Understanding the interconnected effects of multiple aspects is critical for developing efficient techniques and ensuring ecological stability in disciplines such as environmental engineering, materials production, and nanostructures. Despite the significance of this finding, the current study investigates the combined effects of nanoparticle aggregation and non-aggregation on magnetohydrodynamics and pollutant concentration in the Bödewadt flow of a stretching disc. By applying suitable similarity criteria, the controlling partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The Runge-Kutta Fehlberg fourth and fifth-order technique is applied to solve these ODEs. Graphical representations of the numerical results are provided, and key engineering parameters are examined both with and without nanoparticle aggregation. The results indicate that the azimuthal velocity will be reduced by stretching and magnetic constraints while the concentration will be increased by induced pollutant concentration and external pollution source variation parameters. Moreover, compared to non-aggregated nanoparticles, aggregated nanoparticles show increased surface drag force and heat transmission rate.

Further insights into steady three-dimensional MHD Sakiadis flows of radiating-reacting viscoelastic nanofluids via Wakif’s-Buongiorno and Maxwell’s models

AbstractKeeping in mind the stress relaxation tendency of many viscoelastic multi-phase flows (e.g., polymer solution flows and transport phenomena of red cell suspensions within blood media), the present research investigation intends principally to develop a realistic model for revealing properly the aspects of reacting-radiating Maxwell nanofluids during their laminar boundary layer flows in the steady regime over a horizontal impermeable surface under a transversal magnetic influence. For this purpose, the principal leading differential formulation is derived theoretically by linking Wakif’s-Buongiorno approach with Maxwell’s model. By invoking fundamentally the general boundary layer assumptions and the passive control strategy for the nanoparticles, the governing PDEs’ formulation is simplified accordingly and then stated properly for the case of the convective heating condition at the impermeable bi-stretching surface. By executing a feasible non-dimensionalization technique, the monitoring ODEs’ system is achieved successfully, whose solutions are presented precisely in different illustrative scenarios using Richardson’s extrapolation method. After carrying out successfully several validating tests, it is demonstrated that the weakly viscoelastic feature has generally a slight delaying effect on the nanofluid motion. This dynamical weakening can be reinforced more with the generation of thermal energy by intensifying the external magnetic field source. Additionally, these physical factors show an intensifying influence on the surface drag forces. However, a dropping impression is seen for the local heat transfer at the contact surface. Contrary to the broadening impact of the radiative heat transfer as well as the convective heating and thermophoresis mechanisms on the thermal and mass boundary layer regions, it is witnessed that the first-order chemical reaction mechanism and Brownian’s motion exhibit a shrinking impact on the mass boundary layer region.

Thermal Analysis of a Casson Boundary Layer Flow over a Penetrable Stretching Porous Wedge

This work aims to analyze the Casson thermal boundary layer flow over an expanding wedge in a porous medium with convective boundary conditions and ohmic heating. Moreover, the effects of porosity and viscous dissipation are studied in detail and included in the analysis. The importance of this study is due to its applications in biomedical engineering where the analysis of behavior of non-Newtonian blood flow in arteries and veins is desired. Within the context of blood flow, it is also applicable to many other fields, for instance, radiative therapy, MHD generators, soil machines, melt-spinning, and insulation processes. The modeled problem is a set of PDEs, which is nondimensionalized to derive a nonlinear boundary value problem (BVP). The obtained BVP is solved using the shooting technique, endowed with the order four Runge-Kutta and Newton methods. The impact of different parameters on the momentum and temperature fields is investigated along with two important parameters of physical significance, i.e., the Nusselt number and the surface drag force. Results are validated, and an excellent agreement is seen for the parameters of interest using MATLAB built-in function bvp4c. A significant finding is that by increasing the Casson liquid parameter, the velocity decreases as the wedge expands quicker than the free stream velocity at R=2. However, the velocity increases for the case when R=0.1. A decrease in the Darcy number increases the temperature profile. Furthermore, the convective parameter accelerated the heat transmission rate, and a rise in the Prandtl number thickens the thermal boundary layer. The findings of this investigation contribute to problems in fluid dynamics and heat transfer that involve studying the behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid with Casson rheological properties near a solid porous wedge surface.

Time-dependent Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising the CNTs through a Riga plate with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are gaining popularity due to their expanding uses in industrial and technical processes, such as geothermal reservoirs, water and air filters, coatings, solar collection, ceramic material reinforcement, electrostatic dissipation, etc. In addition, the CNTs have superior electrical conductivity and biocompatibility. Based on the aforementioned applications, the current work examines the time-dependent and Darcy–Forchheimer flow of water/glycerin-based Casson hybrid nanofluid formed by single-walled CNTs and multi-walled CNTs over a Riga plate under velocity slip. The energy expression is modeled through nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation impacts. The incorporation of convective boundary condition into the current model improves its realism. By employing suitable variables, the governing models are re-framed into ordinary differential equations. The bvp4c and the homotopy analysis method are used to find the computational results of the re-framed equations and boundary conditions. The novel characteristics of a variety of physical parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient (SFC), and local Nusselt number (LNN) are discussed via graphs, charts, and tables. It is found that the fluid velocity decays when enriching the Forchheimer number, unsteady and porosity parameters. The radiation parameter plays an opposite role in convective heating and cooling cases. The modified Hartmann number enhances the surface drag force, and the Forchheimer number declines the SFC. The unsteady parameter develops the heat transfer rate, and the Forchheimer number suppresses the LNN. The simulated flow problem has many applications in engineering sectors, including ceramic manufacture, heating and cooling systems, energy storage units, thermodynamic processes, and other fields.

Soret and dufour effects on unsteady non-linear mixed convection flow past a stretching sheet influenced by non-linear thermal radiation

This article presents a novel mathematical model to analyze the behavior of a time-dependent, incompressible, non-linear (quadratic) mixed convection flow across a stretching surface heated by convection. The model takes into account the influence of non-linear thermal radiation, along with the Soret and Dufour effects. The equations governing the flow characteristics in the boundary layer approximation are derived and transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity variables. The second-order ODEs are transformed into an initial value problem, which is then numerically solved using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. The novel findings of the study have been presented using graphs and tables. The intensification of non-linear convection parameters has been shown to lead to the development of velocity near the sheet while simultaneously reducing velocity toward the free stream. The non-linear convection parameters reduce the temperature distribution, while the temperature ratio and the non-linear thermal radiation parameters enhance it. The non-linear convection parameters ( 0.5 ≤ α 1 , α 2 ≤ 2.0 ) , temperature ratio ( 1.2 ≤ θ w ≤ 1.5 ) , and non-linear thermal radiation ( 1.0 ≤ Rd ≤ 1.5 ) , parameters are influential factors in decreasing the surface drag force (by about 15.4%, 28.5%, 4.4%, and 4.3%) and increasing the cooling rate (by about 0.4%, 0.5%, 19.5%, and 23%), respectively. The Biot ( 0.5 ≤ Bi ≤ 1.0 ) number is also found to significantly contribute toward enhancing the cooling rate of the system by about 51.6%.

Effect of the Non-Linear Radiative Unsteady Mixed Convective Flow over a Curved Stretching Surface with Soret and Dufour Effects: A Numerical Study

The subject of unsteady convective flow with non-linear thermal radiation has become an important issue of research, due to its implications in advanced energy conversion systems operating at high temperature, solar energy technology and chemical process at high operation temperature. Due to the importance of this issue, a time dependent incompressible viscous fluid flow, heat and mass transfer over a curved stretching surface has been numerically analysed by taking into account the heat flux due to concentration gradient and mass flux due to temperature gradient. Together with this the Rosseland approximation is being employed for the nonlinear thermal radiation impact in presence of thermal slip. With the aid of non-dimensional variables and the corresponding physical boundary conditions, the leading nonlinear momentum, energy, and species equations are converted into a set of coupled ordinary differential equations. These equations are then resolved using the MATLAB bvp4c solver. The stability of the numerical technique has been verified and compared with available literatures. The resultant parameters of engineering interest and the boundary layer flow field parameters and have been presented using tables and graphically plots. The study concludes that for lesser curvature parameter (0.5≤K≤0.7) the surface drag force, heat and mass transfer rates can improve by about 9.59%, 2.87% and 1.67% each respectively. The presence of the temperature ratio parameter and the non-linear thermal radiation are found to greatly influence the temperature profile and the heat transfer rate of the system. Results show that the heat transfer rate improves by about 24.39% and 16.66% for varying non-linear thermal radiation (1≤Rd≤1.5) and temperature ratio parameter (1.2≤θw≤1.4) respectively. Results obtained also show that improving the thermal slip parameter (0.4≤L≤0.6) can reduce heat transfer rate by about 13.62% and reduce the surface temperature profile.

HARK formulation for entropy optimized convective flow beyond constant thermophysical properties

Background and objectiveOhmic heating has a pivotal role in food processing industry. For example, Ohmic heating in chocolate industry for cocoa beans shell is significant substrate for bioactive compounds recovery sustainability. In addition, the Soret and Dufour effects have importance in chemical and petroleum processes involving separation treatments, convective movements in lakes and solar ponds, solidification, humidity migration in building, drying processes, crystal growth and many others. In view of such applications here we discuss the hydromagnetic mixed convection flow with variable thermophysical properties. Formulation for Reiner-Rivlin material is made. Entropy generation in presence of dissipation, magnetohydrodynamics and radiation are discussed. Thermal relation consists of heat generation and dissipation. Soret and Dufour outcomes are under consideration. Ohmic heating is attended. Binary chemical reactive flow has been accounted. Convective conditions are implemented. MethodologyBy utilization of appropriate variables, we get the ordinary differential equations. ND-solve method is implemented to provide computations. ResultsEvaluation of different variables for flow, concentration, entropy rate and temperature are studied. Analysis of surface drag force and solutal and thermal transport rates via influential variables are examined. An augmentation in velocity is noted for variable viscosity and material parameters. Reverse effect holds for thermal field and flow with variation in magnetic variable. An intensification in thermal distribution and entropy is found through radiation and thermal Biot number. A reverse impact is observed for concentration through Schmidt and Soret numbers. Higher variable mass diffusivity parameter correspond to improves concentration and entropy rate. Brinkman number has increasing trend for entropy rate.

Non-similar analysis of bioconvective stagnation-point flow toward a stretching surface in the presence of buoyancy force, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation

Aim of this analysis is to investigate, bioconvective stagnation flow of an incompressible fluid across an expanding perpendicular surface in the existence of buoyancy force, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation. The physical model is described in terms of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). The dimensional PDEs are transformed into dimensionless PDEs by using appropriate non-similar transformations. Local nonlinearity method (LNS) is used to generate high accuracy truncated ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that are used to approximate dimensionless PDEs. Using well-known techniques like finite-difference-based bvp4c, the ODEs are numerically formulated. This research also investigates how several physical, nondimensional parameters affect the profiles of velocity, temperature, and concentration, for both assisted and opposed flow cases. The comparison and range tables describe the validity and range of the presented results, respectively. The tabulated results indicate that enhancement in radiation parameter increases the local Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and the surface drag force.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF CARREAU FLUID FLOW ALONG AN EXPONENTIAL CURVED STRETCHING SURFACE

A two-dimensional incompressible boundary layer Carneau fluid flow with heat-transfer analysis over a curved stretching surface is analyzed. The energy equation with the inclusion of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation effects is considered. The governing partial differential equations which govern such flow phenomena are transformed into suitable form of ordinary differential equations for integration by using stream function formulation. The developed non-linear problem has been solved by computational approach based on shooting technique using sixth-order Runge-Kutta method and Matlab built-in function bvp4c program. The effects of non-dimensional controlling parameters on temperature and velocity profile are analyzed with the aid of tables and figures. The surface drag force and Nusselt numbers are studied for the different values of the governing parameters. It is predicted that velocity of the fluid and boundary layer thickness is decreased when radius of curvature parameter δ is increased. Furthermore, the temperature profile dwindles for the growing values of δ. Other important information is that for shear-thinning fluid the velocity profile shows its increasing nature, whereas for shear-thickening fluid the opposite trend has been observed. For increasing values of curvature parameter δ from 2 to 1000, the temperature distribution and velocity profile is decreased. The radiative heat flux is included to enhance the temperature of the system, so, for the increasing values of radiation parameter <i>R<sub>d</sub></i> from 0.2-0.5 the temperature distribution is increased. Further, as the Biot number and Eckert number are increased from 0.2-2 and 0.1-1, respectively, the temperature distribution is increased.

MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TERNARY HYBRID NANOFLUID FLOW OVER A STRETCHING SURFACE SUBJECT TO THERMAL CONVECTIVE AND ZERO MASS FLUX CONDITIONS

Nanoparticles have the capability to augment the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. For the transmission of heat, the material’s low thermal conductivity is the key problem. Therefore, to increase the thermal conductivity, researchers mixed different nanoparticles in the base fluids. In this field of study, utilizing three different particles is the most recent strategy to form a ternary hybrid nanofluid that gives us better results in terms of heat transfer. The interaction of three different kinds of nanoparticles, i.e. copper, alumina and silver, is considered with water serving as the base fluid to form a ternary hybrid nanofluid. The paper explores the behavior of ternary hybrid nanofluids on heat and mass transportation phenomena of the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropolar flow across a porous extending surface with zero mass flux and convective conditions. The Brownian motion, thermal radiation, heat source and sink, and joule heating are taken into consideration in the temperature equation. The chemical reaction is incorporated into the concentration equation. Appropriate similarity transformations are used to transform the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) to a coupled system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to solve the system of the flow equations. The effects of the nanoparticle’s volume fractions and other different physical parameters on the surface drag force, Nusselt number, velocities, microrotation, temperature and concentration profiles are scrutinized through figures and tables. The outcomes of the present investigation show that the heat transfer rate is augmented with the increasing value of thermophoresis parameter. The magnetic field has augmented temperature while the opposite result is seen in velocity and microrotation profiles. With the escalating values of thermophoresis parameter, the concentration and temperature of ternary hybrid nanofluids are boosted while the increasing Brownian and chemical reaction parameters have decreased the concentration profile. The surface friction coefficient exhibited by the ternary hybrid nanofluid is higher than hybrid and conventional nanofluids.

Understanding the impact of magnetic dipole and variable viscosity on nanofluid flow characteristics over a stretching surface

The purpose of this research article is to investigate the impact of magnetic dipole on the flow of nano-fluids over the stretching surface with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity. Fluid fills the porous space. Heat transfer analysis is carried out in the presence of Newtonian heating. Water and ethylene glycol are used as base fluid while gamma alumina acts as a nanoparticle. System of ordinary differential equations is obtained by appropriate transformations. Numerical solutions are computed for the resulting nonlinear differential system by applying shooting method with RK-4 scheme. Impact of different parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles is examined. Computations for surface drag force and heat transfer rates are presented and examined for the influences of pertinent parameters. It is observed that fluid velocity reduces for larger viscosity parameter while opposite behavior is observed for temperature. Increasing values of ferro hydrodynamic interaction parameter and Curie temperature correspond to the enhancement in temperature. Surface drag force increases for larger values of nanoparticles volume fraction. Gamma alumina-ethylene glycol nano-fluid produce less surface drag force than gamma alumina-water nano-fluid. Heat transfer rate is increasing function of Prandtl number.