Implant Surface Characteristics Research Articles

Effect of bioceramic powder abrasion on different implant surfaces.

Bioceramic coatings have been shown to promote bone repair, which aids in the early integration of implants. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of air abrasion with a bioceramic abrasive on the surface characteristics of different implant materials and surfaces. The dissolution of the applied treatment from the surfaces over 3 weeks was also assessed. Discs of three alloys used for dental implants were studied and compared: two types of commercially pure titanium (CpTi)/ (CpTi SLActive) and titanium-zirconia (TiZr). The tested surfaces were: CpTi control (CpC), sandblasted (SB), sandblasted and acid-etched (SBE), and CpTi SLActive®, (TiZr) Roxolid®. Three discs from each group underwent air abrasion with apatite bioceramic powders, 95% hydroxyapatite (HA)/5% calcium oxide (CaO), and 90% hydroxyapatite (HA)/10% calcium oxide (CaO). The treated discs were surface characterized by optical profilometry to obtain surface roughness, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to compare element weight percentages of titanium, calcium, and phosphate. Dissolution was assessed using inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Bioceramic powders were deposited on all tested surfaces leading to changes in surface characteristics. The only statistically significant differences between the material groups for surface roughness were found with 95% HA/5% CaO powder in the Sp and Rp parameters (p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). There were no significant differences in the Ca and P wt% between all groups and powders 95% HA/5% CaO and 90% HA/10% CaO (p = 0.14, 0.18, and p = 0.15, 0.12, respectively). A non-uniform dispersion of the treatment on the surface layer was visible on all treated surfaces. The bioceramic powder continued to dissolute from the tested surfaces for 3 weeks. Bioceramic abrasion modifies implant surface characteristics, although the change in surface characteristics resulting from such treatment was not influenced by the implant material or surface treatment. Air abrasion with hydroxyapatite and calcium oxide bioceramics leaves powder deposits on the treated implant surfaces that could potentially influence the healing of implants affected by peri-implantitis.

Innovative hydroxyapatite/submicron mesoporous SiO2/HA particles composite coatings for enhanced osteogenic activity of NiTi bone implants: A comprehensive investigation of materials and biological interactions

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) incorporated in mesoporous SiO2 particles (SiO2/HA) was initially synthesized using a soft template method. The resulting structure owned a high surface area (796.62 m2 g-1) and a substantial pore volume (0.757 cm3 g-1). The TEM and FESEM images indicated that the synthesized mesoporous particles possessed a spherical morphology, with a diameter of approximately 200 nm, and pores of slit-shape. The mission was to improve the surface characteristics of NiTi implants by composite coatings. This investigation emphasized specifically the impact of different concentrations of mesoporous SiO2/HA particles within the electrolyte on the properties of HA/mesoporous composite coatings. The surface characteristics of the coatings were examined using ATR-FTIR, FESEM, EDS, AFM, and hydrophilicity measurements. Furthermore, the osteogenic activity of the coatings was evaluated by culturing the osteosarcoma cell line SAOS-2 on the coated samples. The introduction of mesoporous particles resulted in a decrease in the coatings’ surface roughness along with an improvement in their wettability. Moreover, there was an enhancement in the cell viability (99% after 7 days), proliferation, adhesion, and growth of SAOS-2 cells at the optimized concentration of mesoporous SiO2/HA particles (1000 mg/L). DAPI images illustrated that the mesoporous particles did not cause any adverse impact on the cellular nuclei. Finally, in the apoptosis test, the composite coating displayed a reduced number of necrotic cells compared to the pure HA coating.

Evaluation of the effect of diode laser application on the hydrophilicity, surface topography, and chemical composition of titanium dental implant surface.

Attempts have been made to decontaminate the implant surface by using diode lasers. However, the parameters that provide efficient decontamination without altering the topography or surface characteristics of titanium implants are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of altering the power of diode laser (940nm) application on the hydrophilicity, surface topography, and chemical composition of sandblasted, large grit, acid-etched (SLA) treated titanium alloy implant surface. Thirty-six SLA-treated titanium discs (Dentis Co., Ltd.) were used in this study. The hydrophilicity of all discs was measured by using a contact angle goniometer (190 CA; Rame-hart Co, Ltd). Discs were randomly divided into four groups (n = 9 each) based on the power of the diode laser used. Group I (control, no lasing group), group II: treated with 1W power, group III: 2W power, and group IV: 3W power. The chemical composition of the SLA discs was evaluated by using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) before laser application. Hydrophilicity was reevaluated after the application of laser irradiation. The surface topography of all discs was examined. Changes in the chemical composition of the titanium discs were investigated following the lasing procedure. Morphometric analysis of the surface area (μm2 ) of the indentations created following laser application was also evaluated. Data were collected and the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality was used. Comparisons between the four study groups were done by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, while that to evaluate the morphometric analysis of the surface area was done by using One-way ANOVA (P<0.05). The average contact angle of the drop of distilled water to the SLA discs significantly decreased after laser treatment (P<0.05). The largest contact angle was measured in the control group, followed by the 1W group, and the 2W group. The smallest angle was measured in the 3W group. Considerable surface alterations such as melting and flattening were observed on examination of the surface topography of the 3W group followed by the 2W group. The least changes were observed in association with the 1W group in comparison to the control group. The EDX analysis showed the appearance of peaks of the oxygen and carbon elements after the lasing procedure with the highest percentage in the 3W group. The average of the surface area of the created indentations significantly increased with increasing the power of the diode laser used (P<0.05). The application of diode laser (940nm) with 2W and 3W powers significantly altered the hydrophilicity, the surface topography, and the chemical composition of titanium discs. Diode laser (940nm) with 1W power can be safely used on SLA titanium implant surfaces with no damaging effect on the surface topography or hydrophilicity.

Biomimetic Coatings in Implant Dentistry: A Quick Update.

Biomimetic dental implants are regarded as one of the recent clinical advancements in implant surface modification. Coatings with varying thicknesses and roughness may affect the dental implant surface's chemical inertness, cell adhesion, and antibacterial characteristics. Different surface coatings and mechanical surface changes have been studied to improve osseointegration and decrease peri-implantitis. The surface medication increases surface energy, leading to enhanced cell proliferation and growth factors, and, consequently, to a rise in the osseointegration process. This review provides a comprehensive update on the numerous biomimetic coatings used to improve the surface characteristics of dental implants and their applications in two main categories: coating to improve osseointegration, including the hydroxyapatite layer and nanocomposites, growth factors (BMPs, PDGF, FGF), and extracellular matrix (collagen, elastin, fibronectin, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronan, and other proteoglycans), and coatings for anti-bacterial performance, covering drug-coated dental implants (antibiotic, statin, and bisphosphonate), antimicrobial peptide coating (GL13K and human beta defensins), polysaccharide antibacterial coatings (natural chitosan and its coupling agents) and metal elements (silver, zinc, and copper).

Nanoscaled Titanium Oxide Layer Provokes Quick Osseointegration on 3D-Printed Dental Implants: A Domino Effect Induced by Hydrophilic Surface.

Three-dimensional printing is a revolutionary strategy to fabricate dental implants. Especially, 3D-printed dental implants modified with nanoscaled titanium oxide layer (H-SLM) have impressively shown quick osseointegration, but the accurate mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we unmask a domino effect that the hydrophilic surface of the H-SLM facilitates blood wetting, enhances the blood shear rate, promotes blood clotting, and changes clot features for quick osseointegration. Combining computational fluid dynamic simulation and biological verification, we find a blood shear rate during blood wetting of the hydrophilic H-SLM 1.2-fold higher than that of the raw 3D-printed implant, which activates blood clot formation. Blood clots formed on the hydrophilic H-SLM demonstrate anti-inflammatory and pro-osteogenesis effects, leading to a 1.5-fold higher bone-to-implant contact and a 1.8-fold higher mechanical anchorage at the early stage of osseointegration. This mechanism deepens current knowledge between osseointegration speed and implant surface characteristics, which is instructive in surface nanoscaled modification of multiple 3D-printed intrabony implants.

Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors of surgical treatment of peri-implantitis - A retrospective study.

To evaluate long-term outcomes and prognostic factors of non-reconstructive surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. One hundred forty-nine patients (267 implants) were surgically treated for peri-implantitis and followed for an average of 7.0 (SD: 3.6) years. The primary outcome was implant loss. Additional bone loss and surgical retreatment were secondary outcomes. Patient/implant characteristics, as well as clinical and radiographic parameters collected prior to initial surgery, were evaluated as potential predictors of implant loss. Flexible parametric survival models using restricted cubic spline functions were used; 5- and 10-year predicted rates of implant loss were calculated according to different scenarios. Fifty-three implants (19.9%) in 35 patients (23.5%) were lost during the observation period. Implant loss occurred after a mean period of 4.4 (SD: 3.0) years and was predicted by implant surface characteristics (modified surface; HR 4.5), implant length (HR 0.8 by mm), suppuration at baseline (HR 2.7) and disease severity (baseline bone loss: HR 1.2 by mm). Estimates of 5- and 10-year implant loss ranged from 1% (best prognostic scenario; initial bone loss <40% of implant length, turned implant surface and absence of suppuration on probing (SoP)) to 63% (worst prognostic scenario; initial bone loss ≥60% of implant length, modified implant surface and SoP) and from 3% to 89%, respectively. Surgical retreatment was performed at 65 implants (24.3%) in 36 patients (24.2%) after a mean time period of 4.5 (3.1) years. In all, 59.5% of implants showed additional bone loss, were surgically retreated or lost. Recurrence of disease is common following surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. The strongest predictor for implant loss was implant surface characteristics. Implant length as well as suppuration and disease severity at baseline were also relevant factors.

Optimizing Osseointegration in Dental Implantology: A Cross-Disciplinary Review of Current and Emerging Strategies.

The paper explores the correlation between osteointegration and dental implant stability, investigating the relationship and its implications for successful outcomes in implant dentistry. Osteointegration, defined as the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the implant surface, plays a crucial role in determining the stability and long-term success of dental implants. This review synthesizes current knowledge from scientific literature and clinical studies to elucidate the factors influencing osteointegration and their impact on implant stability. Surface characteristics of implants, such as topography and chemistry, as well as the surgical techniques employed during implant placement, are examined in detail, emphasizing their significant influence on osseointegration and subsequent implant stability. Additionally, host-related factors such as bone quality, systemic conditions, and patient-specific considerations are explored to further comprehend the complexity of the osteointegration process. The abstract underscores the importance of achieving an optimal bone-implant interface to ensure successful implant integration and stability. Furthermore, emerging technologies and materials, such as computer-guided implant placement and biomimetic surfaces, are discussed for their potential to enhance osteointegration and improve long-term implants.

Surface structure characteristics of dental implants and their potential changes following installation: a literature review.

Dental implants have been utilized for many years to treat individuals with missing teeth. To optimize the long-term success rate of such implants, new designs, surfaces, and materials have been analyzed. It is important for the clinician to have a background in the field of implant surface design, to be familiar with the strengths and limitations of the available options, and to be aware of the alterations in surface structure that may occur following installation. This article provides a detailed review of the structure and the surface characteristics of dental implants, the modifications of implant surface, as well as the methods of evaluating implant surface structure. Moreover, it provides information concerning the structural changes that may take place at the time of dental implant placement. It is important for clinicians to be aware of such changes to plan and execute implant procedures with the highest possible success and implant survival rates.

Comparison of the Mechanical and Osseointegrative Performance of Porous Tantalum and Titanium for Acetabular Implantation in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Literature Review

Introduction: Stability of the acetabular component is a critical factor in the success of primary and revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures. As such, the identification of implant surface characteristics that maximize stability of the acetabular cup is an important research objective. While titanium has historically been the most commonly used implant material, the proportion of THA procedures utilizing porous tantalum (PTa) implants has increased in recent years. The objective of this review is to examine the comparative mechanical and osseointegrative performance of PTa and porous titanium (PTi) and interpret these results in the context of primary and secondary stability of acetabular implants in THA, as characterized by strength of initial mechanical attachment and successful interlocking at the bone-implant interface, respectively. Methods: A literature search using a predetermined protocol and inclusion criteria yielded 7 articles presenting results of comparative testing of mechanical performance or osseointegration of PTa and PTi in the context of THA. Results: Neither PTa nor PTi presented consistently superior results in mechanical tests designed to correlate to primary stability at the metallo-biological surface nor in measures of osseointegration intended to represent secondary stability in THA. Discussion: In comparing PTa and PTi, it appears that the characteristics of the implant coating's pores may have a more significant impact on factors affecting the stability of an acetabular cup implant than the metal selected. However, determining the ideal pore morphology for this application is complex; pore characteristics that would suggest mechanical compatibility may conflict with those that would encourage more effective osseointegration. Conclusion: When extrapolated to be indicators of hypothetical clinical success, the results of this review are consistent with those of recently released macro-analyses of clinical outcomes: PTa and PTi acetabular cups, as they are currently manufactured, produce clinically equivalent outcomes. In the development and comparison of coating options, pore morphology and its complex effects on stability must be adequately accounted for; only then can we reach a faithful conclusion regarding the ideal porous adhesion surface for acetabular implant in THA.

Surface decontamination of explanted peri-implantitis-affected implants.

The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of air-polishing (AP) and a combination of AP and alkaline electrolysed water (AEW) in surface decontamination of explanted peri-implantitis-affected implants. Twenty-five patients with 34 dental implants scheduled for explantation due to severe peri-implantitis were included. Following implant removal, the apical part of each implant was embedded in acrylic blocks. Implants were randomly allocated to surface decontamination using AP with or without AEW. Four implants were left untreated and used as negative controls. Specimens were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Area of residual bacteria was the primary outcome. SEM analysis revealed that both treatment protocols were effective in biofilm removal and only small proportions of target areas of the implants showed residual bacterial or mineralized deposits. Although differences between the treatment protocols were small, implant thread loci (top/flank/valley), zones of the implant (apical/middle/coronal), implant surface characteristics and gender influenced the results. In addition, EDS analysis showed that zones influenced the atomic% of carbon and calcium and that implant surface characteristics affected the atomic% of titanium. AP, with or without AEW, is an effective method in removing biofilm from peri-implantitis-affected implants.

Nano-scale surface modification of dental implants – An emerging boon for osseointegration and biofilm control

Abstract Implant therapy is a commonly based method of replacing missing teeth. A range of physical, chemical, and biological modifications have been applied to the surface of titanium implants to improve their biological performance and osseointegration outcomes. Implant surface characteristics play an important function in several peri-implant cellular and molecular mechanisms. Clinicians are commonly placing dental implants with various surface roughness and modifications including plasma-sprayed, acid-etched, blasted, oxidized, hydroxyapatite-coated, or combinations of these procedures. Surface modifications are to facilitate early osseointegration and to ensure a long-term bone-to-implant contact without substantial marginal bone loss can be accomplished. It is apparent that different modifications have a range of beneficial effects, it is essential to consider at what time point and in what conditions these effects occur. This article reviews existing surface modification technologies of mainstream dental implants and the correlation between implant surface coatings and their performance of osseointegration or anti-bacterial ability it needs to be evaluated.

Benchmark performance of anodized vs. sandblasted implant surfaces in an acute dehiscence type defect animal model.

Crestal bone formation represents a crucial aspect of the esthetic and biological success of dental implants. This controlled preclinical study analyzed the effect of implant surface and implant geometry on de novo crestal bone formation and osseointegration. Histological and histomorphometrical analysis was performed to compare three implant groups, that is, (1) a novel, commercially available, gradient anodized implant, (2) a custom-made geometric replica of implant "1," displaying a superhydrophilic micro-rough large-grit sandblasted and acid-etched surface, and (3) a commercially available implant, having the same surface as "2" but a different implant geometry. The study applied a standardized buccal acute-type dehiscence model in minipigs with observation periods of 2 and 8 weeks of healing. The amount of newly formed crestal bone (BATA) around control groups (2) and (3) was significantly increased when compared to the test group (1) at the 8 weeks of healing time point. Similar results were obtained for all parameters related to osseointegration and direct bone apposition, to the implant surface (dBIC, VBC, and fBIC), demonstrating superior osseointegration of the moderately rough, compared to the gradient anodized functionalization. After 2 weeks, the osseointegration (nBIC) was found to be influenced by implant geometry with group (3) outperforming groups (1) and (2) on this parameter. At 8 weeks, nBIC was significantly higher for groups (2) and (3) compared to (1). The extent (BATA) of de novo crestal bone formation in the acute-type dehiscence defects was primarily influenced by implant surface characteristics and their ability to promote osseointegration and direct bone apposition. Osseointegration (nBIC) of the apical part was found to be influenced by a combination of surface characteristics and implant geometry. For early healing, implant geometry may have a more pronounced effect on facilitating osseointegration, relative to the specific surface characteristics.

Surgical treatment of experimental peri-implantitis using mechanical and chemical decontamination procedures: A pre-clinical in vivo study.

To evaluate the effect of surgical treatment of experimental peri-implantitis at implants with different surface characteristics using mechanical and chemical decontamination methods. Following extraction of mandibular premolars, four implants with two different surface characteristics (A, moderately rough and B, smooth) were placed in each side of the mandible of six dogs. Experimental peri-implantitis was induced. Surgical treatment of the peri-implantitis sites was carried out using four implant surface decontamination protocols: (i) deposition of a citric acid gel, (ii) mechanical cleaning using a rotating titanium brush, (iii) a combination of the mechanical and chemical procedures, and (iv) saline (control). Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed. Block biopsies were obtained 6months after therapy and prepared for histological analysis. Irrespective of the treatment group, treatment resulted in 0.63 ± 0.92 and 0.65 ± 0.67 mm radiographic bone gain around implants A and B, respectively. Histological analyses revealed that persisting soft tissue inflammation as assessed using an infiltrated connective tissue (ICT) score was significantly lower at implant type B than at implant type A for all treatment groups. The test decontamination procedures did not demonstrate better results regarding resolution of peri-implantitis lesions, as indicated by the ICT scores, than the control procedure. The control treatment resulted in significantly superior outcomes of resolution of peri-implantitis lesions than the citric acid regimen. It is concluded that decontamination procedures including citric acid gel or rotating titanium brush did not improve outcomes following surgical treatment of experimental peri-implantitis. Results were, however, influenced by the implant surface characteristics.

Osseointegration at Implants Installed in Composite Bone: A Randomized Clinical Trial on Sinus Floor Elevation.

Osseointegration of implants installed in conjunction with sinus floor elevation might be affected by the presence of residual graft. The implant surface characteristics and the protection of the access window using a collagen membrane might influence the osseointegration. To evaluate these factors, sinus floor elevation was performed in patients using a natural bovine bone grafting material. The access windows were either covered with a collagen membrane made of porcine corium (Mb group) or left uncovered (No-Mb group) and, after six months, two mini-implants with either a moderate rough or turned surfaces were installed. After 3 months, biopsies containing the mini-implants were retrieved, processed histologically, and analyzed. Twenty patients, ten in each group, were included in the study. The two mini-implants were retrieved from fourteen patients, six belonging to the Mb group, and eight to the No-Mb group. No statistically significant differences were found in osseointegration between groups. However, statistically significant differences were found between the two surfaces. It was concluded that implants with a moderately rough surface installed in a composite bone presented much higher osseointegration compared to those with a turned surface. The present study failed to show an effect of the use of a collagen membrane on the access window.

Current Progress in Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an uncommon type of T-cell lymphoma. Although with a low incidence, the epidemiological data raised the biosafety and health concerns of breast reconstruction and breast augmentation for BIA-ALCL. Emerging evidence confirms that genetic features, bacterial contamination, chronic inflammation, and textured breast implant are the relevant factors leading to the development of BIA-ALCL. Almost all reported cases with a medical history involve breast implants with a textured surface, which reflects the role of implant surface characteristics in BIA-ALCL. With this review, we expect to highlight the most significant features on etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of BIA-ALCL, as well as we review the physical characteristics of breast implants and their potential pathogenic effect and hopefully provide a foundation for optimal choice of type of implant with minimal morbidity.

Surface Characteristics of Different Zirconia Dental Implants: A Comparative Study.

Introduction:The invention of dental implants has replaced the fixed partial dentures for the replacement of the teeth. Hence, in the present study, we compared the surface characteristics of various zirconia dental implant systems.Materials and Methods:We conducted an in vitro comparative study of 50 implants of the dental implant systems “Straumann pure ceramic implants (SC) and Bredent dent whiteSKY™ (BW).” Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare the groups for the surface characters at the different regions of the implant surface.Results:SC showed deep markings on the surface and droplets, and BW showed smoother surface and bigger droplets under the SEM.Conclusion:SC may perform better in the clinical conditions as the surface characters are better than the BW.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Dental Implants among Dental Post Graduates and Practitioners in Wardha District, Maharashtra: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Implant dentistry has become an important aspect of the treatment for patients who are partially or completely edentulous. Dental implants are a proven therapeutic option for replacing missing teeth, with positive long-term health outcomes. Dental implant performance is largely determined by the implant’s primary durability, which is affected by surgical procedure, bone quality and quantity, implant surface characteristics, implant geometry, and implant surface characteristics. Despite the advancements achieved in implant dentistry since its beginning, there exist several limitations in scientifically grounded information and proven clinical experience among dental professionals and postgraduates. A study was conducted to assess and compare the knowledge, attitude and practice of dental implants among dental postgraduate students and dental practitioners (General and institutional in Wardha district, Maharashtra and to identify the variations in their knowledge, attitude and practice with respect to dentist's factors (years of experience, implant training and their specialization). As a result, the actual picture was examined.&#x0D; Objective:&#x0D; &#x0D; To assess the knowledge of dental implants among dental postgraduate students and dental practitioners&#x0D; To assess the attitude of dental implants among dental postgraduate students and dental practitioners.&#x0D; To assess the practice of dental implants among dental postgraduate students and dental practitioners.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methodology: An online cross-sectional questionnaire survey will be done to examine responses to 20 selected questions pertaining knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental implants among dental postgraduates and practitioners in the Wardha district. The aspect of the results that will be examined. The questionnaire will be delivered to dental postgraduates and practitioners, and their replies, as well as the questionnaire's validation, will be recorded. In the cross-sectional study, a suitable sampling strategy was used based on the replies received following the survey. The results will be determined based on Knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental implants.&#x0D; Survey Procedure: questions will be asked by online platform to dental health professionals with explanation of purpose of the study. The questions will be both open and close end type.&#x0D; Expected Results: The expected result of the study will determine: Knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental implants among dental post graduates and practitioners in wardha district&#x0D; Conclusion: Today is an era of evidence based dentistry. However, there is a substantial difference between the popularity of dental implants and the research that supports them. This research is an attempt to minimize that difference. Because this study will be done in an area where dentistry is in the air, with two large teaching dental hospitals and a large mass of dentists, it gives us a thorough realistic picture of where knowledge and practise of dental implants have reached in our field. As a result, the purpose of this study is to assess the need for a change in attitude and practise toward dental implants, as well as their evidence-based research on the subject.

DENTAL IMPLANT DESIGN- AN INSIGHT OVERVIEW

Dental implants are a proven therapeutic option for replacing missing teeth, with positive long-term health outcomes. Dental implant performance is largely determined by the implant’s primary durability, which is affected by surgical procedure, bone quality and quantity, implant surface characteristics, implant geometry, and implant surface characteristics. The implant’s geometry and surface can be modified. The implant geometry and surface can be changed if needed to achieve good primary stability and long-term implant therapy effectiveness. Implant architecture refers to the implant’s three-dimensional structure, as well as all of the components and elements that make it up. Different surface topographies can affect a sequence of coordinated actions such cell proliferation, osteoblast transformation, and the production of bone tissue. At the macro, micro, and increasingly nano sizes, surface topography of implants may be detected. The surgical location of end osseous oral implants is influenced by the prosthetic architecture, as well as the shape and quality of the alveolar bone. There are several alternatives for replacing missing teeth, but within the past few decades, dental implants have been one of the most common biomaterials for replacing one (or more) missing teeth. In a substantial number of patients, titanium dental implants have been shown to be secure and reliable. This study examines the most important historical information of dental implants, as well as the various vital factors that will ensure successful Osseo-integration and a safe prosthesis anchorage. Not only

Impact of physical decontamination methods on zirconia implant surface and subsequent bacterial adhesion: An in-vitro study.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of routinely used physical decontamination methods on the surface characteristics of zirconia implants and subsequent ability of bacteria to adhere in vitro.BackgroundPhysical decontamination methods commonly used in peri‐implantitis therapy and routine implant maintenance can potentially alter zirconia implant surfaces.MethodsAcid‐etched zirconia discs were instrumented with titanium curette (TC), plastic curette, air abrasive device, ultrasonic scaler (US) with stainless steel tip. Following instrumentation, surface topography, and surface elemental composition was analyzed using 3D‐laser scanning microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, respectively. Subsequently, plaque biofilm was cultured on zirconia discs for 48 h and bacterial adhesion assessed using a turbidity test and scanning electron microscopy.ResultsA significant difference in surface roughness was observed between the US and control group (p < 0.05). The US and TC caused gray surface discolouration on zirconia discs due to deposition of metallic residue as confirmed by X‐ray spectroscopy. No significant difference in bacterial adhesion was noted among all treatment groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionTC and US with stainless steel tips should be used with caution due to deposition of metallic residue on the surface. Air abrasive devices and plastic curettes caused minimal surface alterations and are, therefore, safer for zirconia implant decontamination.

What is the influence of implant surface characteristics and/or implant material on the incidence and progression of peri-implantitis? A systematic literature review.

To answer the focused question, 'In animals or patients with dental implants, does implant surface characteristics and/or implant material have an effect on incidence and progression of peri-implantitis?' Pre-clinical in vivo experiments on experimental peri-implantitis and clinical trials with any aim and design, and ≥5years follow-up, where the effect of ≥2 different type of implant material and/or surface characteristics on peri-implantitis incidence or severity, and/or progression, implant survival or losses due to peri-implantitis, and/or marginal bone levels/loss was assessed. Meta-analyses based on data of pre-clinical experiments, using the ligature induced peri-implantitis model in the dog, indicated that after the spontaneous progression phase implants with a modified surface showed significantly greater radiographic bone loss (effect size 0.44mm; 95%CI 0.10-0.79; p=.012; 8 publications) and area of infiltrated connective tissue (effect size 0.75mm2 ; 95%CI 0.15-1.34; p=.014; 5 publications) compared to non-modified surfaces. However, in 9 out of the 18 included experiments, reported in 25 publications, no significant differences were shown among the different implant surface types assessed. Clinical and/or radiographic data from 7605 patients with 26,188 implants, reported in 31 publications (20 RCTs, 3 CTs, 4 prospective cohort, and 4 retrospective studies; 12 with follow-up ≥10years), overall did not show significant differences in the incidence of peri-implantitis, when this was reported or could be inferred, among the various implant surfaces. In general, high survival rates (90-100%) up to 30years and no clinically relevant differences in marginal bone loss/levels, merely compatible with crestal remodelling, were presented for the various implant types. Pre-clinical in vivo experiments indicate that surface characteristics of modified implants may have a significant negative impact on peri-implantitis progression, while clinical studies do not support the notion that there is a difference in peri-implantitis incidence among the various types of implant surfaces. No assumptions can be made regarding the possible impact of implant material on incidence and/or peri-implantitis progression due to limited information.