Supreme Body Research Articles

Constitutionalization of Arbitration

The number of arbitration cases handled by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has steadily increased over the years. The evolution of social practices and judicial approaches to arbitration procedures has prompted the supreme body for judicial protection of the Russian Constitution to repeatedly review whether the legal concepts used to resolve civil disputes by arbitration courts and international commercial arbitrations align with the nation’s basic law. The outcome of this process is a set of legal principles that define the constitutional and judicial foundations of arbitration in Russia. The above trends have facilitated the use of the integrative concept of constitutionalism in arbitration. This study highlights the constitutionalization of both arbitration and its social application. From a standalone perspective, the problems of enhancing the constitutional and legal principles of arbitration were discussed, and the further progress of constitutionalism in Russian arbitration was predicted.

POLICE FORCE AS AN INTERNAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION ENTITY

Internal security administration is a system of multiple entities responsible for protecting and maintaining internal security in the state. In a broad sense, this system includes public administration, private entities, and social organizations. Certainly, there is a clearer view of the functioning of a narrower group of institutions within the subordination of the minister responsible for internal affairs, which within the department of internal affairs administration deal with the protection of the aforementioned security. The entities that are subordinated and supervised by this supreme body of government administration undertake specialized activities that comprise the entire scope of this department and form a kind of internal security administration system. Noteworthy in this group is the police force aimed at overseeing human security, protecting public safety and order, which is a task assigned to the administrative department. The study analyzes internal security as a specific state, as well as the system of entities responsible for its assurance. Special research attention was paid to the legal position of the police, its organization and the specific dimension of tasks performed. The subject of considerations is the police force as a part of the whole system and tasks it undertakes. The research was conducted on the basis of legal and dogmatic as well as analytical methods. In turn, the fundamental aim of this research was to pay attention to the Police as a component of the internal security administration and its specifics. The research hypothesis stated that the Police is a basic element of the internal security administration system, which is responsible for a significant part of this security, and without its participation and activity it would not be possible to ensure the conditions of safe existence of the general population, after verification was confirmed.

THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PASTORAL LETTER OF THE SLOVAK AND SUBCARPATHIAN RUTHENIA BISHOPS OF 1924

The Slovak and Subcarpathian Ruthenia bishops of the Catholic and Greek Catholic Churches published a pastoral letter in November 1924 to respond to the fact that some members of these churches were members of communist, socialist, or progressive organizations that rejected belief in God, criticizing the churches from atheistic positions and striving to create a secular society. In an effort to expand their membership and electorate, the socialists went so far as to formally present themselves with Christian symbolism, which was supposed to deceive Catholics in a difficult social position and attract them to their ranks. The bishops reflected on this fact and, through the Pastoral Letter, explained to the members of their churches the destructiveness of socialist and progressive theories and recommended that they leave anti-Catholic organizations. Those Catholics who deliberately failed to take their teachings and warnings into account had to expect that the Church would not administer certain sacraments to them. The publication of the Pastoral Letter provoked a fierce reaction in socialist and progressive circles as an attack against the state, its constitution and laws, the government, and the democratic system that threatened the very existence of the Republic. The Pastoral Letter and its authors, the Catholic Church, the Holy See, and Czech and Slovak political Catholicism were violently attacked by journalists, triggering a press affair. Subsequently, the question time of German Social Democrats in the Chamber of Deputies resulted in a government crisis solved not only by the government, parliament, and political parties but also by the so-called Pětka (Committee of Five) as the supreme body of Czechoslovak politics. The search for a way out of the government crisis showed that the socialists, especially the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party, did not want to defend their own ideology in the case but used the publication of the Letter to pressure the Czechoslovak People’s Party, which, as part of the government coalition and the Švehla government, hindered the solution of the issue of regulating the relationship between the state and the Catholic Church. They wanted to force a change in its attitude by acting tactically with the idea of a minority government without the participation of the Czechoslovak People’s Party. However, the Czechoslovak People’s Party’s leaders handled the difficult situation it found itself in due to pressure from its coalition partners and the Catholic Slovak People’s Party and the Prague radical wing of its own party formed around Rudolf Horský, thanks to the prudent policy of its chairman Jan Šrámek. Although it agreed to negotiate a regulation of the relationship between the state and the churches, it defended the membership of the Czechoslovak People’s Party in the governing coalition, agreed to prosecute only those priests who manifestly violated the law, and defended the right of bishops to act independently in public within the limits of the law. This paper analyses and evaluates the current Slovak and Czech historical production on the topic of the Pastoral Letter, draws attention to the agreements and differences in the concept of the case individual authors presented, and indicates other possible research directions.

Performance of Anti-Corruption Agencies in Nepal: A Good Governance Perspective

Several anti-corruption laws and dozens of Agencies including the Commission for Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) have been working against corruption in Nepal. The current constitution has empowered the CIAA as a supreme body for fighting corruption. Nevertheless, the anti-corruption movement is not well enough. Scholars argue that only the establishment of Anti-Corruption Agencies (ACA) cannot assure the cure and substitute for a high level of corruption. Rather, a strong political will, by various means play a key role; for example, by means of the allocation of sufficient personnel and the budget. Others argue that ACA must also be free from political interference and ACA must also be out of fear and favor in investigating political leaders and senior civil servants. Using empirical evidence derived from unstructured interviews with government officials and the net-work sampling method, this paper investigates the institutional challenges to corruption reduction in order to achieve good governance in Nepal. The study finds that administrative corruption and policy-level corruption are the major hindrances to achieving good governance in Nepal.

Constitutional judicial control as a means of directly ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens

The article offered to the reader is devoted to the study of the institution of constitutional judicial control as a means of directly ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens. The authors argue that the institution of specialized judicial control is an integral element in ensuring the balance of the branches of government, providing a system of checks and balances in a democratic state based on the rule of law, especially in the context of a “legal explosion” and active juridification of public relations. The latter necessitates the existence of an effective mechanism of constitutional and control activities for the observance of the rule of law, both the procedure for adopting normative legal acts, and the compliance of their provisions with the content of the Basic Law of the state in order to prevent violations of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, as the main task of balanced activity of all branches of government. Combining normative control and “advisory” functions in their activities, as well as interpreting constitutional provisions, specialized bodies of constitutional control make decisions that, in fact, become the “standard” of law enforcement and fundamentally affect the legal policy of the state in the field of protecting human rights and freedoms and citizen. Special attention is paid to the empirical analysis of the resolutions of the supreme body of judicial constitutional control of the Russian Federation, as well as a number of foreign bodies of constitutional justice, in the field of protection and restoration of violated constitutional rights of citizens in the framework of the a posterior abstract and specific normative control, as well as a priori normative control, which is a novelty of domestic legislation.

K reflexi pastýřského listu slovenských biskupů z roku 1924 Československou stranou národně socialistickou

The Slovak and Subcarpathian Ruthenia bishops of the Catholic and Greek Catholic Churches published a pastoral letter in November 1924 to respond to the fact that some members of these churches were members of communist, socialist or progressive organizations that rejected belief in God, criticizing the churches from atheistic positions and striving to create a secular society. The socialists, in an effort to expand their membership and electorate, went so far as to formally present themselves with Christian symbolism, which was supposed to deceive Catholics in a difficult social position and attract them to their ranks. The bishops reflected on this fact and, through the Pastoral Letter, explained to the members of their churches the destructiveness of socialist and progressive theories and recommended that they leave anti-Catholic organizations. Those Catholics who deliberately failed to take their teachings and warnings into account had to expect that the church would not administer certain sacraments to them. The publication of the Pastoral Letter provoked a fierce reaction in socialist and progressive circles as an attack against the state, its constitution and laws, the government and the democratic system that threatened the very existence of the Republic. The Pastoral Letter and its authors, the Catholic Church, the Holy See and Czech and Slovak political Catholicism were violently attacked by journalists and it triggered a press affair. Subsequently, the question time of German Social Democrats in the Chamber of Deputies resulted in a government crisis solved not only by the government, parliament, and political parties, but also by the so-called Pětka (Committee of Five) as the supreme body of Czechoslovak politics. The search for a way out of the government crisis showed that the socialists, especially the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party, did not want to defend their own ideology in the case, but used the publication of the Letter to pressure the Czechoslovak People’s Party, which, as part of the government coalition and the Švehla government, hindered the solution of the issue of regulating the relationship between the state and the Catholic Church. They wanted to force a change in its attitude by acting tactically with the idea of a minority government without the participation of the Czechoslovak People’s Party. However, the Czechoslovak People’s Party’s leaders handled the difficult situation it found itself in due to pressure from its coalition partners and the Catholic Slovak People’s Party and the Prague radical wing of its own party formed around Rudolf Horský, thanks to the prudent policy of its chairman Jan Šrámek. Although it agreed to negotiate a regulation of the relationship between the state and the churches, it defended the membership of the Czechoslovak People’s Party in the governing coalition, agreed to prosecute only those priests who manifestly violated the law and defended the right of bishops to act independently in public within the limits of the law. The article analyses and evaluates the attitudes and behaviour of the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party in this case.

The Supreme Court of the RSFSR as a legal form of the supreme judicial authority: to the 100th anniversary of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation

The 100th anniversary of the highest court instance of Russia determines the relevance of studying the Supreme Court of the RSFSR as a historical and legal phenomenon, formed as the highest judiciary authority on fundamentally different organizational approaches than before. The article studies certain specifics of the highest instance of Russia’s judiciary, including legal forms of its organization, activities of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, structural intra-system relationships, and its place and role in the development of Russia’s statehood. The research offers analysis of theoretical concepts and judicial legislation during the preceding period between the two judicial reforms (of 1864 and of 1922). It aims at revealing certain features of the legal model of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR in 1922 as the first created national form of an organizationally autonomous court of the highest judicial instance in terms of its place and role in the system of Soviet justice. The research methodology is based on comparative-legal and historical-legal approaches. The author refers not only to legal acts, but also to publications of the party and Soviet leaders of the first years of the Soviet power, devoted to the issues of formation of a unified judicial system and its supreme body. The prerequisites for the formation of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR associated with requests for stability and clarity of the rule of law, uniformity of judicial practice in the conditions of the New Economic Policy have been highlighted. The article draws conclusions concerning the legal status of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, highlights its features as the highest level in a unified judicial system, and determines the legal nature, the place and the role of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR in the system of judiciary, where it was endowed with organizational and managerial powers in respect of people’s investigators, collegium of defense counsellors, bailiffs and public notary offices.

Inclusiveness of creation process of constitution in Georgia

It is very difficult and practically impossible to create the best and most complete constitution. The Constitution is a document created by humans and not by the gods, and just like its creators, this document itself cannot be perfect. There are undemocratically adopted constitutions in the world, but there are no authoritarian constitutions adopted democratically. However, the conditions for drafting and adopting the Constitution can have a great impact on the content of the Constitution.
 Constitution is a legal act or set of legal acts adopted by a supreme body of state power or through a referendum, has the highest legal force and regulates the foundations of the organization of society and the state, the basic principles of the relationship between the individual and the state. Both the concept of the Constitution and the history of its development clearly show its special importance in the preservation and development of the state and society.
 The aim of the presented article is to review the process of creation of Constitution in Georgia, to study the main specifics and obstacles during the process and to analyze the results which has a direct influence on Political, Economic and Social development of State.
 The main methodology used during the research is desk research using historical and legal analysis of the given situation in1990s in Georgia, the challenges that Georgia has after the independence and the main basis and fundamentals for further development of Georgian Constitutionalism.
 Based on research study, authors have identified the main issues that were left out from the content of constitution, that are not only important for democratic states, but has the main influence on creation of democratic governance in country. One of the mentioned issues is the defining of Territorial Structure, which is of vital importance for Georgia. The final part of the article is concentrated on the steps that should be taken for the discussion of issues concerning territorial structure, including the different ethnic groups in the debate for solving current left out, but important issues within the constitution.

The Parliament of India’s General Election to the 17th Lok Sabha in 2019: An Analysis

India’s Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous, quasi judicial constitutional body created in 1950 under an article 324 of the Constitution of India. It is the supreme body vested with the powers of superintendence, direction and control of all aspects of elections to offices of the President and the Vice President of India, both the houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha), State Legislative Assemblies as well as State Legislative Councils and Union Territories Legislative Assemblies. In fact, ECI is an independent of an executive or the party or party led alliance parties in power at the centre. All the states and the Union Territories (UTs), who had election commissions are working under this ECI have the powers to conduct elections for rural and urban local bodies in their respective states and UTs. The Indian national and state political parties have released their respective election manifestos policies for contesting the Parliament of India’s general election to the 17th Lok Sabha in 2019 in order to win for forming a 5 years central government purpose at New Delhi in India. The BJP led NDA has won this election with significant number of Member of Parliament (MP) seats.

Evolution of the Constitution of Japan (1889-1946): comparative research

A comparative analysis of the constitutions of Japan in 1889 and 1946, their common features and differences.
 It is concluded that both Basic Laws meant the second, after ancient Chinese law, and the third reception of foreign law. The common features and differences inherent in the constitutions, due to the combination of the influence of foreign law with Japanese traditions, and the importance of constitutions in ensuring rapid and effective political and socio-economic development of the country at two historical stages.
 Common features include small volumes of texts, the proclamation of Japan as a constitutional monarchy by both basic laws, the consolidation of the principle of separation of powers, the duty of subordinates and citizens to pay taxes, the emperor's right to dissolve the lower house of parliament, constitution by foreign legal ideas, foreign law with Japanese traditions, promoting rapid and effective political and socio-economic development and improving the legal culture of the population.
 The differences are the enshrinement of the 1946 Constitution, the principle of people's sovereignty, the radical limitation of the emperor's powers, the proclamation of parliament as the supreme body of state power, the abolition of the hereditary chamber of parliament as part of parliament, its replacement by an elected chamber of advisers parliament, the elimination of estates, the consolidation of political and socio-economic rights of citizens, the declaration of their inviolability and the principle of pacifism. Constitutions differ in the responsibility of deputies for expressing opinions outside parliament, the presence or absence of a section in the text on the government, the Secret Imperial Council, the content of the independence of the judiciary, its structure, the status of the emperor, the powers of government.
 Also among the differences are the formation of constitutions under the influence of different legal families: Anglo-American law on the Basic Law of 1946 and Romano-Germanic law on the content of the Constitution of 1889. The content of the constitutional monarchy is different: the first basic law provides broad executive and legislative powers of the emperor, and the second ‒ a parliamentary monarchy, with purely ceremonial prerogatives of the emperor.

Judicial Activism , Constitutional Challenges in the United States

Mega projects in the State are difficult to be protected under constitutional jurisdiction. It is difficult fora judge to make any decision in the light of a prevailing law legislated by a parliament. The changing image of courts has culminated in the role of the legislature as the subservient organ, which no more remains a supreme body in the State. This factor badly affected the democratic development in the State. This new trend has originated in court-centric and imperialistic judges who have to play their role beyond the constitutional parameters to redress the core issues of society.

The Role of the Branches of Powers in Law-Making in Hungary

In Hungary legislative power rests with the National Assembly. According to the Fundamental Law of Hungary the authority to pass legislation is vested in the National Assembly, the supreme body of popular representation. This paper gives a general overview of the role of the branches of powers in law-making in Hungary. We introduce the role of the legislative power in law-making, the role of the executive power, the role of the judicial power in law-making, and finally the role of the President of the Republic in legislation.

Models of «impersonal» management of commercial corporations: legal aspects

Traditional management models of commercial corporations involve the distribution of authorized capital among specific members of the corporation. This state of affairs makes it possible to establish a system of corporate control, the scope of the rights of each member of the corporation, and also to consider commercial corporations as a whole as an association of capital and (or) an association of persons. This article explores models of corporate governance in which a member of the corporation is not formally known or is completely absent. This study is not limited to the legal assessment of beneficial ownership of a corporation. A legal assessment is given of possible models of corporate governance that do not allow, both legally and actually, to truly establish the owner of the business. The bases for classification of models of impersonal management of a corporation are highlighted. Modern domestic corporate and judicial practice on the issue of using the model of “impersonal” management of a corporation is given. The possibility of identifying the deliberate use of the considered management model in the formation of the supreme body of the corporation, as well as the abuse of corporate rights in relation to the rights and legitimate interests of other members of the corporation and third parties (for example, creditors or government bodies) is being studied. The variability of the model of impersonal management of commercial corporations is revealed; the legal consequences of the application of this management model are determined; Ways of solving the issue of bringing liable persons to responsibility are proposed. Mechanisms for detecting the impersonal management of a corporation are proposed, including through the use of digital technologies. Criteria that determine the unfair use of this management model are analyzed. In the study, new approaches have been formed to identify the model of impersonal management of corporations by the courts and prevent their use.

Composition of the Council of Ministers of ASSR at a time of reform of 1985–1991: changes and main features (on the example of Mordovia)

In the article the senior management of the regional executive and administrative authority as an example of the supreme body of State governance of an autonomous republic the Council of Ministers of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is considered. The changes in the Council of Ministers in the last years of the existence of the USSR is analyzed. The reforms initiated by the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev affected practically all sectors of society, including the functioning of public administration. Meanwhile, the system of power in Mordovia had some peculiarities, largely associated with the conservatism and external cohesion of the regional elites, which have had to respond to processes in the country at the same time. In the chronological period selected in the article, there were two compositions of the Council of Ministers, which were formed on March 15, 1985 at the first session of the MASSR Supreme Council of the 11th convocation and on April 10, 1990 at the first session of the MASSR Supreme Council of the 12th convocation. The authors provide information about age, social origin, nationality, educational level, tenure for members of the MASSR Government. In preparing the article, materials from the funds of the Central State Archives of the Republic of Mordovia, the regional press, published memoirs of participants in the events, as well as biographical information about the Soviet, Party and economic leaders from open sources were used.

Статус депутата в системе государственных и муниципальных должностей

The article defines the constitutional and legal status of deputies in relation to the system of the state and municipal positions. The Deputy’s mandate gives a Deputy the opportunity to act as a representative of the people, as well as a representative of the authorities. Accordingly, within the framework of constitutional and legal regulation, it is necessary to analyze and compare the term «position» with such terms as «post», «institution» and «deputy position». In the article, the author used formal-legal and comparative methods, which allowed revealing the differences in these terms, disadvantages in the constitutional legal regulation of the position of Deputy in
 the system of the state positions. As a consequence of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the terms «deputy position», «post», «institution» are identical. Also the author identifies the differences in the terms such as « position of Deputy» and «deputy position». As a result of the election, the candidate gets the position of Deputy, which, in its turn, gives him the opportunity to be elected to the deputy position. At the same time it is not legislatively defined the place of a member of the Federation Council, Deputy of the State Duma, Deputy of the Supreme body of the Executive or Legislature of the Federation’s subject in the system of the public
 posts. It is necessary to reorganize the internal structure of the legislative authorities to exclude «superior positions» as much as possible, thereby guaranteeing the equality of deputies’ status. However, at the constituent entities, deputies should have the opportunity to influence on the formation of the Executive bodies of the subject of the Russian Federation.

NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE ELITE IN THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE’S COMMISSARS OF THE MORDOVIAN ASSR DURING THE AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC FORMATION

The article examines the personnel composition of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Mordovian ASSR in the mid-1930s. It was during the period of Mordovia’s national statehood formation that a high percentage of representatives of the titular nation in the Soviet and party authorities was observed. The example of the supreme body of state administration of the autonomous republic shows the influence of indigenisation process in the administrative apparatus on the upper level of the regional Soviet and economic elite of functionaries, which managed to form in the post-revolutionary decade and a half. Data on individual members of the CPC, including their origin, age, and previous activities, are provided. A significant influence of the national factor in selecting executive officers is noted, which was of greater importance than the level of education and previous work experience. At the same time, promotion of the national cadres in accordance with political requirements did not always take into account objective circumstances, and a rapid rise of untrained people often led to a decrease in the quality of the Soviet bureaucracy. The article is based on previously unpublished documents from the collections of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Mordovia, as well as data obtained from open sources.

The Federal Judicial Council as the supreme body of the judiciary of the United Mexican States: composition and structure

The Federal Judicial Council as the supreme body of the judiciary of the United Mexican States: composition and structure

Contemporary problems of the application of international treaties and international customs in the domestic law of Ukraine

Almost twenty-five years have passed since the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine, but during this time the legislator has not made the necessary changes and additions to Article 9 of this regulatory legal act. This article of the Constitution regulates the issue of the place of an international treaty in the legal system of Ukraine, however, this regulation is imperfect and in practice gives rise to a number of conflicts. In particular, according to Article 9 of the Constitution of Ukraine, only those international treaties of Ukraine are recognized as part of the national legislation of Ukraine, the consent to the binding of which is provided by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Thus, the place of intergovernmental and interdepartmental international treaties in the system of sources of law of Ukraine is uncertain, and therefore the rules for their application are not regulated. In addition, the question of the ratio of the norms of the aforementioned international treaties with the norms of the Law of Ukraine remains unanswered. The supreme body of the judiciary of Ukraine proposed ways to overcome these problems, but they are not sufficiently reasoned. Despite this, another long-standing problem of Ukrainian law is the problem of determining the rules for the operation of international customs in Ukraine. A number of modern examples of the application of international custom to the regulation of public relations in Ukraine demonstrate to us an urgent need to formulate a detailed legislative regulation of this issue. For example, we are talking about numerous cases of citizens of Ukraine appealing to domestic courts with claims against the Russian Federation, as a result of which, despite the principle of state jurisdictional immunity enshrined in Ukrainian legislation, not only civil proceedings begin, but even claims are satisfied. The basis for this is a number of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (for example, the decision in the case "Oleinikov v. Russia"), which states that the provisions of the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property 2004 and the European (Basel) Convention on State Immunity 1972 can be applied as international custom. So, an interesting legal incident has developed in Ukraine: in the absence of legislative regulation of the issue of the place of international custom in the legal system of Ukraine, domestic courts turn to it on the basis of decisions of the ECHR, which, according to Ukrainian legislation, is the source of Ukrainian law. At the same time, individual rules for the operation of the customs of international humanitarian law in Ukraine were regulated at the level of a subordinate normative legal act - a special Instruction approved by the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. By adopting it, the legislator implemented the basic norms, including the usual ones, of international humanitarian law, which should have greatly facilitated the procedure for their application by Ukrainian military personnel. However, the Instruction does not reflect certain customary norms of international humanitarian law quite correctly, which can cause serious problems in practice. In addition, the legally not precisely formulated Art. 483 of the 2001 Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provides for liability only for violation of the laws and customs of war stipulated by international treaties, the consent to be bound by which was provided by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, but not by international customs, of which there are quite a few in this area.

Неизвестные факты заточения Георгия Дашкова в тюрьме Нерчинского Свято-Успенского мужского монастыря

The article continues the thematic cycle of author’s publications providing some information about a previously unknown direction of the activity of the Nerchinsk Monastery of Holy Dormition – a penitentiary one. This monastery, being a remote one in the Russian empire, was used as a place of exile and imprisonment for unwelcome clergy throughout the 18th century. The author carried out a comprehensive analysis of a small group of prisoners banished to Siberia, which included high-ranking hierarchs who previously belonged to the leadership of the supreme body of the church-state administration of the ROC.

조선중앙사회단체협의회 논쟁과 합법운동론

Examined in this article are claims and arguments made over the Joseon Central Council for Social Organizations issue and the controversy that ensued over its nature. The objective of such examination is to compare the contents of the argument that surfaced in colonized Joseon for a Unified Socialist Popular Political Party, with how Socialist movements actually progressed in another country, which was in this case Japan.BR From 1924 through 1927, after it was confirmed that a General Election would be held in Japan, suggestions and propositions for a course correction in Socialist movements and political struggles for that aim began to spread both in Korea and Japan. In the wake of such arguments flying around, some of the Seoul-based Korean Socialists and some independent Socialists as well attempted to form the Joseon Central Council for Social Organizations (JCCSO).BR Socialists who supported not only the formation of the council but also its permanent operations also argued that a supreme body (other than JCCSO) that could regulate all popular social bodies in Joseon should be established to represent the Proletariat Class. They envisioned it as either a council of a Unified Coalition of the Proletariat Class, or a lawful, Unified Proletariat Class Party, which could be described as a Unified Socialist Popular Political Party. The aforementioned Joseon Central Council for Social Organizations was considered as a medium that could facilitate the fruition of that unified, lawful Proletariat Class Party.BR They did not deny the necessity of the Communist Party, but they still viewed it as a party only representing certain parts –albeit important parts- of the entire Proletariat Class. Unlike them, the Joseon Communist Party as well as other activists who were strongly against the idea of establishing a permanent body (apart from the Communist Party) argued that the Communist Party was in full representation of the entire Proletariat Class, and it stands for the independence of the Labor Class and the Proletariat Hegemony.BR The supporters of the idea of JCCSO’s permanent establishment show us that there were indeed Socialists in Joseon with opinions different from those who were in favor of the ways of COMINTERN and the Communist Party, which strongly believed that only a Vanguard Party could and should lead the Revolutionary movement.