Surge Protection Research Articles

7940 Is Urocortin 2 A Mediator Of Stress-induced Suppression Of The Luteinizing Hormone Surge?

Abstract Disclosure: H.F. Bell: None. R.A. Carrasco: None. M.J. Kreisman: None. R.B. McCosh: None. K.M. Breen Church: None. Stress is thought to be a contributing factor to the reduction of reproductive function and infertility observed in many different species. Although this is a well-documented phenomenon, the neural mechanisms mediating the suppression of reproductive neuroendocrine activity in response to stress are not yet fully understood. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is an integral part of the neural response to stress. The PVN initiates activation of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) neurons and, in addition to CRH, the PVN contains a population of neurons expressing Urocortin 2 (UCN2), a CRH-like family member, with high affinity for CRH receptor 2. In females, stress has been shown to inhibit both the pulse and surge modes of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) secretion. We have preliminary evidence that kisspeptin neurons, controlling either type of LH secretion, contain CRH receptor 2. In this study we tested the sufficiency of UCN2 to disrupt the estradiol-induced LH surge. Female mice were ovariectomized and given a high estradiol treatment to induce a circadian-timed LH surge. Two days later, UCN2 or Vehicle was administered into the lateral ventricle via ICV injection on the morning of the expected surge (10 AM). Blood and brains were collected in the evening (6 PM), at the time of the expected surge. Whole blood from the tail tip was measured by LH ELISA and a surge was defined as > 0.5 ng/mL. A majority of saline-treated animals expressed an LH surge (8 of 9 females). In contrast, 0% of UCN2-treated animals surged (n=7), suggesting that UCN2 impaired the positive feedback response to estradiol. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was performed to observe colocalization of c-Fos within Kisspeptin neurons in the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle (RP3V) which are responsible for surge generation. Lower Kisspeptin/C-Fos co-expression in animals treated with UCN2 demonstrated the efficacy of UCN2 to impair estradiol-induced activation of RP3V Kisspeptin neurons which are critical for LH surge generation. These results support the hypothesis that UCN2 signaling plays a mediatory role in the stress-induced reduction of ovulatory function in the female mouse. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Expression of concern 'The effectiveness of clomiphene citrate in LH surge suppression in women undergoing IUI: a randomized controlled trial' [Fertility and Sterility 94 (2010) 2167-2171]

Expression of concern 'The effectiveness of clomiphene citrate in LH surge suppression in women undergoing IUI: a randomized controlled trial' [Fertility and Sterility 94 (2010) 2167-2171]

Integrating historical storm surge events into flood risk security in the Copenhagen region

Rapid urbanisation along the coasts of the world in recent decades has increased their vulnerability to storm surges, especially in response to mean sea level rise. The unique geographical and social conditions of Copenhagen, a major European coastal city, have prompted urban expansion along Køge Bay to the south of the city. However, this new urbanisation area is confronted with the common obstacle of developing a coastal defence strategy, i.e., the lack of long-term observational data required to determine a reliable storm surge protection level. This study aims to address this issue by developing a framework that integrates historical records of extreme storm surge events into coastal defence strategies, using Copenhagen as a case study. We propose a four-step work framework, including (1) Data collection and analysis: We collected and analysed data from neighbouring cities and used modelling and reanalysis data sets. By combining these sources, we aim to reconstruct historical time series for the study site dating back to 1836. This extended information set enhances our understanding of past storm surge events. (2) Statistical modelling and forecasting: Using Bayesian statistical methods, we fitted the historical storm surge data to appropriate probability distributions. This enabled us to generate probabilistic forecasts of storm surge magnitudes, providing insight into the likelihood of future events and their potential impacts on the coastal area. (3) Sensitivity analyses: We performed sensitivity experiments using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to identify the most influential parameters, such as thresholds, that affect storm surge levels. This analysis improved our understanding of the key drivers of storm surge events and their uncertainties, further informing coastal defence strategies. (4) Expert judgement and risk management: Expert judgements are implemented to establish the necessary security level to manage flood risks in the city. This helps to ensure that high-impact, low-probability events are adequately considered in risk management efforts. Following this framework, we can develop a comprehensive understanding of storm surge risks in the urbanised region south of Copenhagen and use historical data to inform coastal defence strategies. This study emphasises the importance of incorporating long-term observational data and expert insights to improve the resilience of coastal cities facing the challenges of urbanisation and climate change.

Lightning Overvoltage Simulation and Design of a Novel Surge Protective Device for High-Power Offshore Wind Farms

Lightning Overvoltage Simulation and Design of a Novel Surge Protective Device for High-Power Offshore Wind Farms

To the problem of the shielding systems efficiency in constructions of extra-high voltage electrical apparatus

In the article, the authors proposed a method for estimating the electric load parameters to calculate the distribution of the electric field strength of the solid insulating structure of gas-filled high-voltage devices with axial symmetry. This structure consists of a support and insulating busbar filled with SF6 gas as an internal insulating medium. This technique allows to evaluate the parameters of the electrical load (voltage and field strength) depen-ding on the design features of the device and the shielding system used to equalize the electric field. The proposed methodology allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the influence of design parameters of the protection system for gas-filled high-voltage equipment (instrument transformers, arresters, surge arresters, etc.) when designing and improving individual design solutions. The calculation results are in good agreement with the data of experimental studies and statistical information obtained as a result of monitoring the operation of insulating structures, taking into account actual operating conditions and the influence of external factors. The implementation of this technique allows us to take into account the influence of external factors and operational characteristics inherent in instrument transformers and surge suppressors. In the proposed methodology, as an example, we consider a supporting insulating coating that is in operation under the most unfavorable conditions, such as external pollution, moisture and their combination, overvoltage of various origins, etc. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the results of calculations using the example of the support-insulating cover of the surge suppressor of the OПН-500 series. A more accurate determination of the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for predicting the field strength distribution parameters under the influence of a shielding system can be achieved by conducting an additional series of calculations and experimental tests of specific insulating structures. Thus, it was concluded that the obtained results can be used to evaluate the external insulation characteristics of both surge suppressors and gas-filled instrument transformers, as well as similar high-voltage equipment of switchgears and transformer substations in conditions of ultra- and transformer substations ultra-high voltages

Generalized characterization of pipeline systems with air chamber through development of the dimensionless impedance response

ABSTRACT An air cushion chamber is a feasible and efficient hydraulic device to control water hammer for pressurised pipeline systems. The introduction and evolution and hydraulic transient depend on distinct features of pipeline systems such as length, diameter and the property of pipeline extension as physical properties; flowrates, pressure, boundary conditions as hydraulic conditions; and interaction with surge protection devices (air chamber) as hydraulic conditions. Considering all factors simultaneously can be incredibly difficult, even for a simple air chamber pipeline valve layout. This study introduces the dimensionless transfer function and expression for air chambers in dimensionless frequency domain in order to effectively address the water hammer generation and its counteracting processes. To comprehensively characterize hydraulic transients for pipeline systems equipped with air chambers, two representative dimensionless parameters were used. Along the pipeline system, it is possible to develop a frequency-independent expression for hydraulic impedance. A comparison between the developed method and other existing methods (e.g. characteristic method and impulse response method) revealed excellent agreement. Application of the dimensionless parameters to systems with different dimensions and hydraulic conditions shows that the proposed dimensionless parameters can address substantial ranges of real systems.

O-300 Dydrogesterone versus GnRH-antagonists to supress the LH surge in IVF/ICSI cycles

Abstract Study question Does Dydrogesterone block premature Luteinaizing hormone surge and ovulation during the controlled ovarian stimulation without compromising of IVF/ICSI outcomes? Summary answer Dydrogesterone and GnRH-antagonist have equal effectivness for prevention of premature luteinizing hormone surge and ovulation without any adverse effect on laboratory and clinical results. What is known already Premature LH surge and premature ovulation during the controlled ovarian stimulation is one of the main causes of cycle cancellation.Traditionally, during in-vitro fertilization for controlled ovarian stimulation to prevention of premature LH surge clinicians use GnRH antagonists. Recent data indicates that premature LH surge may be prevented also by progestins, since they have a role in suppression of preovulatory LH surge. In past, progesterone was not used during ovarian stimulation due to the negative effect on endometrial receptivity, while nowadays advanced techniques give possibility to use it as an alternative to a GnRH antagonists using the freeze-all strategy. Study design, size, duration In this prospective, randomized study were participated sixty -seven egg donors. Sudy was conducted on the basis of Clinic Leadermed (Georgia, Tbilisi) from October of 2021 to November 2023. The Ethics Committee of clinic Leadermed approved this study and appropriate informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participants/materials, setting, methods Recombinant gonadotropin was administered for control ovulation stimulation in oocyte donors. According to the ovarian response HMG was added. Intervention group (group I, n = 34) received 20 mg of Dydrogesterone from the first day of stimulation till trigger day and the control group (group II, n = 33) received GnRH-antagonist when the leading follicle reached 14 mm in diameter till trigger day. Triptorelin acetate 0.3 mg was administered when at least 3 follicles reached ≥18 mm in diameter. Main results and the role of chance There were no statistically significant differences in the oocyte donors age, BMI and AMH levels between two groups. None of the participants experienced a premature LH surge and ovulation. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of MII oocytes (23,7 vs 25.9 p = 0.3). The duration of stimulation and total dose of gonadotropins was similar in both groups (9.6 vs 9.9 days, p = 0.41), (2269.2 IU vs 2423.4 IU, p = 0.08) respectively. There was no difference in fertilization rates (85.62% vs 83.94%, p = 0.41), as well as blastulation rates and top-quality blastocysts (65.78% vs 69.72%, p = 0.17; 54.50% vs 51.75%, p = 0.21). Regarding clinical pregnancy rate, the results were similar, with no significant differences between two groups (66.28% vs 68.10%, p = 0.8). Limitations, reasons for caution The limitation of the study is that embryotransfer was performed as in patients (age till 49years), as well as in surrogate mothetrs (age till 41 years). Wider implications of the findings Dydrogesterone and GnRH-antagonist has equal effectiveness for prevention of premature LH surge without affecting of IVF outcomes. It is a financially profitable and easy to use which can be used as in oocyte donors as well as in patients where embryo transfer is not planned in the current cycle. Trial registration number non-clinical trial

P-278 The impact of previous pituitary suppression protocols on IVF outcomes in patients with endometriosis undergoing freeze-all approach

Abstract Study question Do embryological parameters and live birth rates differ in patients with endometriosis undergoing freeze-all approach when GnRH-antagonist protocol or progestin primed pituitary suppression(PPOS) was preferred? Summary answer When comparing the GnRH antagonist protocol, the PPOS protocol was associated with more usable cleavage stage embryos but with a similar live birth rate. What is known already Optimal COH protocol for patients with endometriosis is still controversial. Initially, the GnRH agonist protocol was hypothesized to be superior because it was assumed to increase pregnancy rates by improving the inflammatory process of endometriosis. However, available data represented similar pregnancy rates in GnRH antagonist and GnRH agonist protocols. Recently, progestins have been used for suppression of endogenous LH surge instead of GnRH analogs in COH for various indications. Since, recent data indicates that utilization of progestins for more than eight days can reduce the inflammatory process of endometriosis, PPOS protocol might be employed in this patient group. Study design, size, duration This retrospective cohort study conducted at Bahçeci Health Group between January 2021-January 2023. Inclusion criteria were female age between 20-44 years, patients with endometrioma diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasonography and freeze-all cycles. Exclusion criteria were pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT) cycles, patients with uterine myoma distorting the endometrial cavity, congenital uterine anomaly and presence of hydrosalpinx.Each patient was included only once. A total of 607 patients;407 in GnRH antagonist group and 200 in PPOS group were recruited. Participants/materials, setting, methods The study analyzed the embryological parameters and live birth rates undergoing freeze-all cycles. COH was performed with recombinant FSH or HMG at a starting dose 150-300 IU depending on ovarian reserve and body mass index (BMI). LH surge was controlled by a flexible GnRH antagonist or fixed PPOS protocol. Primary outcome for embryological parameters were usable cleavage embryo after OS and live birth after the first frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Main results and the role of chance Female age in PPOS group was older than GnRH antagonist group (33.3±4.9 vs.32.4±4.8,p=0,02).Other demograhic characteristics were similar among two groups.Total gonadotrophin dose and duration of stimulation in PPOS group were lower than antagonist group (2602.3±1083.5 vs.2866.9±1147.9 IU, p = 0,002 and 10.86±1.77 vs. 11.59±1.82 days, p < 0.001). No significant difference regarding endocrinological parameters of OS and number of oocytes retrieved, mature oocyte, maturation and fertilization rates was found in two groups. However, the number of day 3 usable embryos were higher in the PPOS group than GnRH antagonist group (4.66±4.38 vs. 3.84±3.72 p = 0.04). There was no difference in the cancellation rates. A total of 478 FET cycles of 607 were evaluated; 323 in GnRH antagonist and 255 in PPOS group. No significant difference in FET cycle and embryological characteristics was found in two groups. The clinical pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, live birth rate and multiple pregnancy rates per transfer were comparable between the two groups [59.1% (191/323) vs. 59.4% ( 92/155) p = 0,963;17.3%(33/191) vs 0.9%(10/92) p = 0,16; 48.6%(157/323) vs. 52.9% (82/155) p = 0,379; 7.3%(14/191) vs.10.9% (10/92) p = 0317, respectively].Multivariate binary regression analysis revealed that female age, embryo day embryo quality.number of embryos transferred were significant independent factors for live birth but not the PPOS vs GnRH antagonist. Limitations, reasons for caution Although we used regression models to adjust all possible confounders, it was a retrospective study with its intrinsic limitations. Further prospective RCTs are warranted. Wider implications of the findings Although cleavage stage usable embryo was significantly higher in PPOS group,the pregnancy outcomes were comparable between groups.Those results suggest that theoretical advantages of progestin in preceding OS does not seem to present a significant difference on live birth,but should be confirmed with prospective trials within cohort of women with endometriosis. Trial registration number not applicable ( retrospective study)

Lightning-induced voltages on low-voltage distribution lines

Special attention has been drawn to transients in low-voltage systems in recent years. As the surge withstand capabilities of low-voltage networks are much lower than those of medium-voltage lines, they are more susceptible to lightning-caused disturbances. One of the primary sources of overvoltages is related to indirect lightning strokes. Such overvoltages are highly dependent on the soil characteristics and generally tend to increase with the soil resistivity. Considering realistic conditions, this paper discusses the effects of different parameters on the phase-to-ground and phase-to-neutral lightning-induced voltages on the low-voltage side of a typical distribution transformer. In the case of high-resistivity soils or high ground resistance values, phase-to-ground voltages induced by indirect strokes can reach several tens of kilovolts. Phase-to-neutral voltages higher than 5 kV may be common if surge protective devices are not applied.

Smart EV Charger With Reactive Power Compensation and Surge Protection

The paper proposes integrating compensating functions into fast EV charging stations to enhance grid reliability and reduce reliance on costly devices like STATCOMs and Capacitor Banks used to solve voltage drop issues caused by EV adoption. The developed smart fast EV charger functions as a boost rectifier while simultaneously providing surge protection and compensating reactive power in the grid during charging. Using a cross-coupling strategy, a PID controller manages the leading current to supply reactive power to regulate voltage at the connection node. An ILPS with SPD safeguards the charger from lightning or other induced surges. The charger can operate in three modes: charging the battery at unity power factor, acting as a STATCOM without connecting the battery, or charging the battery while supplying reactive power to the grid in a bidirectional manner.

Sediment carbon storage in subtidal beds of the invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea along an extreme water depth gradient, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands

Blue carbon ecosystems such as mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds are found globally and are fundamental to fisheries production, storm surge protection, and carbon sequestration. The contribution of seagrass ecosystems to global carbon stocks is still not well understood, including in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). No study has been published to-date assessing the sediment carbon density (SCD) in seagrass beds in the USVI. This study focused on the carbon storage ability of the invasive species, Halophila stipulacea, which is compact in size compared to common native seagrasses and has spread rapidly to become a dominant seagrass in the USVI. This species forms dense mats across a wide depth range (<1 m to 50 m) typically uninhabitable to its native counterparts (Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum). Several biotic and abiotic factors influence the carbon storage ability of seagrass, yet little is known about carbon storage sequestration along a depth gradient for H. stipulacea. This study provides the first assessment of the biological characteristics (shoot density, leaf area, leaf height, and percent cover) and carbon storage ability of H. stipulacea across a depth gradient (shallow: 5–10 m; medium: 15–20 m; deep: 25–30 m) at two sites in St. Thomas, USVI. Mean sediment carbon density (SCD) values per core reported for H. stipulacea in this study ranged from 3.88 to 15.67mgC/cm3; these were comparable to regional and global seagrass studies. Biological characteristics were not an accurate predictor of SCD. A significant interaction between water depth and site was found to affect mean SCD of H. stipulacea beds. It is likely that site-specific factors most likely account for variations seen within the data. Although carbon values in this study compared to values reported in the literature, other factors such as land use, proximity to carbon sources, sediment microbial community, and water current patterns may be driving SCD values. These findings highlight the need for site and species-specific carbon storage assessments on local to regional scales to accurately estimate current and forecasted blue carbon stocks.

Response Time of Surge Protective Devices Employing Triggered Spark Gap Technology

Response Time of Surge Protective Devices Employing Triggered Spark Gap Technology

Multicast Radar Data Transmission Using the Tunnel in Tunnel Method and IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Filtering by Utilizing the Internet Network

This research proposes the implementation of multicast radar data transmission using the tunnel in tunnel method by utilizing the installed IP VPN network. The background of this study is the failure in radar data transmission resulting in a change of service from surveillance to procedural service, as well as the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on aviation organizations. The purpose of this implementation is to enhance flight safety while achieving cost efficiency for the company. Objectives include changing transmission methods, budget efficiency, improving operational safety, compliance with international standards, and support for the concept of flight information management. Advantages of multicast radar data transmission include centralized IP base, ease of monitoring, and the use of FO converters for surge protection. Implementation is based on aviation regulations, international standards, and partnership contracts. Contingency plans cover network and device failure scenarios. Cost benefit analysis shows significant financial gains from this implementation. It is hoped that this research will make a positive contribution to improving efficiency and operational safety in aviation.

External Multi-Gap Lightning Arrester Modeling Using the Integration Method

Electric power distribution networks are exposed to both internal and external disturbances. Lightning strikes are among the latter and are responsible for a significant percentage of damage in distribution transformers, especially in rural areas. Electric utilities must pay special attention to prevent damage and service interruption due to these unforeseeable events. In this context, Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) combined with a series of external air gaps are designed to safeguard electric equipment and systems from transient over-voltages. There are several well-known models of SPDs in the specialized literature; nonetheless, few studies have been carried out with external gaps and multi-gaps. The main contribution of this paper is a methodology to model the disruptive effect in an external air gap by determining the parameters of Kind’s and Chowdhuri’s models using the integration method. The adjustment of the model parameters is carried out by a genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed model was tested and validated using experimental measurements, and its capability to predict the time-to-breakdown under different impulse voltages was verified.

Исследование влияния импульсной короны на проводах ВЛ 110 кВ, грозозащитном тросе на энергетические характеристики линейных ОПН во время грозовых перенапряжений

The corona effect has a significant impact on calculations of lightning protection of the high-voltage overhead transmission line. The corona effect in the calculation of the transient process during a lightning overvoltages is often neglected due to the complexity of modeling the corona effect. The issue of the corona effect influence on the operation of non-linear surge suppressors installed on overhead lines hasn’t been sufficiently studied. The aim of the research is to evaluate the energy characteristics of linear surge arresters considering the corona effect on the overhead line. Simulation of the transient process on the overhead line during lightning overvoltages is carried out in the EMTP-ATP software. There is no corona model among the basic models in EMTP-ATP software. Thus, the corona model on overhead line wires using dynamic capacitances is under consideration. A model of corona on overhead line wires in EMTP-ATP is developed. Calculations of energy characteristics of linear surge arresters on an overhead line model considering the corona and without corona effect are carried out. The comparison of the obtained energy characteristics is carried out. The corona has a significant effect on the energy absorbed by the linear surge arresters during lightning strikes to the ground-wire if the front time of the lightning current impulse has a value near 1 s. When lightning strikes to the phase wire, the energy absorbed by the linear surge arresters is so great that the influence of the corona effect is insignificant. The corona model used in calculations in EMTP-ATP software has several limitations. Therefore, in future research it’s advisable to improve the model and simplify it, when calculating lightning protection of overhead lines.

Electrical Property Improvements of Multiple Dopant ZnO/Bi2O3 Varistor By Liquid Phase Method

Although ZnO Varistor is widely used in surge protection due to its unique I-V characteristics, its key influencing factors of grain size and uniformity are difficult to be guaranteed by traditional solid phase method. In this paper, the ZnO/Bi2O3 varistor was prepared by liquid phase co-deposition method and the sintering temperature also has been optimized. For samples prepared by the liquid-phase method, as the sintering temperature increases, the grain size gradually increases, the grain distribution becomes initially more uniform and later more disordered, and the crystallinity gradually increases. In comparison to solid-phase method, samples prepared by liquid-phase method exhibit smaller grain sizes and more uniform grain size distribution. Based on this, samples sintered at 1100 °C by the liquid-phase method demonstrate optimal electrical performance: the voltage gradient is 520 V/mm, the nonlinear coefficient is 44, and the leakage current is 5.8 μA/cm2. This paper has theoretical support for the study of preparation of varistor for achieving excellent electrical performance for being used in the field of surge protection.

Analysis of the effectiveness of lightning and surge protection in a large solar farm

Analysis of the effectiveness of lightning and surge protection in a large solar farm

Photovoltaic System Protection Against Lightning

Lightning strikes pose a significant threat to photovoltaic (PV) systems, which are increasingly utilized for renewable energy generation. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the potential risks associated with lightning strikes on PV systems and explores various protection measures to enhance their resilience. The study delves into the characteristics of lightning and its interaction with PV installations, identifies vulnerabilities within the system, and discusses the principles and techniques for effective lightning protection. The paper emphasizes the importance of comprehensive risk assessment, surge protection devices, grounding systems, and maintenance practices to mitigate the damaging effects of lightning strikes. By implementing appropriate protection strategies, PV system owners and designers can safeguard their installations and ensure the longevity and reliability of their renewable energy infrastructure.

Load-Sharing With Degradation Management in a Compressor Station

Management of compressor degradation is often considered from the perspective of maintenance of the compressor, but most frameworks for the operation of compressors do not take degradation into account. This paper proposes a method for operation of compressors that takes into account the current level of degradation in order to manage further degradation. The algorithm can be used in maintenance planning frameworks, in particular if the timings of maintenance activities are fixed. The algorithm can extend the lifetime of a compressor by mitigating its degradation, or, conversely, can intensify the degradation to reach the maximum level in time for planned maintenance. The performance of the algorithm has been demonstrated in a case study for five compressors. A comparison with equal load approach shows that the new algorithm improves the operation of the system by managing the degradation of selected compressors. Explicit management of degradation allows an extension of the lifetime of selected compressors before maintenance must be performed. Conversely, by ensuring that the desired level of degradation is attained before pre-planned maintenance actions, it contributes to increased efficacy of maintenance actions. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —The paper presents a new framework for load-sharing in a compressor station with compressors subject to degradation. The main innovation of the framework is the use of relationships between custom degradation indicators to manage degradation of the compressors. The results in the paper prove that it is possible to manage degradation in an industrial setting by adjusting the load of each compressor. From a practical perspective, the framework allows more degraded compressors to follow the less degraded compressors (called leaders). The simplicity of the proposed framework enables an intuitive choice of leaders, in particular in compressor stations with more than two compressors. Focused directly on the load sharing, the framework also avoids adjusting lower level control structures, such as speed control or surge protection. The simplicity and the fact that the load-sharing algorithm affects only the loads make the new framework quickly implementable on a high level of the operating system in a compressor station. The limitation of the framework is that the parameters of the framework must be adjusted manually to ensure that the compressors stay within their operating ranges. For instance, the parameters of the algorithm can be chosen in such a way that the load-sharing aims to strike a balance between multiple compressors. The next step would be to give a demonstration of the method on a high-fidelity industrial simulator that acts as a proxy for a real compressor station.

Controllable Impulse Current Generator for PHIL Applications in Surge Protection

Controllable Impulse Current Generator for PHIL Applications in Surge Protection