Suppression Of Hunger Research Articles

AgRP neuron cis-regulatory analysis across hunger states reveals that IRF3 mediates leptin’s acute effects

AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) coordinate homeostatic changes in appetite associated with fluctuations in food availability and leptin signaling. Identifying the relevant transcriptional regulatory pathways in these neurons has been a priority, yet such attempts have been stymied due to their low abundance and the rich cellular diversity of the ARC. Here we generated AgRP neuron-specific transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiles from male mice during three distinct hunger states of satiety, fasting-induced hunger, and leptin-induced hunger suppression. Cis-regulatory analysis of these integrated datasets enabled the identification of 18 putative hunger-promoting and 29 putative hunger-suppressing transcriptional regulators in AgRP neurons, 16 of which were predicted to be transcriptional effectors of leptin. Within our dataset, Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) emerged as a leading candidate mediator of leptin-induced hunger-suppression. Measures of IRF3 activation in vitro and in vivo reveal an increase in IRF3 nuclear occupancy following leptin administration. Finally, gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vivo confirm the role of IRF3 in mediating the acute satiety-evoking effects of leptin in AgRP neurons. Thus, our findings identify IRF3 as a key mediator of the acute hunger-suppressing effects of leptin in AgRP neurons.

Hepatic IRE1α-XBP1 signaling promotes GDF15-mediated anorexia and body weight loss in chemotherapy.

Platinum-based chemotherapy drugs can lead to the development of anorexia, a detrimental effect on the overall health of cancer patients. However, managing chemotherapy-induced anorexia and subsequent weight loss remains challenging due to limited effective therapeutic strategies. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has recently gained significant attention in the context of chemotherapy-induced anorexia. Here, we report that hepatic GDF15 plays a crucial role in regulating body weight in response to chemo drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin. Cisplatin and doxorubicin treatments induce hepatic Gdf15 expression and elevate circulating GDF15 levels, leading to hunger suppression and subsequent weight loss. Mechanistically, selective activation by chemotherapy of hepatic IRE1α-XBP1 pathway of the unfolded protein response (UPR) upregulates Gdf15 expression. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of IRE1α is sufficient to ameliorate chemotherapy-induced anorexia and body weight loss. These results identify hepatic IRE1α as a molecular driver of GDF15-mediated anorexia and suggest that blocking IRE1α RNase activity offers a therapeutic strategy to alleviate the adverse anorexia effects in chemotherapy.

Molecular hydrogen modulates brain glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle in overweight humans.

We evaluated whether 12-week intake of molecular hydrogen (H2) in 5 overweight adults (3 women; age: 50.2 ±11.9 years, body mass index: 29.4 ±2.1 kg/m2) affects brain levels of the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle, critical amino acid neurotransmitters in the mechanism of neuronal activation during appetite regulation. A 1.5-T single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess the tissue concentrations of relevant metabolites. The mean glutamate and glutamate-plus-glutamine levels at the posterior cingulate gyrus decreased significantly during the study; this was accompanied by a significant drop in GABA levels at left prefrontal white matter, and glutathione levels at anterior cingulate gyrus. No changes in the brain metabolites were found in the comparable group of overweight individuals (n = 4, 2 women; age: 41.0 ±13.9, BMI 26.8 ±1.3 kg/m2) followed-up in the past without this treatment. We showed a possible hydrogen-driven upregulation of neurotransmitters involved in appetite stimulation leading to hunger suppression and weight loss. Further studies analyzing appetite-controlling metabolic pathways affected by H2 would require monitoring of additional biomarkers of satiation and satiety during different feeding regimens.

GPR101 loss promotes insulin resistance and diet-induced obesity risk

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent targets for improved low-side-effect therapies to tackle the evolving Western obesity epidemic. The orphan (o) GPCR GPR101 emerged as an attractive candidate in this regard. Expressed on cells in brain areas regulating energy homeostasis, including the hunger-suppressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) ​+ ​neurons, it is minimally expressed outside the brain. To understand the function of this receptor in vivo, we herein generated and comprehensively characterized a Gpr101 knockout mouse line, either under standard feeding conditions or with chronic high-fat diet (HFD) access (16 weeks). GPR101 loss accelerated the risk for diet-induced obesity (DIO), hyperinsulinemia and disrupted glucose homeostasis. Hypothalamic transcriptomic analysis revealed also decreased Pomc activation with HFD suggesting impaired hunger suppression. Moreover, on a standard diet, there was a molecular signature of downregulated tristetraprolin (TTP) interactome gene activation suggesting impaired inflammation resolution. On HFD, there was differential expression of genes involved in microglial phagocytosis and lipid metabolism. Morphometry revealed altered hypothalamic arcuate nucleus microglial morphology consistent with the transcriptomic profile. We discuss how the GPR101 specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) receptor capacity likely underlies the aberrant microglial function and contributes to DIO risk. Thus, this evidence shows that GPR101 is a potential therapeutic target for DIO through, among other factors, effects on hypothalamic inflammation resolution.

Effects of acute resistance exercise with different loads on appetite, appetite hormones and autonomic nervous system responses in healthy young men

Although the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on the appetite has been widely explored, the influence of resistance exercise (RE) with different variables, including training loads, training volume, and inter-set rest, on appetite responses requires further investigation. This study examined the importance of training load in RE-induced appetite regulation, with the total training volume and inter-set rest equalized. In total, 11 healthy young men (age = 23 ± 2 years, body mass index = 22 ± 2 kg/m2) were included. Participants completed 3 trials, namely moderate-load RE (MOD; 4 sets of 8 repetitions at 85% 8RM), low-load RE (LOW; 4 sets of 15 repetitions at 45% 8RM), and a control (CON; no exercise), in a randomized, crossover design. Subjective appetite ratings; concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and lactate; and the autonomic nervous system activity were evaluated before exercise and 1 h after exercise. The hunger and predicted food consumption ratings, and ghrelin concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly lower in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). The PYY and lactate concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly higher in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). Heart rate variability recovery was slower in the MOD trial. These findings suggest that both moderate-load and low-load RE at equal training volumes and inter-set rest induce similar responses on hunger suppression and orexigenic signals, except for the slower recovery of autonomic modulation after moderate-load RE. Our results suggest that when individuals aim to potentiate appetite suppression after a bout of RE, both moderate- and low-load RE could be applied.

Disconnect between sympathetically-induced hunger suppression and consumption among highly restrained eaters following stress

Despite emphasis on findings suggesting restrained eaters increase food consumption under stress, unrestrained eaters' reduction in intake is more robust. Early proposals asserted unrestrained eaters significantly reduced intake after certain threats due to the hunger-inhibiting effects of autonomic influences, presuming unrestrained eaters are more responsive to these effects and restrained eaters rely less on physiological cues for eating. However, scant empirical evidence has substantiated these claims. This study examined whether a sequence exists whereby stress elicits autonomic activation, autonomic activation impacts hunger, and hunger then impacts eating, with dietary restraint altering the hunger-intake link. It was hypothesized that sympathetic nervous system activation would be greatest when ongoing safety from stress was uncertain, sympathetic activation would be linked to reduced hunger, and lower hunger would be associated with attenuated intake. Restraint, conceptualized via Hagan et al.’s (2017) latent restraint factors, was hypothesized to reduce the association between hunger and intake. Female participants (n = 147) were randomized to a stress + certain safety, stress + uncertain safety, or control condition. Sympathetic nervous system activity was recorded prior to a bogus taste test, which quantified ad libitum consumption of highly-palatable snack foods post-stress. Only the stress + uncertain safety condition exhibited greater sympathetic nervous system activity than the control condition. A significant index of moderated serial mediation emerged for Preoccupation with Dieting and Weight-Focused Restraint in the stress + uncertain safety condition. Though sympathetic activation decreased hunger similarly regardless of dietary restraint, only less restrained individuals significantly decreased intake. More restrained individuals ate more despite experiencing lower hunger. The disconnect between hunger and intake in more restrained eaters suggests that focus on enhancing attunement to hunger may yield greater benefit than enhancing restraint. 281 words.

Clinical Impact of Semaglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist, on Obesity Management: A Review.

PurposeObesity and overweight pose a threat to health and are more common than undernutrition among adults. It is categorized by fat accumulation and a body mass index (BMI) of > 30. A significant increase in worldwide obesity has been ongoing over several decades. Over the past few years, several strategies have been followed for weight management and to counteract the increasing prevalence of the disease; however, room for improvement with pharmacological options still exists. This review aimed to digest selected past clinical and experimental studies and understand the role of semaglutide treatment for obesity.MethodsArticles related to the clinical uses of semaglutide, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and side effects of the drug were identified. Only studies with human subjects who used Semaglutide for obesity management were included and assessed.ResultsSemaglutide promotes weight loss via appetite and hunger suppression, decreases energy intake, controls eating, and depresses the relative fondness for fatty, energy-dense foods. Moreover, the relationship between obesity and Semaglutide has been widely investigated, and most studies reveal the efficacy of Semaglutide on weight loss. Overall, the pharmacokinetics of semaglutide shows a drop in glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and total body weight. The usual adverse effects observed in patients treated with Semaglutide include gastrointestinal adverse events, like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal cramps.ConclusionThe findings from the review suggest that semaglutide appears to be beneficial, most notably in its contribution to weight reduction.

Timing of Meals and Exercise Affects Hormonal Control of Glucoregulation, Insulin Resistance, Substrate Metabolism, and Gastrointestinal Hormones, but Has Little Effect on Appetite in Postmenopausal Women.

The current prevalence of obesity in the US is strongly associated with excessive food intake and insufficient physical activity. This study examined whether changing the timing of exercise before or after two daily meals could alter human appetite for food. Fifty-four healthy postmenopausal women were matched by body weight and assigned to two groups: (1) two bouts of 2-h moderate-intensity exercise ending one hour before each weight-maintenance meal (XM, n = 23), (2) two-hour moderate-intensity exercise starting 1 h after each weight-maintenance meal (MX, n = 23), and one sedentary control (SED) arm (n = 8). Measurements included appetite ratings, circulating glucose, free fatty acids (FFAs), a ketone body D-ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucoregulatory hormones insulin and glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones associated with food digestion and absorption and implicated in appetite sensations. XM group increased concentrations of FFAs and BHB during exercise and increased insulin and homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) during postprandial periods. MX group reduced postprandial insulin and HOMA-IR by about 50% without a major change in plasma glucose. There was brief suppression of hunger and an increase in satiation in both exercise groups near the end of the first postprandial period. The time course of hunger was unrelated to the perturbations in fuel metabolism, depletion of liver glycogen, and not correlated with concentration changes in hunger-stimulating hormone ghrelin during XM exercise before meals. Similarly, there was no correlation between the time course of fullness during exercise after meals with the postprandial secretion of gastrointestinal hormones including cholecystokinin (CCK) that has been linked to satiation. Hunger and satiation appear to depend on oral intake and gastrointestinal processing of nutrients and are not affected by metabolic and hormonal consequences of the timing of exercise with respect to meals. Moderate-intensity exercise performed shortly after meals induces a rapid and highly effective lowering of insulin resistance.

Consumption of a High-Protein Meal Replacement Leads to Higher Fat Oxidation, Suppression of Hunger, and Improved Metabolic Profile After an Exercise Session.

The aim of this study was to compare the impact of a high-protein meal replacement (HP-MR) versus a control (CON) breakfast on exercise metabolism. In this acute, randomized controlled, cross-over study, participants were allocated into two isocaloric arms: (a) HP-MR: 30% carbohydrate, 43% protein, and 27% fat; (b) CON: 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. Following breakfast, participants performed a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise while inside a whole-body calorimetry unit. Energy expenditure, macronutrient oxidation, appetite sensations, and metabolic blood markers were assessed. Forty-three healthy, normal-weight adults (24 males) participated. Compared to the CON breakfast, the HP-MR produced higher fat oxidation (1.07 ± 0.33 g/session; p = 0.003) and lower carbohydrate oxidation (−2.32 ± 0.98 g/session; p = 0.023) and respiratory exchange ratio (−0.01 ± 0.00; p = 0.003) during exercise. After exercise, increases in hunger were lower during the HP-MR condition. Changes in blood markers from the fasting state to post-exercise during the HP-MR condition were greater for insulin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, and gluca-gon-like peptide 1, and lower for triglyceride and glycerol. Our primary findings were that a HP-MR produced higher fat oxidation during the exercise session, suppression of hunger, and improved metabolic profile after it.

Short-term interval exercise suppresses acylated ghrelin and hunger during caloric restriction in women with obesity

Caloric restriction is suggested to increase hunger, in part, through complex interactions of hormones and behavior that contribute to challenges in long-term weight loss. Although intense exercise may attenuate appetite, no data exist testing the effects of interval exercise (INT) during a low-calorie diet (LCD) on appetite regulation. We hypothesized that LCD+INT would favorably influence satiety when compared with an energy-deficit matched LCD in women with obesity. Twenty-six women with obesity (47.3±2.4 yrs; 37.3 ± 1.2 kg/m2) were randomized to either LCD (n = 13; mixed meals of ~1200 kcal/d) or LCD+INT (n = 13; 60 min/d of supervised interval exercise at 90% HRpeak for 3 min and 50% HRpeak for 3 min) for 2 weeks. An additional 350kcal (shake) was provided to LCD+INT individuals post-exercise to equate energy availability between groups. Total PYY, acylated ghrelin and des-ghrelin were measured at 0, 30 and 60 min of a 75g OGTT before and after the intervention. Visual analog scales were also administered at 0 and 120 min of the OGTT to assess appetite perception. Food logs were recorded prior to and during the intervention to ensure caloric intake compliance. Compared with pre-intervention conditions, both interventions decreased food intake (P = 0.001) and body fat (P < 0.01). There was no effect on fasting PYY, but both LCD and LCD+INT increased post-prandial PYY iAUC (P < 0.001) relative to pre-intervention. LCD+INT maintained fasting acylated ghrelin (P = 0.06) and suppressed post-prandial acylated ghrelin iAUC (P = 0.04) compared to LCD. Neither intervention impacted circulating des- ghrelin before or following the OGTT. Interestingly, LCD+INT attenuated fasting hunger and maintained fullness compared with LCD (P = 0.05 and P = 0.06, respectively). Taken together, interval exercise favors acylated ghrelin suppression and perception of hunger during a LCD in women with obesity.

A cultural study on the themes of «hunger» and «poverty» in Turkish proverbs

The fact that Turkish culture is rich in creating and transmitting proverbs has led to the creation of Turkish proverbs in a very wide area in thematic terms. One of the areas where Turkish proverbs are concentrated is the themes of “hunger” and “poverty”, which are always on the agenda of mankind. The methods used for humanity in eliminating hunger, as a result of subsequent, these measures done to ensure that people tomorrow won’t be hungry; and society is left hungry to guarantee that “Rich” is called, the suppression of hunger and still take adequate precautions with regard to hunger at any moment with individuals and communities who are facing the danger of being “poor” has been named. For humanity “hunger” and “poverty” are two concepts that intertwined and used side by side and together. Since these concepts are one of the most basic thoughts that humanity has observed since time immemorial, it is also very natural to have many proverbs on this topic. This article first describes “proverb” as a genre and term. Following this, introductory information about the general characteristics of Turkish Proverbs has been given. After a brief assessment of the formation and use of Proverbs, the treatment and evaluation of the themes of hunger and poverty in Turkish proverbs were evaluated within the framework of the structure, content, use, contexts and functional characteristics of the proverbs selected as examples.

Hunger is suppressed after resistance exercise with moderate-load compared to high-load resistance exercise: the potential influence of metabolic and autonomic parameters

The purpose of present study was to compare the effects of moderate-load versus high-load resistance exercise (RE) on hunger response, blood lactate, glucose, and autonomic modulation in trained men, and to examine the correlations between these parameters. For this, 11 recreationally resistance-trained males performed 2 randomized trials: moderate-load (6 sets at 70% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and a 90-s rest interval between sets) and high-load (6 sets at 90% 1RM and a 180-s rest interval between sets) leg-press exercise until movement failure. The subjective rating of hunger was obtained through a visual analog scale. Glucose and lactate concentration were evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 min after exercise. Heart rate variability was recorded at baseline and during recovery (until 30 min after exercise) to assess autonomic modulation. The moderate-load condition induced lower subjective hunger ratings than the strength condition immediately after exercise (19.7 ± 16.6 vs 47.3 ± 27.7 mm), 30 min after exercise (33.6 ± 22.9 vs 58.5 ± 29.9 mm), and 60 min after exercise (43.8 ± 26.6 vs 67.8 ± 27.9 mm) (p < 0.05) and lower area under the curve hunger in relation to the high-load condition (p < 0.006). Moderate-load RE presented greater lactate concentration and induced slower heart rate variability recovery in relation to high-load RE (p < 0.05), but no difference was found in glucose, as well as no correlations between any of the variables investigated. In conclusion, moderate-load RE induced lower subjective hunger ratings, slower recovery of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher lactate concentration in relation to high-load RE, but the metabolic variables were not correlated with hunger suppression.

Appetite Is Suppressed After Full-Body Resistance Exercise Compared With Split-Body Resistance Exercise: The Potential Influence of Lactate and Autonomic Modulation.

Conrado de Freitas, M, Ricci-Vitor, AL, de Oliveira, JVNS, Quizzini, GH, Vanderlei, LCM, Silva, BSA, Zanchi, NE, Cholewa, JM, Lira, FS, and Rossi, FE. Appetite is suppressed after full-body resistance exercise compared with split-body resistance exercise: the potential influence of lactate and autonomic modulation. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2532-2540, 2021-The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of full- vs. split-body resistance training on appetite and leptin response and to verify the potential involvement of lactate and autonomic modulation during this response in trained men. Twelve recreationally resistance-trained men (age = 26.1 ± 5.5 years) performed 3 randomized trials in 3 conditions: upper body (UB), lower body (LB), and full body (FB). The subjective rating of hunger was obtained through a visual analog scale. Leptin and lactate concentration were evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and during recovery. Heart rate variability in the time and frequency domains was recorded at baseline and during recovery (until 60 minutes after exercise) to assess autonomic modulation. The FB condition induced lower subjective hunger ratings than the UB at Post-1 hour (p < 0.05) and a significant difference in the area under the curve between conditions (p = 0.028) with lower hunger sensation for FB in relation to UB (p = 0.041). The FB presented greater lactate concentration and induced slower heart rate variability recovery in relation to UB and LB conditions (p < 0.05), and heart rate variability remained lower until 60 minutes after exercise compared with rest only in the FB condition. There was a significant negative correlation between subjective hunger ratings and lactate concentration only for the FB condition (r = -0.72, p = 0.028). Full-body resistance exercise induced lower subjective hunger ratings after exercise in relation to UB resistance exercise. The FB also induced higher lactate production and slower recovery of autonomic modulation compared with the UB and LB conditions. Future research is necessary to investigate a mechanistic relationship between lactate concentrations and hunger suppression after resistance exercise.

Effect of physical exercise and training on gastrointestinal hormones in populations with different weight statuses.

Several types of hormones exert control over appetite in humans. This narrative review explores the effects of exercise and training on the concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones in healthy and obese individuals. It focuses on the major hormones of appetite regulation: ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, leptin, and oxyntomodulin. In normal-weight and overweight individuals, responses to most of these hormones depend on the intensity of exercise and training. However, findings in obese individuals are limited in number and, to some degree, contradictory. Although some gastrointestinal hormones have been studied extensively (eg, leptin), most have not been investigated systematically. Further research is required to confirm the effectiveness of exercise and training on gut hormones and to better understand the effect of gut hormones on appetite and hunger suppression in individuals with obesity. Investigations to elucidate the impact of various forms of exercise that have recently engaged the public interest, eg, high-intensity interval training or concurrent aerobic and resistance training, are warranted.

Using the Avocado to Test the Satiety Effects of a Fat-Fiber Combination in Place of Carbohydrate Energy in a Breakfast Meal in Overweight and Obese Men and Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study aimed to investigate the satiety effects of isocalorically replacing carbohydrate energy in a meal with avocado-derived fats and fibers. In a randomized 3-arm, 6-h, crossover clinical trial, thirty-one overweight/obese adults consumed a low-fat control meal (CON, 76% carbohydrate, 14% fat as energy, 5 g fiber, ~640 kcal) or high-fat meals similar in total fat and energy, but increasing avocado-derived fat and fiber content from half (HA, 68 g; 51% carbohydrate, 40% fat as energy, 8.6 g fiber) or whole avocado (WA, 136 g; 50% carbohydrate, 43% fat as energy, 13.1 g fiber) on three separate occasions. Visual analog scales (VAS) assessed subjective satiety over 6 h. Hormones associated with satiety/appetite were measured in blood collected immediately after VAS. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of VAS with hormones in WA and CON. Hunger suppression was enhanced after the WA compared to CON meal (p < 0.01). Subjects indicated feeling more satisfied after both HA and WA than CON (p < 0.05). Fullness was greater after CON and WA vs. HA (p < 0.005). PYY and GLP-1 were significantly elevated after WA vs. CON (p < 0.05), while insulin was significantly higher after CON vs. WA (p < 0.0001). Ghrelin was suppressed more by CON than WA (p < 0.05). Regression analysis indicated PYY was associated with subjective satiety after WA, whereas increased insulin predicted changes in subjective satiety after CON. Replacing carbohydrates in a high-carbohydrate meal with avocado-derived fat-fiber combination increased feelings of satiety mediated primarily by PYY vs. insulin. These findings may have important implications for addressing appetite management and metabolic concerns.

Increasing water intake influences hunger and food preference, but does not reliably suppress energy intake in adults

Increasing water intake is often purported to reduce energy intake, and is recommended as a weight loss strategy. The few experimental studies that have been conducted to verify these claims have examined the impact of a single pre-load of water before a meal. Although correlational data indicate a relationship between hydration, energy intake, and weight status, there is very little experimental research in this area. The current studies examined the hypothesis that elevated hydration, through increased water intake, would suppress energy intake. In Experiment 1, participants (n = 49) were asked to consume either one, two, or three 500 ml bottles of water throughout the morning before a lunch buffet in the laboratory. When participants categorized as normal weight drank three bottles of water they consumed less energy at lunch, but there was no effect on participants categorized as overweight or obese. In addition, increased water intake suppressed liking of food items in all participants and hunger in females. A follow-up study (n = 45) was conducted to test if four bottles of water throughout the morning would result in a similar energy suppression in participants categorized as overweight or obese. Surprisingly, in the second experiment, there was no effect of water intake on energy intake at lunch in any of the conditions. There was, however, a similar suppression of hunger and food liking. In conclusion, increasing water intake throughout the morning only suppressed energy intake in individuals categorized as normal weight under certain circumstances, and had no effect on individuals categorized as overweight/obese.

High Habitual Physical Activity Improves Acute Energy Compensation in Nonobese Adults.

Evidence suggests that homeostatic satiety signaling is enhanced with higher levels of physical activity (PA), with active individuals demonstrating an improved ability to compensate for previous energy intake (EI). However, prior studies lacked objective assessment of both PA level and EI. This study examined the effect of objectively measured PA level on homeostatic (energy compensation) and hedonic (liking and wanting) responses to high-energy (HEP), low-energy (LEP), and control preloads. Thirty-four nonobese individuals were grouped by tertiles of accelerometry-measured habitual moderate-to-vigorous PA (low, LoMVPA; moderate, ModMVPA; high, HiMVPA), similar in age, sex, and body mass index. After a preliminary assessment, EI (fixed-energy breakfast and ad libitum lunch, dinner, and evening snack box meals) was determined for three probe meal days in which preloads varying in energy content (HEP, 699 kcal; LEP, 258 kcal; control, 0 kcal) were consumed before the lunch meal. Liking and wanting were assessed before and after preload consumption (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire), and appetite ratings were taken throughout the day. Relative to control, EI at lunch was reduced to a greater extent after consumption of HEP compared with LEP in ModMVPA (P < 0.01) and HiMVPA (P = 0.01) but not LoMVPA (P = 0.59), reflecting more accurate energy compensation in HiMVPA and ModMVPA. There were no effects on cumulative EI after preload consumption of (lunch, dinner, and snack box combined). HEP led to a greater suppression of hunger, liking, and wanting compared with LEP in all MVPA tertiles. Nonobese individuals with lower levels of measured PA were insensitive to the nutritional manipulation of the preloads, suggesting a weaker satiety response to food. This study provides objective evidence that higher habitual PA improves acute homeostatic appetite control.

Influence of rice, pea and oat proteins in attenuating glycemic response of sugar-sweetened beverages.

Liquids have higher ingestion and gastric-emptying rates, resulting in rapid glycemic response. They are also less satiating than solid foods. This study examined if the addition of plant proteins alter postprandial glucose, insulin, triglycerides, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glycogen-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and appetitive responses to a sugar-sweetened beverage. This was a randomized, crossover acute feeding study consisting of four treatments: chocolate beverage alone (50g carbohydrate), or added with 24g oat, pea or rice proteins. Twenty Chinese males (mean±SD age 26±5years; body mass index 21.5±1.7kg/m2) ingested the test drink after an overnight fast. Venous blood samples and subjective appetite ratings were collected before test beverage and at fixed intervals for 180min. Blood biochemical data and appetite ratings were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. Significant interaction effects were found in postprandial glucose excursions (time×protein effects, p=0.003). Glucose iAUC was lower in pea and rice proteins, although not significantly (p>0.385). Insulin iAUC was significantly higher in the oat (p=0.035) and pea (p=0.036) protein beverages. GIP and GLP-1 release in a sub-sample (n=10) followed a comparable order as insulin release (p=0.397 and 0.454, respectively). Significant interaction effects were found in fullness ratings (p=0.024), and a trend of greater suppression of hunger and desire-to-eat was also documented (p=0.088 and 0.080, respectively). Plant proteins altered the glycemic and appetitive responses of Asian males to a sugar-sweetened beverage. Food-based interventions are useful in promoting glycemic control. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02933424.

A randomized cross-over study of the effects of macronutrient composition and meal frequency on GLP-1, ghrelin and energy expenditure in humans

ObjectiveLittle is known about human postprandial increase of energy expenditure and satiety-associated hormones in relation to both meal frequency and macronutrient composition. DesignRandomized cross-over study with four conditions for each participant. MethodsSeven men and seven women (mean age 23±1.5years) were randomly assigned to the order of intake of a 750kcal drink with the same protein content while having either 20 energy-percent (E%) or 55 E% from carbohydrates and the remaining energy from fat. Participants were also randomized to consume the drinks as one large beverage or as five 150kcal portions every 30min, starting in the fasting state in the morning. Energy expenditure (EE) was determined every 30min by indirect calorimetry. Hormonal responses and suppression of hunger (by visual-analogue scales) were also studied. A p<0.013 was considered statistically significant following Bonferroni-correction. ResultsThe area under the curve (AUC) for EE was higher during the 2.5h after the high-carbohydrate drinks (p=0.005 by Wilcoxon) and also after ingesting one drink compared with five (p=0.004). AUC for serum active GLP-1 was higher after single drinks compared with five beverages (p=0.002). Although GLP-1 levels remained particularly high at the end of the test during the low-carbohydrate meals, the AUC did not differ compared with the high-carbohydrate occasions (low-carbohydrate: 58.9±18pg/ml/h, high-carbohydrate: 45.2±16pg/ml/h, p=0.028). Hunger sensations were suppressed more after single beverages compared with five small drinks (p=0.009). ConclusionsWe found higher EE during 2.5h following one large drink compared with five smaller beverages. Since hunger was also suppressed more efficiently, and serum GLP-1 levels were higher after one compared with five smaller drinks, our findings do not support nibbling to avoid hunger or to keep up EE from morning to noon.

CHEWING RATE IS LINKED TO APPETITE AND HUNGER

ObjectiveEnergy balance is vital for the prevention and treatment of the obesity. In this context, the controlling of appetite has a critical role for both energy balance and obesity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the effect of chewing rate on appetite and hunger.MethodsThis study was conducted to the healthy adults (n=36) aged 18–28 years. The dietary manipulation started after a standard breakfast. Then, lunch was served ad libitum consisting of standard mini pizza with balanced macronutrient and micronutrient content. During the study, while the number and the duration of chewing (second) were recorded, visual analog scale (VAS) was filled by subjects at 0., 5., 10., 15., 20., 25., 30., 45., 60. minutes and at the end of the study. Chewing rate was calculated by dividing the number of chewing by duration of the chewing (chew/second). One day 24 h dietary recall was recorded. The manipulation period was repeated three times in two weeks intervals.ResultsThis study showed that, the higher chewing rate was associated with the feeling of hunger at 0th, 5th, 10th and 15th minutes significantly (p&lt;0.05). In parallel, increased chewing rate was significantly related to the formation of the desire to eat more at the 5th and 10th minutes (p&lt;0.05). Between chewing rate and energy intake was a positive correlation, but this was not significant. However, chewing rate did not affect the feeling of fullness and the opinion about the taste of meal.ConclusionThe results reveal that the higher chewing rate caused delay in suppression of appetite and hunger, especially at the first 15 minutes after the meal started. Therefore, decreasing chewing rate may be a strategy to develop the feeling of satiety, daily energy intake and thus controlling the obesity.