Support Sustainable Agriculture Research Articles

Real-time emulation of future global warming reveals realistic impacts on the phenological response and quality deterioration in rice

Decreased production of crops due to climate change has been predicted scientifically. While climate-resilient crops are necessary to ensure food security and support sustainable agriculture, predicting crop growth under future global warming is challenging. Therefore, we aimed to assess the impact of realistic global warming conditions on rice cultivation. We developed a crop evaluation platform, the agro-environment (AE) emulator, which generates diverse environments by implementing the complexity of natural environmental fluctuations in customized, fully artificial lighting growth chambers. We confirmed that the environmental responsiveness of rice obtained in the fluctuation of artificial environments is similar to those exhibited in natural environments by validating our AE emulator using publicly available meteorological data from multiple years at the same location and multiple locations in the same year. Based on the representative concentration pathway, real-time emulation of severe global warming unveiled dramatic advances in the rice life cycle, accompanied by a 35% decrease in grain yield and an 85% increase in quality deterioration, which is higher than the recently reported projections. The transcriptome dynamism showed that increasing temperature and CO2 concentrations synergistically changed the expression of various genes and strengthened the induction of flowering, heat stress adaptation, and CO2 response genes. The predicted severe global warming greatly alters rice environmental adaptability and negatively impacts rice production. Our findings offer innovative applications of artificial environments and insights for enhancing varietal potential and cultivation methods in the future.

System of Wheat Intensification: An Innovative and Futuristic Approach to Augment Yield of Wheat Crop

There is a new method of wheat production called the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) that manages seed treatment, seed rate, spacing, weeding, and watering. The SWI and traditional methods of wheat sowing differ from each other in terms of potential yield. In comparison to the traditional method of wheat sowing, SWI allows seed treatment, which increases the number of tillers, the number of grains in spike, and the weight of the grain. Wheat seeding in the traditional approach is done at a much closer distance than in the SWI method, which results in faulty germination as a result of increased competition between the plants. In SWI, proper root formation in the early stages of crop growth can be encouraged by increasing the space between plants and rows, as well as increasing the density of plants. For small and medium-sized farmers, it is a great way to boost productivity and income while reducing food poverty at the same time. Using organic manure instead of chemical fertilizer is a new strategy that helps support sustainable agriculture. To help the poorest farmers and enhance their productivity and profit, SWI should be recommended.

Robotic Assessment of a Crop’s Need for Watering: Automating a Time-Consuming Task to Support Sustainable Agriculture

Robotic Assessment of a Crop’s Need for Watering: Automating a Time-Consuming Task to Support Sustainable Agriculture

The Implementation of Organic Snake Gourd Cultivation to Increase Income in Pondok Village

Purpose: This research focuses on transitioning snake gourd cultivation in Pondok Babadan Village from conventional to organic methods using polybag media to enhance production quality and quantity.
 Method: Utilizing the ABCD (Asset Based Community Development) approach, this study involves training on organic bitter gourd cultivation in polybag containers, emphasizing knowledge dissemination, polybag utilization, and cost-effective bitter gourd seeds.
 Practical Applications: Implementing organic farming techniques and polybag containers can optimize land use, reduce chemical pesticide reliance, and promote healthier vegetable production. These practices offer income potential for Pondok Babadan Village's MSMEs and support sustainable agriculture.
 Conclusion: Transitioning to organic snake gourd cultivation using polybag media offers improved quality, increased yield, cost savings, and eco-friendly practices. This research provides valuable insights for small-scale farmers and contributes to sustainable agriculture in the region.

Optimizing the Subsidized Fertilizer Distribution from Line I Warehouse to Line IV Warehouse at PT Pupuksriwidjaya Palembang in Central Java

This research aims to examine the optimization of subsidized fertilizer distribution in the context of PT Pusri Palembang's operations in Central Java. Distribution of subsidized fertilizer is an important chain that supports a sustainable agricultural sector. However, problems arise as demand for fertilizer increases and the complexity of its supply chain affects the availability and delivery time of fertilizer to farmers. The main findings in this research identify several main problems in the distribution of subsidized fertilizer, including empty fertilizer stocks, supply delays, technology and information constraints, high transportation costs, lack of supervision, non-uniform policies, limited storage facilities, unethical actions, lack of standard guidelines, and contract issues. This research produced several recommendations for improvement including improving business processes, utilizing information technology, stricter supervision, optimizing distribution contracts, and using the time charter method in transportation contracts. It is important to implement Dwell Time management to reduce fertilizer waiting time in distribution warehouses. The application of benchmarking to best distribution practices in the fertilizer industry is also a crucial strategy in efforts to improve. PT Pusri Palembang can improve the efficiency and quality of distribution services through identifying the best competitors and adopting their successful strategies. This research provides a comprehensive view of the problem of subsidized fertilizer distribution at PT Pusri Palembang in Central Java and offers concrete solutions to increase distribution availability and efficiency. Through the implementation of recommendations for improvement, researchers hope that the distribution of subsidized fertilizer will become more efficient, support sustainable agriculture, and offer greater benefits for farmers in Central Java.

A dual track deep fusion network for citrus disease classification using group shuffle depthwise feature pyramid and Swin transformer

Citrus fruits are globally significant crops, valued for their unique taste, nutritional value, and versatility in culinary applications. However, these crops are vulnerable to diseases that can substantially reduce their yield and quality, leading to significant financial losses. It is crucial to efficiently identify and manage diseases affecting citrus fruits to ensure food security and support sustainable agriculture. Traditionally, identifying symptoms associated with these diseases requires expert scientific and observational skills. With the advent of deep learning methods, it has become possible to automatically identify disease patterns from images of affected plants. In this research, a novel dual branch deep-learning network was proposed for the classification of citrus plant diseases. The Group Shuffle Depthwise Feature Pyramid (GSDFP), which constitutes the first branch, utilizes convolution blocks to extract local features. The second branch leverages the Swin transformer to integrate global contextual awareness into the extracted features and facilitates the learning process through long-term dependencies. Subsequently, the features from the two branches are fused and passed through a shuffle attention module, effectively capturing contextual relationships between them. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was validated on two benchmark datasets, namely the Citrus Plant Dataset and the Citrus Disease Image Gallery Dataset. The proposed network obtained a classification accuracy of 98.19%.

THE IMPACT OF RICE HUSK ASH (RHA) AS SOILLESS GROWING MEDIUM ON SAWI CAIXIN GIANT (Brassica parachinensis) GROWTH PERFORMANCE

The Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2), which aims to end hunger, enhance nutrition, and support sustainable agriculture, places a high priority on food security. The amount of rice husk ash (RHA) produced by the process of burning rice husks has increased over time, causing environmental pollution. In modern soilless agriculture, RHA has a significant potential to be used as a fertile and nutrient-rich medium. The Zero Energy Soilless Agriculture (ZESA) System is a revolutionary concept for horticultural plants that might utilize RHA as a soilless growing medium. The effect of growing medium ratio of cocopeat and RHA on plant growth performance of sawi caixin giant (Brassica Parachinensis) using ZESA system over 35 days was investigated in this study. Three different treatments, T1 (1:0), T2 (1:1), and T3 (3:1), on the growing medium ratio of cocopeat and RHA were carried out. The treatments were set up in four replicates of two individuals each using a randomised full block design. The data of plant Growth parameters such as the number of leaves and plant height were recorded every 7 days, and the fresh weight of the plants was taken on harvesting day. FTIR analysis and an elemental analyzer were used to characterise the chemical analyses of cocopeat, RHA, and fertiliser. As shown by the results, T3 treatment increased all plant growth performance parameters compared to T1 control treatment, with a value of 12.02 cm for plant height, 10 leaves, and 33.75g of fresh weight. The plant growth performance of Brassica parachinensis was improved by using a 3:1 ratio of 25% RHA as a soilless growing medium couple with application of rich nitrogen X and Y fertilisers using the ZESA System. Finally, RHA has the potential to be used as a soilless growing medium for many horticulture plants using the ZESA System.

Spatial Planning Concept for Genetic Resource of Local Paddy Development to Support Sustainable Agriculture in Central Kalimantan

Central Kalimantan region with an area of 15,451,287 hectares has in large number of biodiversity including genetic resources of local paddy plant. One of the threats to the preservation of genetic resources for local paddy in Central Kalimantan include the intervention of human activity through land use and conversion of forest land for plantation industries expansion. The availability of land resources with its geographic areal potential as the original habitat of genetic resouce of food crops in Central Kalimantan need to be managed rationally and sustainable through preparing spatial planning concept. The objective of study was to establish the concept of regional planning in order to determine land allocation for conservation area. Exploration survey methods was used to inventory the existence of genetic resource of local paddy plant as objects of analysis for drafting planning concept. Geographic information system (GIS) application was used to assist the process of spatial analysis in order to produce spatial information of regional planning as part of the GIS. The results of the inventory and spatial analysis explained that number of diversity of genetic resource for local paddy in wetlands was 55 plants while in for uplands, there were 68 plants of local paddy, spatially located at river streams associated with settlement areas. The concept of regional planning for the allocation of wetland conservation area involve Kotawaringin Barat, Kotawaringin Timur, Seruyan, Pulang Pisau dan Kapuas, with areas priority of Kotawaringin Timur and Pulang Pisau. Meanwhile, for uplands, the allocation was addressed to Lamandau, Kotawaringin Barat, Katingan, Gunung Mas, Pulang Pisau, Kapuas Barito Timur, Barito Utara dan Murung Raya with priority emphasis on Lamandau and Katingan regency.

The Role of Social Capital Facing Pandemic COVID-19 in Tourism Village to Support Sustainable Agriculture (Empirical Evidence from Two Tourism Villages in Indonesia)

Pujon Kidul and Bangelan villages (Indonesia) are two tourist villages that have succeeded in developing agricultural potential associated with tourism activities. The characteristics of Pujon Kidul Village and Bangelan Village refer to the tourism activities in the villages. This study aims to find out how community social capital can influence collective action in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic in Pujon Kidul Tourism Village and Bangelan Tourism Village. This study uses the structural equation model (SEM) method, which is applied to the SEM, PLS (Partial Least Square) and AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) software to get complete results. The results of the analysis, Bangelan Village and Pujon Kidul Village are models that can survive in a pandemic crisis situation. The results of the model show that social capital in dealing with a pandemic in Bangelan Village is most influenced by trust in the government, while in Pujon Kidul Village it is most influenced by trust among fellow communities. The existence of social capital plays a role in decision-making on collective actions to deal with pandemics in tourist villages. Thus, by knowing how the community is recovering during the COVID-19 pandemic, businesses can run smoothly and according to government policy.

Farmers' Social Capital in Supporting Sustainable Agriculture: The Case of Pujon Kidul Tourism Village, Indonesia

Pujon Kidul Village is a village with the potential of the main agricultural sector which has been designated and developed into a Pujon Kidul Tourism Village. Tourism villages that are developed need support within the village itself to maintain sustainability. Tourist villages that do not pay attention to the sustainability aspect will threaten the social and economic conditions of the community, especially the farming community, who make up most rural communities. Therefore, it is necessary to support sustainable agriculture that can balance sustainable tourism. The most important capital that must be prepared to achieve sustainable agriculture is social capital from the farming community. Social capital is the main force to empower communities in development, this study examines how the conditions and factors are forming the social capital of the farming community of Pujon Kidul tourism village. This study's main data collection method used a questionnaire aimed at 221 respondents. Then the questionnaire results will be described and analyzed by CFA analysis. Overall, the social capital of the farming community is in good condition, and this is a potential that can be used in determining the right approach to the farming community of Pujon Kidul Tourism Village in supporting sustainable agriculture

Structural Model of Social Capital and Quality of Life of Farmers in Supporting Sustainable Agriculture (Evidence: Sedayulawas Village, Lamongan Regency-Indonesia)

The issue of food security is important since it affects the region’s economic cycle. The agricultural sector, which serves as a safety net for Indonesia’s food availability and must be optimized to prevent a crisis, is the crucial sector in terms of food security issues. Lamongan Regency is one of the regencies in East Java with the agricultural sector contributing to positive growth and support for sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture demonstrates the existence of a long-term, integrated system linked to various aspects of life quality. This study aims to identify social capital and its relation to quality of life (QoL) in supporting sustainable agriculture. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis to determine the condition of sustainable agriculture and the characteristics of social capital in Sedayulawas Village. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) followed by a Structural Equation Model (SEM) Analysis approach is used to determine the relationship between social capital and the QoL community in the village in supporting sustainable agriculture. Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis shows that social capital, material, community, emotional, health, and safety variables influence the QoL. The community variables explain 81.7% of the variability in farmer QoL. This study advances knowledge about the role of social capital and QoL for communities, particularly farmers, in matters pertaining to sustainable agriculture and food security.

Postsynthetic Modification of Ti-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks with Polyamines and Its Behavior on Biochemical Constituents of Sesamum indicum L. under Heat Stress Conditions

Climate change can affect the characteristics of various crops, such as biomass production, phenology, and physiology. Heat stress is one of the critical environmental factors for climate change; here, Sesamum indicum L. was planted in the field under heat stress of El-Wadi El-Gedeed conditions. To overcome the loss in seed yield and oil contents, the titanium–organic framework (MIL-125-NH2) can be modified with a free amino group in the network backbone using polyamines such as putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spr) through a cross-linker with the phosphoryl group. The modified materials were sprayed on the vegetative part of S. indicum L., and the obtained results showed that the prepared materials have excellent performance toward growth parameters, added chemical components, and crop yield. The weight of sesame seeds obtained after treatment with Put@MIL-125-NH2, Spr@MIL-125-NH2, and Spd@MIL-125-NH2 showed an increase that is 1.39, 1.92, and 2.16 times that of the control experiment. The finding results support sustainable modern agriculture.

Jumlah Bintil Fase Vegetatif Penentu Mutu dan Hasil Kacang Hijau (Vigna radiata L.) di Lahan Sawah Bekas Padi

Mungbean is one of leguminosae, that has profitable prospect therefore it has been cultivated by Indonesian society. Mungbean showed early maturity, easy management during cultivation and can produce more biomass, about 11.00-12.00 t/ ha. Wwhen the crop residue is left in field, it benefits of increasing the nutrients and improving soil fertility. Such reason makes mungbean becomes more profitable than soybean and peanut. The mungbean genetic material is significant to develop superior mungbean and support sustainable agriculture. This research was conducted to study the presence of rhizobium after continues rice grwon fields, to determine the bean accession responsive to Rhizobium sp., and to determine the impact of Rhizobium sp. on the mungbean yields components. This research was conducted at Agrotechnology Innovation Centre of Universitas Gadjah Mada (PIAT UGM) Kalitirto, Berbah, Sleman, Yogyakarta in splitted completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors. The main factor is inoculation treatment and the sub-factor is 18 mung beans accessions. Observations included rhizobium infection, nodule components, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant and yield components. The data obtained was further analyzed using analysis variance of completely randomized design, a further test of Scott Knott, and correlation analysis. All accessions can be infected by rhizobium and there was an increase in number of nodules and the effective number of nodules in each observation time with the result that inoculation treatment was superior to the one without inoculation. Number of nodules at time of observations have positive corellation with yield component, increased number of nodules followed increased variable of yield component.

Novel organic draw solution in forward osmosis process for fertigation: performance evaluation and flux prediction

Fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) has received a lot of attention for its potential for producing fertigated water for agriculture purposes. To minimize the use of chemical-based fertilizers and support sustainable organic agriculture, this work investigated the separation performance of FO membrane for different feed concentrations (FS) of brackish water using microalgae Spirulina platensis as an organic fertilizer draw solution (DS). Different feed solution concentrations were investigated ranging 3–20 g/L NaCl, with various draw solutions of spirulina ranging 280–440 g/L. The performance was measured by water flux and recovery. The results showed that using spirulina as a draw solution is a promising solution for fertigation purposes. The results showed that Na+ in feed solution is concentrated by 41%, Cl- by 36%, and spirulina is diluted by 20% for feed salinity 5000 mg/L. The highest flux obtained with different feed solution 3000/5000/10,000/20,000 mg/L were 9/6/4.5/7 for draw solution concentration of 360/360/400/420 g/L. The calculated specific reverse solute flux (SRSF) JS/JW varies from 0.1 and 0.8 for different explored FS/DS concentrations. Flux decline and the down-time was investigated for the highest flux observed, showing 290 min of operation before cleaning action is required.

How Gene Editing Can Support Sustainable Agriculture

Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology NewsVol. 41, No. 11 Genome EditingHow Gene Editing Can Support Sustainable AgricultureEvolving environmental, social, and governance criteria suggest that gene editing technologies need to promote ethical innovation and an equitable futureIngrid FungIngrid FungIngrid Fung is an investment director at Finistere Ventures. Website: https://finistere.com.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:11 Nov 2021https://doi.org/10.1089/gen.41.11.21AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 41Issue 11Nov 2021 Information© 2021 by GEN PublishingTo cite this article:Ingrid Fung.How Gene Editing Can Support Sustainable Agriculture.Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News.Nov 2021.60-61.http://doi.org/10.1089/gen.41.11.21Published in Volume: 41 Issue 11: November 11, 2021PDF download

APPLICATION OF LAPAN A3 SATELLITE DATA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF PADDY FIELDS USING OBJECT BASED IMAGE ANALYSIS (OBIA)

The role of agriculture is directly related to SDG No.2, which is running a programme until 2030 to reduce national poverty, eradicate hunger by increasing food security and improving nutrition and support sustainable agriculture. Problems faced include the reduction in agricultural land, which results in lower rice production, and the limited information on the monitoring of paddy fields using spatial data. The purpose of this study is to identify paddy fields using LAPAN A3 satellite imagery based on OBIA classification. The data used were from LAPAN A3 multispectral imagery dated 19 June 2017, Landsat 8 imagery dated 17 June 2017, DEM SRTM (BIG), and the Administrative Boundary Map (BIG). The analysis method was segmentation by grouping image pixels, and supervised classification by taking several sample areas based on Random Stratified Sampling. The results will be carried using a confusion matrix. The classification results produced four classes; watery paddy fields, vegetation paddy fields, fallow paddy fields, and non-paddy fields, using of the green, red, and NIR bands for the LAPAN A3 data. From the results of the segmentation process, there remain some oversegmented features in the appearance of the same object. Oversegmentation is due to an inaccurate value assignment to each algorithm parameter when the segmentation process is performed. For example, watery paddy fields appear almost the same as open land (fallow paddy fields), the water object is darker purple. The visual classification results (Landsat 8 data) are considered as the reference for the digital classification results (LAPAN A3). Forty-eight samples were taken and divided into four classes, with each class consisting of 12 samples. The results of the accuracy test show that the total accuracy of the object-based digital classification for visual classification is 62.5% with a Kappa accuracy value of 0.5. The conclusion is that LAPAN A3 data can be used to identify paddy fields based on spectral resolution and to complement Landsat 8 data. To improve the accuracy of the classification results, more samples and the correct RGB composition are needed.

Agronomy Performance and Increasing of Rice Income by Integrated Crops Management (ICM) Assistance to Support Sustainable Agriculture in Bali Province

Research aimed to understand the agronomy performance, rice productivity, financial feasibility and increasing of farmer’s income through program of Integrated Crops Management (ICM) assistance. Research was conducted at Tabanan Regency in 2016. Research utilized Inpari 40, Inpari 30, Inpari 16, Inpari 20, Inpari 24, Inpari 28 and Ciherang as superior rice varieties and involved 38 of farmers respondent in participating. Data of agronomy component was observed and analyzed by ANOVA. Economic feasibility of rice field farming was analyzed by using the analysis of income and R/C Ratio. Result showed that the agronomy performance of superior rice varieties cultivated with ICM technology were tend to equal to each other. Utilization of superior rice varieties with ICM technology implementation can increase rice productivity up to 1.80 ton/ha compared to farmer’s habits mainly the habit of Ciherang uses. Generally, rice field farming by ICM applications has financial feasibility supported by increasing of income average was IDR 5.640.831/ha and R/C ratio became 2.43. Implementation of ICM technology able to increase rice productivity and farmer’s income to support sustainable agriculture in Bali Province. ICM technology requires to disseminate to the farmers through assistance programs by government related that can be adopted well by farmers.

Unlocking plant resources to support food security and promote sustainable agriculture

Societal Impact StatementBiodiversity is essential to food security and nutrition locally and globally. By reviewing the global state of edible plants and highlighting key neglected and underutilized species (NUS), we attempt to unlock plant food resources and explore the role of fungi, which along with the wealth of traditional knowledge about their uses and practices, could help support sustainable agriculture while ensuring better protection of the environment and the continued delivery of its ecosystem services. This work will inform a wide range of user communities, including scientists, conservation and development organizations, policymakers, and the public of the importance of biodiversity beyond mainstream crops.SummaryAs the world's population is increasing, humanity is facing both shortages (hunger) and excesses (obesity) of calorie and nutrient intakes. Biodiversity is fundamental to addressing this double challenge, which involves a far better understanding of the global state of food resources. Current estimates suggest that there are at least 7,039 edible plant species, in a broad taxonomic sense, which includes 7,014 vascular plants. This is in striking contrast to the small handful of food crops that provide the majority of humanity's calorie and nutrient intake. Most of these 7,039 edible species have additional uses, the most common being medicines (70%), materials (59%), and environmental uses (40%). Species of major food crops display centers of diversity, as previously proposed, while the rest of edible plants follow latitudinal distribution patterns similarly to the total plant diversity, with higher species richness at lower latitudes. The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List includes global conservation assessments for at least 30% of edible plants, with ca. 86% of them conserved ex situ. However, at least 11% of those species recorded are threatened. We highlight multipurpose NUS of plants from different regions of the world, which could be key for a more resilient, sustainable, biodiverse, and community participation‐driven new “green revolution.” Furthermore, we explore how fungi could diversify and increase the nutritional value of our diets. NUS, along with the wealth of traditional knowledge about their uses and practices, offer a largely untapped resource to support food security and sustainable agriculture. However, for these natural resources to be unlocked, enhanced collaboration among stakeholders is vital.

The Effect of Agroforestry System on Reducing Soil Erosion in Upstream Ciliwung Watershed

Land cover has a big role in determining soil erosion and watershed quality. Watershed quality in a lot of cases is being considered and used in a regional planning. It determines productivity, environmental pollution in a region. Upstream Ciliwung Watershed (UCW) is categorizes as critical watershed. The agroforestry development has great potential to decline soil erosion along with to improve agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability and watershed quality. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of agroforestry systems in reducing soil erosion in the UCW. It was found 21 agroforestry types in the UCW. Agroforestry system cannot be automatically expected to prevent soil erosion in the agricultural land and protect the corresponding watershed from destructive soil erosion. Under existing or actual agroforestry types, majority of them (16 types or 76.1 per cent) still have a destructive soil erosion effect. Only five agroforestry types which have EHI lower than 1 and safe from the destructive soil erosion. After applying a set of soil conservation practices, soil erosion of all agroforestry types became lower than E-tol. It shows that improved agroforestry system has a potential and can be used to reduce soil erosion lower than E-tol to maintain watershed quality and support sustainable agriculture.

Financial Technology for Supporting Sustainable Agriculture

Financial market plays an important role in overcoming agriculture crisis. The fact shows that there are many agricultural practice stops because of capital problem. Therefore, it is important to investigate the innovation of agriculture capital service such as Financial Technology for supporting sustainable agriculture. This research was a case study on Financial Technology service in the agricultural sector conducted by startup iGrow, then the data were analyzed descriptively and explorative. The support of information and technology places iGrow as the sponsor bridge who has the fund, the land, and the operator in charge for the production activity and ensure the market certainty. Until the farmer who does not have land and does not have capital, they can conduct the farming practice. The system of indent commerce being developed makes the farmer easy to access the capital, the existence of the sale certainty, and agri-business management that gives profits to involved parties, make the agriculture practice supported by Financial Technology keep developing. The role of information technology, the collaboration with other parties, and indent capital, standby buyer, will support the sustainable agriculture practice in Indonesia.