Support For Agreements Research Articles

Micro Medium and Small aEnterprise Human Resources’ Creativity in West Java Through Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) License in the Pandemic Covid-19 Situation

The creativity of human resources at Micro, Medium and Small Enterprise (MSME) had an essential part for the development of MSME in recent Covid-19 pandemic situation. The matter of creativity was significantly required through an intellectual property rights (IPR) license agreement support; furthermore, resulted the optimization of economic as its exclusive right equitably protected. Regardless the license agreement owned by West Java MSMEs was inadequately appropriate. This study purposed to find out how the human resources creativity of West Java MSME and human resources creativity through intellectual property rights license agreement in in the Covid-19 situation. This study applied a cross sectional method, qualitative normative juridical and legal interpretation methods. The descriptive research specification was quantitative analysis, implementing purposive sampling technique to obtain thirty MSME respondents specifically in West Java. In addition, the data collection engaged literature study techniques. The results showed that the creativity of human resource at MSME might increase the demand for MSME products. The human resources creativity including person, process, press and product perspectives were fundamental in the development of MSME. It referred to an indication by the frequency of respondents in carrying out each perspective assessed as a necessity in developing MSME. Thus, intellectual property rights license agreement led to be required aspect in improving, protecting and developing the creativity of human resources, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic situation. It was proven by being understood and trusted by West Java MSME; nevertheless, the participation at the time of socialization was not optimal. In the other hand, West Java MSME had been propertied by the intellectual property rights license agreement. It related to procedural constraints, lack of information and also costs.

Stress redistribution and formation of the pressure arch above underground excavation in rock mass

Pressure arch utilises the self-stabilizing capacity of surrounding rock and is benefit to the roof stability of underground excavations. The analysis of it provides a new stability assessment tool for underground engineering. In this paper, a series of numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the formation and properties of pressure arch and the self-stabilisation mechanism of surrounding rock. It is found that stress redistribution results in the formation of the pressure arch. The inner and outer boundary of arching area are determined as the principal stress trajectories through the inflection points of the principle stress-depth curves on the centre line of caverns. Furthermore, parametric analysis illustrates that in situ stress ratio and excavation size have more significant effect on the inner and outer boundaries and the arch thickness than roof shape and overburden depth. Finally, it can be observed that the various trends of the inner boundary height with different influence factors are same with the displacement of the crown, and it could be used as an indicator for stability assessment. Based on the observed phenomena, a design scheme is proposed to determine the maximum size of the underground openings cross-section without support in agreement with the geomechanical conditions.

The 1985 Supplementary Extradition Treaty between the United States of America and the United Kingdom: an exercise in soft power

ABSTRACTThe relationship between the United States of America, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland during the years of conflict in Northern Ireland has been the topic of significant scholarly literature, but rarely has this literature examined the statecraft behind US interventions in Northern Ireland in the years before the election of President Bill Clinton. In this article, I will use a range of recently declassified state papers and a series of personal interviews to examine the introduction of the 1985 Supplementary Extradition Treaty between the United States and United Kingdom and show how the British government successfully manoeuvred their American counterparts, in both the Executive and Legislative branches, towards ratification of both the extradition treaty and the Anglo-Irish Agreement Support Act of 1986.

Hydrogen production from CH4 dry reforming over bimetallic Ni–Co/Al2O3 catalyst

Bimetallic 5%Ni–10%Co/Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized using impregnation method and evaluated for methane dry reforming reaction at different reaction temperatures. NiO, Co3O4 and spinal metal aluminates, namely, CoAl2O4 and NiAl2O4 phases were formed on γ-Al2O3 support surface during calcination process. 5%Ni–10%Co/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited reasonable surface area of 86.93 m2 g−1 with small crystallite dimension of less than 10 nm suggesting that both Co3O4 and NiO phases were finely dispersed on the surface of support in agreement with results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement. Temperature-programmed calcination measurement indicates the complete thermal decomposition and oxidation of metal precursors, viz. Ni(NO3)2 and Co(NO3)2 to metal oxides and metal aluminates at below 700 K. Both CH4 and CO2 conversions were stable over a period of 4 h on-stream and attained an optimum at about 67% and 71%, respectively at 973 K whilst H2 selectivity and yield were higher than 49%. The ratio of H2/CO was always less than unity for all runs indicating the presence of reverse water–gas shift reaction. The activation energy for CH4 and CO2 consumption was computed as 55.60 and 40.25 kJ mol−1, correspondingly. SEM micrograph of spent catalyst detected the formation of whisker-like carbon on catalyst surface whilst D and G bands characteristic for the appearance of amorphous and graphitic carbons in this order were observed on surface of used catalyst by Raman spectroscopy analysis. Additionally, the percentage of filamentous carbon was greater than that of graphitic carbon.

Explaining global‐scale diversification patterns in actinopterygian fishes

AbstractAimFactors that isolate populations and reduce gene flow are considered key drivers of speciation and possibly diversification. Here we analyse the diversification rates of nearly 80% of the actinopterygian fish families in relation to biological traits and habitat factors associated with isolation and fragmentation levels.LocationGlobal.MethodsNet diversification rate for each family was estimated using the method‐of‐moments estimator for stem‐group ages. Phylogenetic generalized least‐squares analysis (PGLS), controlling for the non‐independence between clades due to phylogeny, was applied with diversification rate as the response variable to test the effects of mean body size, proportions of strictly freshwater, reef‐associated and migratory species and including the median latitudinal distribution and range of each family.ResultsAfter accounting for the phylogenetic relatedness of families and for their latitudinal distribution, we found strong support in agreement with our isolation and fragmentation hypotheses: predominance of freshwater dependence, reef‐association, small body size or non‐migratory behaviour in families is related to more rapid rates of diversification. We also found a highly significant and positive effect of latitudinal range and no clear effect of median latitude.Main conclusionsThis analysis suggests that factors related to the physical fragmentation of habitats and to lower dispersal ability of species have played an important role in the diversification processes of the most diverse group of vertebrates.

Undertaking Research in Other Countries: Further Considerations

The article by Skene [1] has touched on an important topic in as far as global health research is concerned. Skene's barometer is certainly a critical contribution to the discourse in research ethics that could be used in both extra-territorial and intra-territorial research. There are, however, several areas where I feel a different opinion would enrich the discussion. My first concern is that the author presents this barometer with the slices of the pie having sharp demarcations. To the reader, this may suggest that there are clear-cut transitions from one area of the barometer to the other. In reality, however, issues in ethics are less well demarcated. For instance, a research area in itself may fit more in one color zone, but the participants chosen may move it towards the next color zone. Another researcher studying the same research area but different participant groups may be in a different color zone. In general, however, gradations with one color merging into the other, rather than clear-cut demarcations, would be more likely to be observed in practice. The fact that a different scheme could present reality more clearly is exemplified by the author's use of the “green zone”, where research on competent adults, research on vulnerable populations, and research on children have all been grouped under one “roof”. Skene's barometer may also be modified if one considers that vulnerability can be determined on a categorical basis (all persons in that category are vulnerable) versus on a situational basis [2]. For example, why should all persons under sentence of capital punishment be considered vulnerable? Do we assume that these people cannot make informed decisions which are so central in research ethics? Are we worried about coercion or constraining factors? It is of interest that Skene's barometer has research on stored human tissue and observing people in a public place as neither associated with any laws and no requiring ethics oversight. Did the author mean that a researcher intending to video tape (which is by the way observational) in a restaurant not require ethics oversight? I would argue that stored human specimens should also be associated with ethical oversight. Mfutso-Bengo and I have made a case for continued ethical oversight on stored specimens in international collaborative research [3]. This view has been supported by Ndebele, who has advocated for materials transfer agreements [4]. Although we have made arguments based on actual specimens, we have not argued in support of agreements on use of data that emanates from international research. The author also writes, “research that imposes severe suffering on animals, especially for a cosmetic rather than scientific purpose, would be widely condemned as well as unlawful in Australia”. I do understand that the author writes from an Australian standard point, but the statement implicitly suggests that research conducted for cosmetic improvements cannot be for “scientific purposes”. What is the author's definition of science? It would certainly make a difference if what the author actually meant was research for cosmetic purposes or gains versus research for treatment of diseases (although cosmetics can also be a treatment for disfiguring human diseases). It is interesting that the author also suggests that research on cloning “would be unlawful in Australia and almost universally regarded as ethically unacceptable”. This certainly brings into question the thesis that research ethics are universal. I guess in the next decades, the world will grapple with the ethical conduct of research in space. Who has jurisdiction when research occurs in outer space? These questions and others will certainly confront humanity, if not in this century, perhaps in the next. Finally, because of the use of specific examples and situations, Skene's barometer may be applicable to Australia but not so much to the wider world. I guess the tool will undergo transformations where general algorithms and principles will be considered such that the barometer will be used beyond Australia.

Cognitive Images and Support for International Economic Agreements with the United States Among Mexican Citizens

AbstractA 1995 survey shows that Mexican citizens depend on their cognitive and affective orientations toward the United States in forming opinions about economic agreements between the two countries. The degree to which respondents utilized general feelings toward the United States rather than images of the United States varies by educational level and across the two agreements that were examined, NAFTA and the Clinton economic stabilization package of 1995. Whether respondents utilized an image of U.S. economic imperialism or of racial discrimination against people of Mexican origin in forming their opinions also depends on the level of education attained and on the policy domain of the agreement. The cognitive processes respondents utilized to form opinions about these economic agreements also differ across educational levels and policy domains. The findings have important implications for the capacity of Mexican elites to mobilize support for agreements with the United States and more generally for U.S.-Mexican relations.

A phylogeny of the Munnoziinae (Asteraceae, Liabeae): circumscription of Munnozia and a new placement of M. perfoliata

The tribe Liabeae (Compositae, Cicho- rioideae) comprises three subtribes, Liabinae, Munnoziinae, and Paranepheliinae. For one of these, the Munnoziinae, which contains the genera Munnozia, Chrysactinium, Erato, and Philoglossa, the nuclear ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region was sequenced to examine the monophyly of the subtribe and the core genus Munnozia within it. Thirty-six samples representing four currently recognized genera of Munnoziinae and two outgroups were included in this study. Mo- lecular phylogenetic analyses confirm the close relationship of Munnozia with Chrysactinium, and Erato with Philoglossa. However, the monophyly of the Munnoziinae and Munnozia is not support- ed, in disagreement with the current morpholog- ical findings. The discrepancies were attributed to the placements of Munnozia perfoliata outside the Munnoziinae and Munnozia ,a ndChrysactinium within Munnozia. The resulting tree indicates that first, M. perfoliata needs to be moved out of the munnoziinae and second, Chrysactinium originated from within Munnozia. For the first finding, morphological and palynological reevalu- ation of this species with allegedly related species reveals additional support in agreement with molecular data. Therefore we propose that the genus Munnozia be re-delimited to the members having black or dark brown anther theca and sordid or reddish pappus and re-organized.

Contract Preserves Statutory Support Duty: Husband and Wife. Contracts. Separation Agreement Support Provision Preserves Husband's Statutory Duty of Support

Contract Preserves Statutory Support Duty: Husband and Wife. Contracts. Separation Agreement Support Provision Preserves Husband's Statutory Duty of Support