Supply Of Services Research Articles

Soil health assessment of croplands adjacent to industrial areas in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu

Soil health is a vital determinant of agricultural productivity and the supply of essential ecosystem services, including water retention, nutrient cycling and the support of microbial communities. However, industrial activities near croplands can adversely affect soil health through contamination by pollutants such as heavy metals, chemicals and waste materials. This study evaluates the soil health of agricultural lands adjacent to industrial areas in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, with an emphasis on physical, chemical and biological soil properties. A total of 128 soil samples were collected and categorized into three groups: Primary Impact Sites (PIS), Secondary Impact Sites (SIS) and Reference Soils (RS). The analysis revealed that soils in proximity to industrial zones exhibited significant degradation in key indicators, such as bulk density, water holding capacity (WHC), organic carbon (OC) content and microbial activity. Soils at Primary Impact Sites demonstrated the most pronounced decline, characterized by higher bulk density, reduced WHC and lower OC levels, indicative of poor structure of soil and diminished fertility. In contrast, soils at Secondary Impact Sites and Reference Soils exhibited better overall quality, with higher microbial activity and enhanced nutrient retention. The findings of this study emphasize the indirect effects of industrialization on agricultural productivity through soil degradation.

Developing a model of physical education teachers’ health service competence in China: based on the grounded theory technical approach

BackgroundIn recent years, public health emergencies have become increasingly frequent, threatening human health. Accordingly, countries worldwide have attached great importance to optimizing their public health service systems. In China, physical education teachers are responsible for conducting health education in schools and improving students’ health; however, China’s health service supply is unbalanced and insufficiently developed. Therefore, this study constructed a health service competence model of Chinese physical education teachers to assess their contribution to the improvement of China’s national public health system.MethodsThe qualitative data were primarily gathered through semi-structured interviews. Physical education teachers and researchers of physical education teachers from diverse regions of China (N = 48) were selected as participants using purposive sampling techniques. Grounded theory technical approach was employed to analyze the data through NVivo 11.0 software.ResultsThe physical education teachers’ health service competence model contained three dimensions: health service beliefs, basic health knowledge, and health service skills. Health service beliefs contained two categories: health service awareness and health service cognition. Basic health knowledge contained two categories: life health knowledge and sports health knowledge. Health service skills contained seven categories: health education skills, management skills, research skills, advocacy skills, emergency skills, organization skills, and alert skills.ConclusionThis study’s model provides a theoretical foundation for Chinese physical education teachers to transition to physical education and health teachers. Utilizing this model in teacher education can contribute to enhancing China’s national public health service system.

The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs and Synergistic Relationships in a Mountainous Region of Northern China

Understanding ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies is the foundation for achieving the efficient management of the ecosystem and improving human well-being. Therefore, in this paper, multi-scale trade-offs and synergies among eleven secondary ecosystem service (ES) types of four ecosystem service categories in the mountainous areas of North China in 2015 are assessed using statistical methods and spatial analysis, and their driving factors are analyzed, including natural factors and socioeconomic factors. The results show that for the study area, only the raw material production service and nutrient cycle maintenance service, water supply service and hydrological regulation service, environmental purification service and biodiversity maintenance service, environmental purification service and aesthetic landscape service, and biodiversity maintenance service and aesthetic landscape service show extremely strong synergistic correlations at four spatial scales. The spatial autocorrelation among services at different scales is basically consistent with the statistical correlation, but the degree of correlation varies. Unlike the grid, township, and county scales, all service pairs are spatially autocorrelated across the study area at the land use type scale, and the clustering characteristics are more obvious and similar. All service pairs are synergistic with low–low values at the mountain–plain junction in the Taihang Mountain (THM) and in the northern part of the Bashang region (BSR). The spatial trade-offs and synergies of the regulating and maintenance services in the study area are closely related to the spatial distribution of land use types. The main natural influence on the synergistic trade-offs of ecosystem services (ESs) at the township scale is elevation, while socioeconomics are mainly influenced by population and GDP. This study can contribute to strengthening decision makers’ understanding of the spatial scales of ES relationships in mountain areas and the extent to which different natural and socioeconomic factors influence them.

Modern Perception of Water Scarcity Issue in African Countries

The article analyzes how water scarcity on the African continent is perceived by the United Nations, Russia, and African countries. Water is an important part of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda. The international decade for action on Water for Sustainable Development was declared from 2018 to 2028. The author studies the United Nations’ vision of the water issue by using 2 indicators that often appear in reports of this international organization and its subordinate structures, namely access to water supply services and the level of water stress. These parameters are compared with the results of public opinion polls conducted by the African research center “Afrobarometer” and search query statistics in Google Trends. In order to identify Russian society’s ideas on the water issue in Africa, literary works, as well as publications of the TASS news agency were analyzed.

An Overview of the Condition of Clean Water Facilities in Titi Papan Village, Medan Deli District

Clean water is water that can be used for everyday life, if it meets predetermined health standards, it can be used in everyday life. One of the main problems faced is the lack of availability of clean water sources and the uneven distribution of clean water supply services, especially in rural areas. The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the condition of clean water facilities in Titi Papan Village, Medan Deli. This research uses a quantitative approach with descriptive research type. The population of this research is the entire community in Titi Papan sub-district, totaling 3,377 families with sampling using non-probability sampling techniques, specifically accidental sampling, totaling 97 families. The results of the research show that 21% of the people in Titi Papan Village have access to clean water, 52% of the people whose source of clean water is using dug wells, and 65.2% of the people who have difficulty accessing clean water. The conclusion from this research is that the majority of people in Titi Papan Village, Kec. Medan Deli does not yet have clean water available, where the average community uses a source of clean water that comes from dug wells and also because access to clean water is difficult for the community to reach, therefore people prefer to use dug wells rather than PDAM. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out a socialization or education program for the community about the importance of good clean water management and also the need for cooperation and collaboration between the central government, regional government and the private sector in the issue of providing clean water in Titi Papan Village, Kec. Denai Field.

Integrated Water Resource Management under Ecosystem Services Approach-The Chimulala Micro-watershed, Peru.

This study evaluates the sociocultural valuation of ecosystem services (ES) within the Chimulala micro-watershed, Peru, to inform Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). Using surveys and focus groups, we gathered data from 35 stakeholders (11 institutional and 24 local actors) to assess perceptions, orientations, and anticipated changes regarding 15 identified ES. A land cover map was developed to support an expert-led ES assessment, categorizing capacity levels across different land types. Results showed unanimous agreement on the vital importance of the water supply service, with local actors identifying and valuing a broader array of ES than institutional counterparts. Multiple correspondence analysis highlighted differences in ES recognition between stakeholder groups, revealing that local actors ascribed greater importance to cultural and regulatory ES, while institutional actors prioritized provisioning services. Conflicts were identified regarding responsibilities for changes in ES provision, with local communities attributing threats primarily to mining, while institutional actors cited land use changes. This research underscores the value of sociocultural ES assessments in bridging divergent perspectives and enhancing the participatory foundation of IWRM, ultimately aiding in the design of inclusive, resilient water management policies.

Multiscale Effects of Xylella fastidiosa on Landscape Services

The spread of Xylella fastidiosa since 2013 in the Mediterranean olive groves of the Apulia region has modified the landscape. The aims of this research are focused on the analysis of its effects on the following: (1) Landscape multifunctionality supported by olive groves in terms of landscape service provision; (2) The functional relations among the main Mediterranean land covers in terms of landscape service supply and demand. (3) The landscape fragmentation at different spatial scales. The landscape has completely changed, mainly in those land covers that, in the past, acted as stabilizing factors (croplands and olive groves), which has been replaced by grasslands in 2021. The main effects of Xylella fastidiosa were on the multifunctionality of olive grove landscape in terms of food production, water regulation, carbon sequestration, and pollination, as well as on landscape cultural value. Ecosystem service supply is mainly related to olive groves, tree covers, shrublands, and wetlands. The province of Lecce showed the highest fragmentation, as demonstrated by the number of patches, the mean patch area, and the DIVISION metric, while the province of Brindisi was the least fragmented, with a DIVISION metric similar in 2011 and in 2021. The multiscale assessment of “olive groves” fragmentation has helped in better analyzing the effect of its spatial configuration on the provision of landscape services and in identifying the right spatial scale for each landscape service provision. It is essential to analyze landscape service flow to enlarge the understanding of the ways in which their supply is maintained through a landscape regeneration policy toward the socio-economic–ecological recovery.

Inferring failure risk of on-site wastewater systems from physical and social factors

Aging infrastructure and climate change present emerging challenges for clean water supply and reliable wastewater services for communities in the United States (US). In Georgia, for example, the failure rates of on-site wastewater systems (OWTS) have increased from 10% to 35% in the last two decades as the systems age. In this work, we develop a hierarchical Bayesian model to understand the different contributions of physical and social factors driving OWTS failures using a long-term collection of 201,000 Georgia’s OWTS inspection records. The out-of-sample validation accuracy of our hierarchical Bayesian model is 70% within Georgia, outperforming other machine learning models that do not consider the multiscale nature of the problem. Overall, we find counties that experience more extreme precipitation and are situated in steeper-sloped regions are significantly associated with increased failure risks. Uncertainties, meanwhile, are largely associated with counties experiencing more precipitation and have lower median housing value.

Enhancing Resilience and Coordination in Sustainable Logistics Service Supply Chains Through Integrated Investment Contracts

Within the logistics service supply chain, where logistics service integrators and providers collaborate, the role of integrators in orchestrating resources and enhancing supply chain efficiency is pivotal. To motivate logistics service providers to invest in logistics capacity, thereby maintaining supply chain resilience and achieving coordination, a joint contract incorporating cost and benefit sharing is proposed in a novel Stackelberg game model. By analyzing the behavior of various decision-making models—centralized, coordinated, and decentralized—in supply chains, we find that the proposed Stackelberg game model effectively correlates higher investment levels with increased supply chain resilience. The coordination mechanism significantly improves both the level of resilience and the investment amount, leading to enhanced overall profitability. Sensitivity analysis reveals the impact of market pricing, demand stockout penalty costs, and substitute demand prices on these outcomes. This research contributes a new theoretical framework and practical insights into supply chain coordination and investment strategies.

Increasing variability in resource supply over time disrupts plant–pollinator interactions

AbstractInsect–plant interactions are key determinants of plant and insect fitness, providing important ecosystem services around the world—including the Arctic region. Recently, it has been suggested that climate warming causes rifts between flower and pollinator phenology. To what extent the progression of pollinators matches the availability of flowers in the Arctic season is poorly known. In this study, we aimed to characterize the community phenology of flowers and insects in a rapidly changing Arctic environment from a descriptive and functional perspective. To this end, we inferred changes in resource availability from both a plant and an insect point of view, by connecting resource and consumer species through a metaweb of all the plant–insect interactions ever observed at a site. Specifically, we: (1) characterized species‐specific phenology among plants and insects at two High‐Arctic sites—Cambridge Bay in Nunavut, Canada, and Zackenberg in Northeast Greenland; (2) quantified competition for flowers using sticky flower mimics; (3) used information on plant–pollinator interactions to quantify supply and demand for pollinator services versus flower resources during the summer; and (4) compared patterns observed within a focal summer at each site to patterns of long‐term change at Zackenberg, using a 25‐year time series of plant flowering and insect phenology. Within summers, we found evidence of a general mismatch between supply and demand. Over the 25‐year time series, the number of weeks per summer when resource supply fell below a standardized threshold increased significantly over time. In addition, variation in resource availability increased significantly over years. We suggest that the number of resource‐poor weeks per year is increasing and becoming less predictable in the High Arctic. This will have important implications for plant pollination, pollinator fitness, and the future of the Arctic ecosystem, as both plants and their pollinators are faced with widening resource gaps.

Growing mismatches of supply and demand of ecosystem services in the Netherlands

A sufficient supply of goods and services from ecosystems is vital to ensure human well-being. This study evaluates whether the demand for goods and services within the Netherlands is met by Dutch ecosystems, could otherwise be provided through technology and/or by imports, or remains (partially) unmet. Additionally, this study shows the dynamics of supply and demand of these services over time. The results reveal that no ecosystem service supply is fully meeting the total demand provided by Dutch ecosystems. Additionally, for the majority of the services (10 out of 17), the gap between supply and demand widened over the last two decades, indicating a growing mismatch. Imports and technology only partly close the gap between supply and demand. The growing mismatch between supply and demand is expected to lead to increasing negative impacts on human well-being, such as poor air and water quality, heat stress in urban areas, increasing flood risks, limiting opportunities for outdoor recreation and loss of biodiversity. Our findings show that current policy goals to maintain and restore ecosystem services are not on track in the Netherlands. Urgent action is necessary to enhance the sustainable utilization of natural resources and to optimize the balance between supply and demand. Priority should be given to goods and services facing unmet demand where imports or technological solutions are not feasible, particularly those where the gap between supply and demand is widening.

Identification of Priority Supply Areas for Carbon Sinks Based on Ecosystem Service Flow: A Case Study for the Hexi Region in Northwestern China

The development and implementation of regional protection plans for ecosystem carbon storage services have been recognized as crucial actions for mitigating global climate change. However, the supply areas of carbon sequestration in terms of ecosystem service flows in inland regions are still less evaluated. The goal of this study is to identify the priority-ranked supply areas for carbon sinks. Here, we conducted a case study in the Hexi Region of northwestern China and proposed a framework to quantify the priority supply areas for carbon sinks from the perspective of ecosystem service flows. Firstly, we quantified the carbon service supply and demand areas by combining carbon models (i.e., the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach model and soil respiration models) with socioeconomic and natural factors. Then, we introduced a breaking point formula to estimate ecosystem service flow, specifically focusing on distance or range. Finally, we determined priority supply areas for carbon sinks based on the Zonation model. The results showed that significantly higher carbon sequestration values were detected in the Qilian Mountains, ranging from 2.0 to 3.0 t hm−2, in comparison with desert oasis areas, where the supply values ranged from 0 to 0.01 t hm−2. The urban areas and rural settlements within the study area are characterized by higher values of carbon emissions compared to those in the Qilian Mountains and deserts. The carbon flow analysis demonstrated that the middle and northern parts of the study area, being characterized by lower precipitation and sandy landscapes, were identified as locations with low carbon sequestration fluxes (<1.0 t hm−2). In addition, the mountainous regions were identified as the main highest priority area for ecosystem carbon sequestration, covering 8.33% of total area of the Hexi Region. Our findings highlighted the importance of the Qilian Mountains in terms of sustaining carbon sequestration service supply in the Hexi Region and targeted ecological protection practices to be implemented going forward.

Product tracing or component tracing? Blockchain adoption in a two-echelon supply chain management

Consumer awareness of product authenticity and carbon footprint tracing are among the most remarkable reasons for adopting blockchain in the supply chain in today’s world. However, the research literature has not yet examined specific ways to adopt blockchain in the supply chain. This study aims to develop a decision support tool to deal with the adoption of blockchain technology to design a two-echelon supply chain. In this regard, four specific cases for integrating supply chain and blockchain are developed based on types of tracing and block generation authority. In product tracing, green products are investigated throughout the supply chain, while in component tracing, green products are examined between the components of the supply chain. As it is necessary to record and verify the supply chain information by authorities in the blockchain network, in this work, such authorities are taken into account for both links and members of the supply chain. As far as we know, this is the first attempt to classify the various methods of adopting blockchain in Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) and propose mathematical optimization models related to them. In this line, four Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) models with the aim of minimizing the costs related to the physical supply chain and blockchain deployment are developed for the integration of the supply chain with blockchain technology. They are treated by the Branch and Efficiency (B&E) algorithm and Simultaneous Data Envelopment Analysis (SDEA) model considering common (cost and service) and innovative (blockchain) criteria. The results showed that link-based and component tracing models are cost-effective. In addition, the cost objective function of green product tracing is more sensitive to the number of blocks than that of component tracing. Eventually, the study provides great opportunities for decision-makers and managers to understand how to adopt blockchain in terms of supply chain network characteristics, cost, transparency, and service.

Constructing ecological network based on multi-objective genetic algorithms: a case study of Changsha City, China

ContextRegional ecological security faces serious threats in a changing world. Ecological network (EN) provides decision-makers with spatial strategies for maintaining ecological security and landscape sustainability via alleviating the contradiction between ecological conservation and economic growth. Despite years of intense and fruitful studies, accurately identifying ecological source patches when facing multiple conflicting objectives still remains a challenge.ObjectivesThis study aimed to propose an advanced framework for recognizing ecological source patches with consideration of multiple objectives and further constructing EN, which would promote a more profound understanding of local ecological condition and provide spatial guidance for ecological conservation planning.MethodsTaking Changsha City as the study area, we evaluated the ecological condition by considering three key ecosystem services, i.e., habitat maintenance, carbon sequestration and water yield using the InVEST model. Ecological source patches were identified using multi-objective genetic algorithms (MOGA) in view of ecosystem services, landscape connectivity and the total area of ecological source patches. Ecological corridors were extracted by applying Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model based on modified ecological resistance surface. The EN was established by combining these ecological source patches with ecological corridors.ResultsThe EN in Changsha City was comprised of 51 ecological source patches and 50 ecological corridors. The ecological source patches were primarily distributed across the eastern and western mountainous areas with the total area of 2842 km2, occupying 24.05% of the study area. There was a clear lack of ecological source patches along the Xiangjiang River owing to the high level of urbanization, which deserved particular attention for ecological restoration. Overall, the identified ecological source patches provided 87.31% of ecosystem service supply and 82.49% of the whole landscape connectivity by occupying 67.09% of the dominant patch area. The depicted ecological corridors formed two clusters in the central and northeastern parts of the study area.ConclusionsThis study offered new insights into accurately identifying ecological source patches by coordinating various conservation objectives. With the application of MOGA, the proposed framework consolidated ecosystem services, landscape connectivity and patch area to effectively delineate core ecological patches.

AI 기술이 제공하는 서비스와 서비스 무역 규범에 대한 논의

Regarding whether GATS applies to services provided by AI technology, Article 1.1 of GATS declares that this Agreement applies to measures of Members affecting trade in services, focusing on “measures.” Since GATS applies to all trade in services regardless of the means of supplying services, supplying services electronically falls within the scope of GATS. In addition, GATS does not have provisions distinguishing between various technological means of supplying services, so services provided by AI technology are also included within the scope of GATS. AI is essentially software, and software is a service, so AI falls under the “Computer and Related Services” sector under the 1991 W/120 classification. Under the current CPC Version 3.0, AI will be specified under the subsector “Application software provision” and “On-line software”. GATS prepared its service concessions under the 1991 W/120 classification, and this classification has been aligned with the corresponding CPC classification numbers. Since this classification document was prepared in 1991, once the CPC Version 3.0 revision work is complete, the classification document will need to be revised to align with the new CPC classification numbers. Service-driven AI technology are imported when purchasing subscriptions from foreign-owned or foreign-based LLMs providers, and then a service trade occurs. Purchasing data labeling or data annotation services from foreign-owned or foreign-founded companies is also importing services. This type of service trade is likely to occur through Mode 1 among the service supply modes. On the other hand, when AI technology is installed in a product, such as a self-driving car, and the product is imported, and the product exists in the country where the consumer resides and provides the service, the product and the service are provided and consumed simultaneously, and the product acts as a kind of “service provider” at the moment the consumer consumes the service, which may differ from the WTO’s regulatory system. Therefore, there have been attempts to recognize the form of service trade included or embodied in a product as Mode 5, and to recognize it as a new supply of service in GATS, but it has not been formally discussed at the WTO level. The trade method in the form of Mode 5 is similar to Mode 1, which is the cross-border supply of services, so service trade is treated as Mode 1, and when services are integrated with products and trade occurs, the service no longer exists and the GATT, which is the rule applied to products, is applied.

Certificateless Public Integrity Checking of Group Shared Data in Cloud Storage

Cloud storage service supplies people with an efficient method to share data within a group. The cloud server is not trustworthy, so lots of remote data possession checking (RDPC) protocols are proposed and thought to be an effective way to ensure the data integrity. However, most of RDPC protocols are based on the mechanism of traditional public key infrastructure (PKI), which has obvious security flaw and bears big burden of certificate management. To avoid this shortcoming, identity-based cryptography (IBC) is often chosen to be the basis of RDPC. Unfortunately, IBC has an inherent drawback of key escrow. To solve these problems, we utilize the technique of certificateless signature to present a new RDPC protocol for checking the integrity of data shared among a group. In our scheme, user's private key includes two parts: a partial key generated by the group manager and a secret value chosen by herself/himself. To ensure the right public keys are chosen during the data integrity checking, the public key of each user is associated with her unique identity, for example the name or telephone number. Thus, the certificate is not needed and the problem of key escrow is eliminated too. Meanwhile, the data integrity can still be audited by public verifier without downloading the whole data. In addition, our scheme also supports efficient user revocation from the group. The security of our scheme is reduced to the assumptions of computational Diffie- Hellman (CDH) and discrete logarithm (DL). Experiment results exhibit that the new protocol is very efficient and feasible

A Study on the Social Entrepreneurship in Universities and Colleges and the Supply of Family Education Guidance Services

A Study on the Social Entrepreneurship in Universities and Colleges and the Supply of Family Education Guidance Services

Cropland functional diversity increases ecosystem services supply in watersheds of the Rio de la Plata Grasslands

ContextImplementing heterogeneous rural landscapes with high agricultural diversity and a substantial proportion of natural habitats has been proposed to ensure food production while reducing negative impacts on ecosystem services. However, evidence of an increased supply of ecosystem services (ES) in more heterogeneous landscapes remains limited, with no consensus.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of the spatial cropland system’s diversity and landscape configuration on indicators of the supply of ES in agricultural landscapes of the Rio de la Plata Grasslands region.MethodsWe analyzed the relationship between indicators of ES supply and the heterogeneity of 1121 microwatersheds. We assessed the Ecosystem Services Supply Index (ESSI), the Hydrological Yield (HY), and the Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (APAR) in agricultural areas. We calculated the average grassland patch area, the structural and functional cropland diversity, the cropland percentage, and the grasslands’ juxtaposition to assess landscape heterogeneity.ResultsMicrowatersheds with higher cropland functional diversity showed higher values for indicators of ES supply. They were positively related to the ESSI and APAR, and negatively with HY, indicating positive effects on Carbon gains and water regulation processes. In contrast, grasslands’ juxtaposition had opposite effects to those of cropland functional diversity, so the spatial segregation of grasslands favored the ES supply.ConclusionsFunctional cropland diversification and the segregation of natural grasslands improved proxies of ES and counteracted the negative effects of cropland amount. These findings contribute to the design of multifunctional landscapes and suggest that cropland functional diversity and grassland configuration should be considered in food production systems aimed at preserving ES supply.

Ecosystem service indicators on military-managed drylands in the Western United States.

Lands devoted to military use are globally important for the production of ecosystem services and for the conservation of biodiversity. The United States has one of the largest military land estates in the world, and most of these areas occur in water-limited landscapes. Despite many of these areas receiving intense or sustained disturbance from military training activities, the structure and function of ecosystems contained within their boundaries continue to provide critical benefits to people across spatial scales. The land owned and managed by the Department of Defense is subject to regulation across local, state, and federal governing bodies, constraining and shaping both how land management is conducted and how ecosystem services are prioritized. Here, we explored the supply of ecosystem services from military lands in dryland areas of the United States using key indicators of ecosystem services: biodiversity estimates derived from range maps, ecosystem productivity estimates from satellite observations, and spatially explicit, hierarchical ecosystem classifications. Additionally, we utilized content analysis of the environmental management plans of these areas to describe the unique set of demands and regulatory constraints on these areas. We found that the US military land estate in drylands contains many types of ecosystems and provides a large and diverse supply of ecosystem services, comparable to the sum of services from public lands in these areas. Additionally, the degree to which the ecosystem services concept is captured in environmental management plans is strongly shaped by the language of the governing legislation that mandated the use of environmental management plans in these areas, although these plans do not explicitly address land management using the concept of ecosystem services. Collectively, our findings suggest that military use and management of land represents an important source of ecosystem services, that military land use can be considered a cultural ecosystem service unto itself, and that top-down regulation can affect how these services are identified and valued. Our work highlights the need for the research and conservation communities to quantify ecosystem services from individual military installations so that both services and biodiversity can be safeguarded in an era of military conflict across the globe.

Incorporating model selection and uncertainty into forecasts of economic conditions in companion animal clinical veterinarian labor markets.

Following the onset of COVID-19, demand for US veterinary services rapidly increased, similarly driving up demand in upstream veterinary labor markets. This increasing demand starkly contrasted with the "excess capacity" period following the Great Recession, marked by fewer opportunities and low wages for veterinarians. Better models and forecasts of veterinary labor market conditions improve information for decision-making by veterinarians, relevant business owners, professional associations, and educational institutions. Well-performing approaches will adapt to new data as they become available and avoid the assumption that short-term market dynamics will persist permanently. In this paper, we modify an approach often used to identify the forecasting model best suited to the data. Then, using the best forecasting model, we generate forecasts and prediction intervals around them to meet the available data and realities of veterinary labor markets to 2035. This approach removes subjectivity, accommodates model refinements, and acknowledges that the future is unknown. We find that the supply and demand indicators for veterinary services both indicate continued growth. We do not find statistically significant or consistent differences in either supply or demand growth, which would be consistent with a competitive market for veterinary services and labor. The data do not support an expectation of a continued shortage in the US veterinarian labor markets, as suggested in previous studies. We identify several areas where improved data resources and further methodological advancements could shed more light on the economic conditions facing veterinarians.