Fresh Milk Supply Research Articles

Improving the sustainability of milk production across different climate regions in China

Unprecedented climate change and ever-increasing demand for dairy products call for solutions that can ensure stable and sustainable milk production in different climate regions. Fully-enclosed dairy farms act as a promising option while its economic and environmental performance is poorly studied. Here, we evaluated the potential of improvement on milk yield and milk supply inequality among regions by developing fully-enclosed dairy farms throughout China, as well as their economic feasibility and environmental impacts. Results showed that: (1) fully-enclosed dairy farms present a 33 % higher milk yield per lactating cow together with a 38 % lower coefficient of variation in milk production across climate regions than semi-enclosed ones; (2) greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions of fully-enclosed dairy farms are effectively declined compared with semi-enclosed ones; (3) the inequality in fresh milk supply can be reduced by 51 % through strategically locating fully-enclosed dairy farms around cities; and (4) industrial optimization on the internal structure of fully-enclosed dairy farms is economically feasible across different climate regions in China, with an average improvement of 54 %. Our analysis suggests to develop fully-enclosed dairy farms surrounding urban areas for meeting milk demand alongside positive effects on environmental sustainability, which also offers a lens for the livestock sector to define better policies that improve the sustainability of milk production on the planet.

Application of novel technologies to reach net‐zero greenhouse gas emissions in the fresh pasteurised milk supply chain: A review

This review assesses the potential of three novel technologies (3‐nitrooxypropanol, ultraviolet C light cold pasteurisation and biochar) to reduce the carbon footprint produced by the fresh milk supply chain at global level. In addition to the adoption of these technologies: (i) new policies should enhance the development and implementation of international standards to optimise the quality and safety of such technologies whilst facilitating their traceability; (ii) dairy firms and technology start‐ups should benefit from worldwide emissions trading systems to limit technology implementation costs; and (iii) consumers could participate in the net‐zero challenge by adopting easy‐to‐apply sustainable practices, thus reducing their milk carbon footprint.

Isotopic reconstruction of short to absent breastfeeding in a 19th century rural Dutch community.

Artificial feeding of young infants is considered a modern phenomenon. However, historical sources note its practice in some past European populations. This research explores factors that contributed to a short to absent period of breastfeeding in pre-modern Netherlands. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope analysis is undertaken on 277 19th century individuals from Beemster, a, rural, mainly Protestant, dairy farming community. An intra-individual sampling approach for ≤6 year-olds compares newer metaphyseal to older diaphyseal long bone collagen to classify feeding status at death. Archivally identified individuals permit analyses of sex and year-of-death. Few infants have isotopic evidence for breastfeeding and, if present, it was likely of short duration or a minor source of dietary protein. From only a few weeks to months of age infants were fed cow’s milk and paps with sugar. There is broad dietary homogeneity with no sex or temporal isotopic differences, but young infants (1–11 months) have the most ẟ15N and ẟ13C variation highlighting the effect of multiple dietary and physiological processes. Beemster had many factors associated with high rates of breastfeeding in other Dutch communities, yet, most mothers did not breastfeed, or not for long, showing that regional variation in infant feeding is influenced by community values and traditions. On top of child rearing and domestic chores, female dairy farmers were in charge of milking cattle and dairy production, an important income source, suggesting high workload was also a factor in short or absent breastfeeding periods, aided by the constant supply of fresh milk that could be fed to an infant by an older sibling.

Impacts of COVID-19 on Small-Scale Dairy Enterprises in an Indian Megacity—Insights from Greater Bengaluru

Natural calamities and pandemics massively affect small-scale entrepreneurs. In this paper, we aim to assess how the COVID-19 pandemic affected small dairy farms in the megacity of Bengaluru, India, where they supply a high share of the milk demand. In 2020 a total of 129 farms were visited before the first lockdown (January to March) and interviewed again after the lockdown had been loosened (August to September). Questions addressed feed supply to dairy cows, milk yield and marketing, and coping strategies for lockdown impacts. Results showed that the share of farmers not feeding concentrates increased from 1% before lockdown to 7% afterward (p < 0.05), and those not offering dry forages increased from 20% to 33% (p < 0.05) due to increasing forage prices. Milk yield dropped in all surveyed farms from 3905 L before to 2861 L after lockdown (p < 0.05) due to the sale of 30% of lactating cows across the farms. Enabling farmers to better cope with shocks through feed storage and by processing their surplus milk into durable products should be prioritised by supporting institutions such as dairy cooperatives. Alternatively, insurance schemes can capacitate farmers to maintain a fresh milk supply to urban consumers in the wake of global challenges.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE IMPORT OF DAIRY MILK (CASE STUDY: THE IMPORT OF DAIRY MILK IN INDONESIA)

The supply of fresh dairy milk in the country (SSDN) has not been able to meet the needs of domestic dairy milk consumption so that the fulfillment of dairy milk consumption needs is also done byimporting dairy milk. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence milk imports in Indonesia.The research method uses quantitative analysis techniques, namely multiple linear regression. This research was conducted in Indonesia using secondary data from 2006-2016 obtained at the Central Statistics Agency and the Ministry of Agriculture and other literature related to research. Research variables include exchange rates, GDP per capita, milk exports, and milk production. The results showed that variables GDP per capita, milk exports, and milk production have positive influence. Meanwhile, exchange rate has negative influence for milk imports.

Consumer and retailer preferences for local ingredients in processed foods: Evidence from a stacked choice experiment in an African urban dairy market

West African consumption of processed dairy products has been increasing over the past decades, most markedly in urban areas. In livestock-rich countries such as Mali, local milk production has the potential to meet growing demand. There is evidence, although limited, that consumers in the region prefer local fresh milk over imported milk. Yet, very little fresh milk is marketed in urban areas, where imported powdered milk dominates the market. The dichotomy between agricultural and urban food policies in Mali along with asymmetric information has likely contributed to this mismatch between fresh milk demand and supply. In this study, we bring new empirical evidence on preferences and information flows on processed dairy products. We employ a novel approach of stacked choice experiments to estimate and compare urban consumer and retailer preferences for three dairy product attributes: ingredient labeling, product safety certification, and packaging. Findings indicate that the majority (70%) of consumers are willing to pay a higher price for pasteurized milk that is manufactured purely from fresh milk, compared to powdered milk, pointing to an important market opportunity. Consumer and retailer preferences and willingness-to-pay are well aligned, suggesting that retailers have adequate information on their customers and that information asymmetry exists further upstream in the value chain. Better labeling regulations, government-backed certification, and policies that support packaging alternatives can improve information flows and strengthen the competitiveness of fresh milk value chains. Policymakers and manufacturers could also benefit from coordinating more closely with retailers as an information partner.

Impact of integration of import tariff policy and strategic programs to increase milk production on the availability of fresh milk in Indonesia

The gap of growth in milk consumption that is not in line with the growth of milk production has resulted in the need for imports. Indonesian government intervenes in import regulation through the implementation of import tariff policy and strategic programs to increase domestic milk production. The study aimed to analyze the impact of the integration of both interventions on accelerating the growth of fresh milk production in Indonesia. The research method is a descriptive method that uses BPS, Pusdatin, and other second-hand data published in previous studies. A comparative study of producer and consumer surplus and a modeling analysis of strategic policies to increase the production of domestic fresh milk was used. The results of the analysis revealed that the impose of 5% import tariff on milk has an impact on increasing producer surplus, decreasing consumer surplus and public welfare, also increasing the government’s revenue. The results of model simulation showed that the recommended combination scenario of increasing milk productivity, calf rearing, and broodstock import is the best scenario. Hence, the import tariff policy recommendations combined with the strategic programs can accelerate the increase in the supply of fresh milk in Indonesia.

ANALISIS RANTAI PASOK DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN SUSU KAMBING PASTEURISASI DI GOATZILLA FARM & CAFE

Goatzilla Farm & Cafe is agroindustry in Lumajang which processes goat milk into various products and has several business units that related to enduro goat farms. The main product of Goatzilla Farm and Cafe is pasteurized goat milk. the scale of goat milk pasteurized production is still small category because the labour used is labour in the family, the supply of fresh goat milk is uncertain, and product marketing is still limited due to BPOM's permit constraints. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to develop pasteurized milk products at Goatzilla Farm & Cafe. This research aims to determine supply chain, value-added, and development strategy of goat pasteurized milk at Goatzilla Farm & Cafe. The location of the research was determined by the purposive method. The research method used descriptive and analytic methods. The result of the research showed that the links involved in the supply chain of pasteurized goat milk are Goatzilla farm units, partner farmers, collectors, the processing unit of Senduro Goatmilk Indonesia, Goatzilla Farm & Cafe, Senduro Goatmilk Indonesia outlet, and consumers. The processing of fresh goat milk into pasteurized goat milk provides positive value-added and can be classified as a medium category. The recommended strategy for the development of pasteurized goat milk based on the FKK value of the highest driving and inhibiting factors is to form a cooperative business entity engaged in agribusiness of Senduro goat milk.

Estimating the Impact of Blockchain Adoption in the Food Processing Industry and Supply Chain

Abstract Food supply chains are benefiting from blockchain technology, as it establishes a shared, secure record of information flows, thus reducing food safety risks, increasing consumers’ trust in products’ provenance and enhancing supply chain efficiency. However, despite some embryonic applications, systematic literature review reports very few investigation studies. This article proposes a potential design and update frequency of relevant data to be stored in the Ethereum blockchain for monitoring and traceability purposes and explores the cost connected to every transaction in the case of a fresh milk processing industry and supply chain, from dairy farms to the end consumers. Results show that (i) investments are limited for the supply chain actors; (ii) the benefits of a blockchain-enabled supply chain can be achieved with a minimal impact on the product’s consumer price, and (iii) the costs of operating the blockchain increases as we move down along the tiers of the supply chain.

Fresh milk supply through vending machines: Consumption patterns and associated environmental impacts

Fresh pasteurized milk consumption is evaluated from environmental and socio-economic perspectives. Two different supply chains are analysed: traditional supply chain and vending machines—a circular business model based on a short supply chain. Milk vending machines show that consuming milk in proximity, eliminating intermediaries between producers and consumers and, therefore, reducing the use of resources and energy (packaging and transportation), has environmental advantages. Hence, milk distribution, electricity consumption and consumer transport caused the largest impacts. When the environmental profiles of pasteurized milk consumption in supermarkets and vending machines are benchmarked, the vending machine has a considerable lower impact. The sensitivity analysis emphasizes the latter findings, highlighting the relevance of consumer choices upon the environmental profile of milk consumption. Despite the environmental benefits, vending supply chain unexpectedly failed in Spain from a socioeconomic point of view due to several factors: the farmers’ lack of processing and marketing capacities, the difficulty of networking and collaboration with other key stakeholders, the necessity to raise consumer awareness of the benefits of pasteurized milk and the limited range of dairy products offered. The development of a close short supply chain can bring significant environmental and socio-economic benefits. Notwithstanding, the case analysed in this paper indicates that the isolated entrepreneurship is not sufficient and the transformation of the food system towards a circular model requires political and societal commitment.

Modernisation of dairy farms: the case of Nestlé’s Dairy Farming Institute in China

Subject area Operations and Logistics. Study level/applicability Senior undergraduate students and postgraduate students specialising in agricultural economics/agribusiness/supply chain management and can also be used for executive training for supply chain managers and corporate social responsibility (CSR) managers of food companies. Case overview This case presents an industry leading company – Nestlé’s sustainable initiative in its dairy supply chain in China. The case begins with the background of China’s dairy industry, followed by an introduction of the case company. The case then moves on to the comparison of Nestlé’s fresh milk supply chain operation before and after 2008 and different approaches to help the dairy suppliers’ transformation. The focus is on Nestlé’s innovative industry collaboration platform, the Dairy Farming Institute. Expected learning outcomes This case allows students to explore the following theoretical frameworks: sustainable supply chain management; supply chain leadership, supply chain learning and supply chain structure. By analysing this case, students should be able to gain an understanding of how multinational corporations (MNCs) play a supply chain leadership role in supply chain learning of sustainable supply chain initiatives. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 9: Operations and Logistics.

Effects of pre-weaning probiotic treatments on growth performance and biochemical blood parameters of Holstein calves

The present study was conducted to assess the effects of pre-weaning probiotic treatments on growth performance of male Holstein calves. For experimental treatments, 20 male calves were divided into 2 groups as of control and treatment group. Control group calves were supplied with fresh milk daily in two meals without any growth promoting supplement. Together with fresh milk supply, treatment group calves were supplied with additional 2 g probiotics to their morning meal. Throughout 56-day milk-feeding period, live weights (LW) and feed consumptions (FC) of the calves were determined. As compared to the control group, probiotic-supplemented calves had 5.25% higher weaning live weight and 11.4% higher daily live weight gain (P less than 0.05). Probiotic-supplemented calves consumed 2% more feed than the control calves (P>0.05) and had 9.52% better feed conversion ratio than the control group calves (P less than 0.05). Probiotic supplementation did not affect blood biochemical parameters significantly (P less than 0.05), except ALT, triglyceride and iron levels (P less than 0.05). It was concluded that probiotic supplementation during milk-feeding period improved growth performance of experimental Holstein calves.

Factors associated with milk processing characteristics predicted by mid-infrared spectroscopy in a large database of dairy cows

Despite milk processing characteristics being important quality traits, little is known about the factors underlying their variability, due primarily to the resources required to measure these characteristics in a sufficiently large population. Cow milk coagulation properties (rennet coagulation time, curd-firming time, curd firmness 30 and 60 min after rennet addition), heat coagulation time, casein micelle size, and pH were generated from available mid-infrared spectroscopy prediction models. The prediction models were applied to 136,807 spectra collected from 9,824 Irish dairy cows from research and commercial herds. Sources of variation were investigated using linear mixed models that included the fixed effects of calendar month of test; milking time in the day; linear regressions on the proportion of Friesian, Jersey, Montbéliarde, Norwegian Red, and "other" breeds in the cow; coefficients of heterosis and of recombination loss; parity; stage of lactation; and the 2-way interaction parity × stage of lactation. Within- and across-parity cow effects, contemporary group, and a residual term were also included as random effects in the model. Supplementary analyses considered the inclusion of either test-day milk yield or milk protein concentration as fixed-effects covariates in the multiple regression models. Milk coagulation properties were most favorable (i.e., short rennet coagulation time and strong curd firmness) for cheese manufacturing in early lactation, concurrent with the lowest values of both pH and casein micelle size. Milk coagulation properties and pH deteriorated in mid lactation but improved toward the end of lactation. In direct contrast, heat coagulation time was more favorable in mid lactation and less suitable (i.e., shorter) for high temperature treatments in both early and late lactation. Relative to multiparous cows, primiparous cows, on average, yielded milk with shorter rennet coagulation time and longer heat coagulation time. Milk from the evening milking session had shorter rennet coagulation time and greater curd firmness, as well as lower heat coagulation time and lower pH compared with milk from the morning session. Jersey cows, on average, yielded milk more suitable for cheese production rather than for milk powder production. When protein concentration was included in the model, the improvement of milk coagulation properties toward the end of lactation was no longer apparent. Results from the present study may aid in decision-making for milk manufacturing, especially in countries characterized by a seasonal supply of fresh milk.

Calving seasonality at Pool, Orkney during the first millennium AD: an investigation using intra-tooth isotope ratio analysis of cattle molar enamel

The identification of dairying is essential if we are to understand economies of the past, particularly in northwest Europe, where a high degree of lactose tolerance suggests that fresh milk has long been a significant food product. This paper explores a possible link between economic focus and seasonality of calving. Although cattle (Bos taurus) can breed throughout the year, animals living in temperate regions with minimal or no human management tend to breed seasonally, their breeding behaviour being strongly influenced by the availability of food. In order to achieve a year-round supply of fresh milk in the past, it is likely that multiple-season calving was necessary, which would have required additional husbandry effort. Alternatively, for meat-focussed economies or those based on storable dairy products, a strategy of single-season calving in spring may have been favoured to maximise the utilisation of spring and summer vegetation. Cattle birth seasonality is investigated through isotope ratio analysis (δ18O, δ13C) of tooth enamel. Results for cattle from Pool, Orkney dating to the latter part of the first millennium AD suggest that calving occurred during at least three seasons implying that the continuous provision of fresh milk was of economic importance.

The existence of buyer power in the Italian fresh milk supply chain

Purpose – Buyer power can be defined as the ability to obtain trade terms more favourable than a supplier’s normal trade terms. The purpose of this paper is to estimate existence of buyer power in the Italian market of fresh milk. The sector is characterised by high industrial and retail firms concentration and a significant gap between the downstream and upstream prices exists. Design/methodology/approach – The authors applied the “first-pass” test proposed by Lloyd et al. (2009) on a set of monthly price indexes series from 2000 to 2013 in order to estimate if a buyer power exists in this sector. This in order to verify how prices are transmitted along the supply chain and to determine if buyer power contributes in conditioning the retail-producer price spread. Findings – Estimated results suggest that buyer power exists in the Italian fresh milk supply chain and oligopsonistic behaviour affects the spread between downstream and upstream prices. Originality/value – The paper gives a contribute on estimation of buyer power in the agro-food supply chains. However, more research needs to be carried out in order to precisely evaluate the nature and the causes of presence of buyer power.

Milk payment systems in the United States

Payment for milk in the United States is primarily controlled by the federal government. Federal Milk Marketing Orders have been in place for a century, and continue to dominate the payment for milk in the United States. The last major revision of the process was implemented in January 2000, and this system still controls payment in 60% of the milk in the United States. Milk is so essential to health that it was controlled to ensure an adequate supply of fresh milk. Essential to ensuring an adequate supply of fresh milk, producer milk pricing processes were developed to help producers survive financially. The paper describes the history and current role of milk marketing orders in the US.

The Relevance Of A Rules-Based Freshmilk Price Structure Policy In East Java : An Evidence Based Assesment

At present, Indonesia is still lack of fresh milk supply, domestic fresh milk production is covered only 30% national fresh milk processing industry needed and is about 70% milk industry material should be imported, mainly from New Zealand, Australia, EU and USA. The following actors are active in the formal dairy supply chain in Indonesia: (1) Milk producers, (2) The primary dairy/ village cooperatives (KUD), (3) The overall dairy cooperative (GKSI), (4) The milk processors/ dairy industry, (5) Based on that situation, and to improve the development of small scale dairy farming activities in east java, this paper have an objective to examine the relevance of a rules-based fresh milk price structure policy in east java. East java dairy supply chain inefficiencies are reflected in a relatively large difference between farm gate milk price and consumer prices of milk products. Factors like the dependency on imported milk powder and the strongly fluctuating world market prices, the lack of protection against world market fluctuations for the local milk producers, the scale and structure of dairy farming, and poor raw milk quality affect the development of east java dairy supply chain.

The origins of lactase persistence in Europe.

Lactase persistence (LP) is common among people of European ancestry, but with the exception of some African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian groups, is rare or absent elsewhere in the world. Lactase gene haplotype conservation around a polymorphism strongly associated with LP in Europeans (−13,910 C/T) indicates that the derived allele is recent in origin and has been subject to strong positive selection. Furthermore, ancient DNA work has shown that the −13,910*T (derived) allele was very rare or absent in early Neolithic central Europeans. It is unlikely that LP would provide a selective advantage without a supply of fresh milk, and this has lead to a gene-culture coevolutionary model where lactase persistence is only favoured in cultures practicing dairying, and dairying is more favoured in lactase persistent populations. We have developed a flexible demic computer simulation model to explore the spread of lactase persistence, dairying, other subsistence practices and unlinked genetic markers in Europe and western Asia's geographic space. Using data on −13,910*T allele frequency and farming arrival dates across Europe, and approximate Bayesian computation to estimate parameters of interest, we infer that the −13,910*T allele first underwent selection among dairying farmers around 7,500 years ago in a region between the central Balkans and central Europe, possibly in association with the dissemination of the Neolithic Linearbandkeramik culture over Central Europe. Furthermore, our results suggest that natural selection favouring a lactase persistence allele was not higher in northern latitudes through an increased requirement for dietary vitamin D. Our results provide a coherent and spatially explicit picture of the coevolution of lactase persistence and dairying in Europe.

Choice of Coordination Mechanism in the Kenyan Fresh Milk Supply Chain

This paper examines the nature and determinants of coordination mechanisms used in the Kenyan fresh milk supply chains, using recent survey data of market participants from Nakuru and Nyandarua districts in Kenya. Three main contractual arrangements are observed in the fresh milk supply chain. These include spot markets, verbal contracts and written contracts. The empirical results indicate that though written contracts are sparingly used in the milk transactions, milk producers are more likely to adopt such contracts compared to traders. The results also show that location of producer, source of market information, distance to markets, travel time to buyers or suppliers, gender of operator, and presence or absence of enforceable contracts significantly influence the type of coordination mechanism used in both producer-buyer and retailer-seller transactions and travel time to milk suppliers.

Déterminants de la consommation de lait frais pasteurisé local à Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso

L’objectif de cette étude a été d’établir les déterminants de la consommation de lait frais pasteurisé dans la ville d’Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso. Une enquête rétrospective en un seul passage a été faite auprès de 120 ménages selon un échantillonnage semi-raisonné. Pour analyser les données, deux modèles économétriques ont été utilisés : le modèle « probit » pour estimer la probabilité de consommation de lait frais pasteurisé et le modèle linéaire simple d’Heckman pour estimer le niveau des dépenses consacrées à la consommation de ce produit. Les résultats ont montré que, parmi les variables étudiées, les principaux facteurs qui ont influencé la décision de consommer du lait frais pasteurisé et le niveau de consommation ont été le goût, la disponibilité, le revenu et la taille du ménage. Le revenu a été la principale contrainte à la consommation de lait frais pasteurisé. Par ailleurs, l’étude a souligné que le lait frais pasteurisé et le lait UHT importé étaient des produits « de luxe » consommés surtout par les ménages à revenu élevé. En revanche, le lait concentré et le lait caillé étaient consommés en majorité par les ménages à revenu faible. La consommation de yaourt et de lait en poudre a semblé moins dépendante du niveau de revenu. Pour améliorer la présence du lait frais local sur le marché d’Ouagadougou, les transformateurs doivent veiller à fournir un lait de bonne qualité (dont le goût est réputé supérieur) et à le rendre le plus accessible possible, en particulier dans les quartiers à revenus élevés.