Deep Water Supply Research Articles

Subsurface floats in the Filchner Trough provide the first direct under-ice tracks of the circulation on shelf

Abstract. Bottom water formation in the Weddell Sea and mass loss from the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf are tightly linked by the supply of Warm Deep Water to the continental shelf. Heavy sea ice cover and icebergs restrict ship access and upper-ocean measurements by moorings, compelling us to try new sampling methods. We present results from the first dedicated under-sea-ice float experiment tracking circulation on the continental shelf of the eastern Weddell Sea. Seven Apex profiling floats were deployed in 2017 at three different locations on the eastern Weddell Sea continental shelf, targeting the inflowing modified Warm Deep Water (mWDW), as well as the outflowing Ice Shelf Water (ISW). The floats capture a warm mWDW regime with southward inflow over the eastern continental shelf and a cold ISW regime with a recirculation of ISW in the Filchner Trough throughout the 4 years of observations. We provide the first Lagrangian in situ confirmation that the mWDW flowing onto the continental shelf follows two pathways: the eastern flank of the Filchner Trough and a small trough on the shallow shelf farther east. In the present circulation regime, this warm water is blocked from reaching the ice shelf cavity due to the presence of the thick ISW layer inside the Filchner Trough. The floats' trajectories and hydrography reveal the dynamically active front, flow reversal, and eddying motion between these two water masses along the eastern flank of the Filchner Trough.

Assessing the impact of drought on water cycling in urban trees via in-situ isotopic monitoring of plant xylem water

Urban trees are an integral part of sustainable cities. They regulate the local microclimate and enhance the urban water cycle. Increasing periods of drought can impair urban trees by affecting their water uptake, transpiration and growth patterns. In this study, we used a multi-proxy approach to assess how non-irrigated urban trees react to changing water supply throughout the full vegetative period of 2022 including a major drought in Berlin, Germany. Our work focused on individual mature trees in an urban green space; examining daily mean in-situ isotopes in plant xylem water (δxyl) while also monitoring vegetation dynamics via sap flow, stem increments, LAI, as well as groundwater, and soil moisture at different depths. The monitoring period was characterised by a spring with average precipitation inputs, followed by an extremely dry period from July until mid-August, then a gradual rewetting from the end of August until October. At the beginning of the growing period, changes in the ecohydrological dynamics of the investigated maple and birch trees were high with increases in stem size and LAI, but also decreasing soil moisture. In spring, δxyl signatures were high in both trees, with the effect more marked in the maple hinting at a dependence of δxyl on species specific-storage effects and a distinct start of transpiration. During summer, drought stress was apparent in the ecohydrological fluxes of the monitored trees in the reduction of stem growth, LAI, midday water potential and soil moisture. Yet sap flow rates were relatively stable and tree transpiration maintained. We noted a midsummer enrichment of δxyl in both species. Most importantly, the measured δxyl signatures were isotopically in the range of deep soil waters and groundwater implying that deeper sources were sustaining the trees’ water supply during the drought. We also detected fractionation of δxyl, which is possibly induced by heterogenous water uptake strategies and biochemical processes in the tree xylem, including CH4 transport. Our results suggest that urban trees rely on deep water supply and internal storage during drought. We conclude urban trees and shrubs with shallow root development would be more vulnerable to dry summers with a particular threat during future accelerated summer droughts combined with insufficient autumn rewetting causing deep soil layers to dry out.

Atmospheric and Surface Seawater CO2 Measurements on R/V ISABU in the Western North Pacific in the Summer of 2018

The ocean takes up approximately 24% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emitted into the atmosphere in a year. The oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake shows regional and seasonal differences depending on physical and chemical characteristics of seawater and biological activities (such as CO<sub>2</sub> fixation). In the tropical Western North Pacific, the surface water temperature is high, the supply of deep water is limited, and tropical cyclones usually pass in summer. We investigated atmospheric and sea surface CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in this area using the continuous underway pCO2 measuring system equipped on the Research Vessel ISABU of Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology for about 21 days from August 29 to September 19, 2018. During the cruise, 9,367 CO<sub>2</sub> data were obtained from this measuring system with temperature, salinity, and GPS information. Higher CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations of the surface seawater than those of the atmosphere were observed in the areas of 22°N-23.5°N and 29°N-35°N where CO<sub>2</sub> was emitted into the atmosphere, while most of the areas between 17.5°N and 20.5°N were sinks for the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. This dataset can be used for future research on the distribution of partial pressure of carbon dioxide over the global ocean surface.

Control of the Oceanic Heat Content of the Getz‐Dotson Trough, Antarctica, by the Amundsen Sea Low

AbstractThe changing supply of warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) to the West Antarctic continental shelf is responsible for the basal melting and thinning of the West Antarctic ice shelves that has occurred in recent decades. Here we assess the variability in CDW supply, and its drivers, from a multiyear mooring deployed in, and a regional ocean model spanning, the Getz‐Dotson Trough, Amundsen Sea. Between 2010 to 2015, the CDW within the trough underwent a pronounced cooling and freshening, associated with changes in thermohaline properties on isopycnals. Variability in the rate of CDW inflow is controlled by local wind forcing of a shelf break undercurrent, which determines the hydrographic properties of inflowing CDW via tilting of density surfaces above the continental slope. Local wind is coupled to the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) low‐pressure system, which is modulated by large‐scale climatic modes via atmospheric teleconnections. For the period analyzed, a deeper ASL was associated with westward wind anomaly at the shelf break. Changes in the sea surface slope decelerated the shelf break undercurrent, resulting in less heat accessing the continental shelf and, consequently, a cooling of the Getz‐Dotson Trough. Therefore, the present work suggests that the fate of the West Antarctic ice shelves is closely tied to the future evolution of the ASL.

Antarctic Circumpolar Current Dynamics at the Pacific Entrance to the Drake Passage Over the Past 1.3 Million Years

AbstractThe Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the world's largest current system connecting all three major basins of the global ocean. Our knowledge of glacial‐interglacial changes in ACC dynamics in the southeast Pacific is not well constrained and presently only based on reconstructions covering the last glacial cycle. Here we use a combination of mean sortable silt grain size of the terrigenous sediment fraction (10–63 μm, ) and X‐ray fluorescence scanner‐derived Zr/Rb ratios as flow strength proxies to examine ACC variations at the Pacific entrance to the Drake Passage (DP) in the vicinity of the Subantarctic Front. Our results indicate that at the DP entrance, ACC strength varied by ~6–16% on glacial‐interglacial time scales, yielding higher current speeds during interglacial times and reduced current speeds during glacials. We provide evidence that previous observations of a reduction in DP throughflow during the last glacial period are part of a consistent pattern extending for at least the last 1.3 Ma. The orbital‐scale cyclicity follows well‐known global climate changes from prevailing ca. 41‐kyr cycles in the early part of the record (1.3 Ma to 850 ka; marine isotope stage 21) across the mid‐Pleistocene transition into the middle and late Pleistocene 100‐kyr world. A comparison to a bottom water flow record from the deep western boundary current off New Zealand (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1123) reveals anti‐phased changes between the two sites. The enhanced supply of deep water along the DP and into the Atlantic Ocean during interglacials corresponds to a weakened flow of the SW Pacific deep western boundary current.

The residence time of Southern Ocean surface waters and the 100,000-year ice age cycle.

From 1.25 million to 700,000 years ago, the ice age cycle deepened and lengthened from 41,000- to 100,000-year periodicity, a transition that remains unexplained. Using surface- and bottom-dwelling foraminifera from the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean to reconstruct the deep-to-surface supply of water during the ice ages of the past 1.5 million years, we found that a reduction in deep water supply and a concomitant freshening of the surface ocean coincided with the emergence of the high-amplitude 100,000-year glacial cycle. We propose that this slowing of deep-to-surface circulation (i.e., a longer residence time for Antarctic surface waters) prolonged ice ages by allowing the Antarctic halocline to strengthen, which increased the resistance of the Antarctic upper water column to orbitally paced drivers of carbon dioxide release.

Resetting the glacial timer

Glacial Cycles The periodicity of glacial cycles changed from 100,000 to 41,000 years during the middle of the Pleistocene epoch. Why? Hasenfratz et al. measured the oxygen isotope composition and magnesium/calcium ratio in benthic and planktonic foraminifera from the Antarctic in order to reconstruct changes in the rate of transfer of ocean water from the depths to the surface over the past 1.5 million years (see the Perspective by Menviel). The emergence of the 100,000-year cycle coincided with a reduction in deep-water supply and a freshening of the surface ocean. This slowing may have caused more prolonged ice ages by making the Antarctic less responsive to orbitally paced drivers of carbon dioxide release. Science , this issue p. [1080][1]; see also p. [1040][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aat7067 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaw7196

Deglacial changes in the strength of deep southern component water and sediment supply at the Argentine continental margin

AbstractThe deep southern component water (SCW), comprising Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), is a major component of the global oceanic circulation. It has been suggested that the deep Atlantic water mass structure changed significantly during the last glacial/interglacial cycle. However, deep SCW source‐proximal records remain sparse. Here we present three coherent deep SCW paleocurrent records from the deep Argentine continental margin shedding light on deep water circulation and deep SCW flow strength in the Southwest Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Based on increased sortable silt values, we propose enhanced deep SCW flow strength from 14 to 10 cal ka B.P. relative to the early deglacial/LGM and the Holocene. We propose a direct influence of deep northern component water (NCW) on deep SCW flow strength due to vertical narrowing of deep SCW spreading, concurrent with a migration of the high‐energetic LCDW/AABW interface occupying our core sites. We suggest a shoaled NCW until 13 cal ka B.P., thereby providing space for deep SCW spreading that resulted in reduced carbonate preservation at our core sites. Increased carbonate content from 13 cal ka B.P. indicates that the NCW expanded changing deep water properties at our core sites in the deep Southwest Atlantic. However, southern sourced terrigenous sediments continued to be deposited at our core sites, suggesting that deep SCW flow was uninterrupted along the Argentine continental margin since the LGM.

ESR analyses for herbivore teeth and molluscs from Kharga, Dakhleh, and Bir Tarfawi Oases: Constraining water availability and hominin paleolithic activity in the Western Desert, Egypt

Today, Bir Tarfawi, Kharga and Dakhleh Oases all sit in Egypt's hyperarid Western Desert. A dearth of naturally occurring surface water coupled with ≤ 0.1 mm/y of precipitation, and evaporation rates > 2 m/y make Bir Tarfawi uninhabitable today, while Dakhleh and Kharga depend on borehole water to support human inhabitation. Yet in scattered locations dotting the Quaternary surfaces and deposits near each oasis, Paleolithic artefacts, fossil ungulate teeth, and snails record times when surface water did exist in wetlands, small ponds, and even large lakes. At Bir Tarfawi in Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5, 7, and 13, wetlands or small lakes supported freshwater snails, large herbivores, and hominins. Dakhleh Oasis hosted a large lake in MIS 6 that provided a deep reliable water supply for many millennia subsequently. ESR dates on fossils and tufa dates show thriving lacustrine and terrestrial ecosystems at Dakhleh during MIS 5, 7, 9, 11, and 17, and in shorter episodes in MIS 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12. At Kharga Oasis, springs discharged along the Libyan Escarpment edge, but the water was ponded in small basins dammed within tufa deposits. These dated deposits and fossils attest that water existed there in MIS 2–11, and one spot dating to ∼ 2.3 Ma. This proxy evidence suggest that, thanks to higher rainfall and/or groundwater tables, sufficient water persisted for much of the Pleistocene, supporting food resources, like large herbivores and molluscs, to thrive and enabling hominin habitation. and activity in the Western Desert.

A standardised Landsat time series (1973–2016) of forest leaf area index using pseudoinvariant features and spectral vegetation index isolines and a catchment hydrology application

Remotely-sensed imagery from Landsat dating back to 1972 is now available from the United States Geological Survey free-of-charge as a level 1 terrain corrected product. However, to take full advantage of the time series requires that the earlier multispectral scanner (MSS) imagery be integrated with the later thematic mapper (TM), enhanced thematic mapper (ETM+) and operational land imager (OLI) imagery. Here we describe a simple, generic approach to processing Landsat scenes to develop a standardised time series of leaf area index, a key biophysical attribute of forests, for a study region in the northern jarrah forest of south-western Australia. The five-step approach utilised the main features in near infra-red (NIR)-red space of a dark point, soil line and a radiating set of ratio index isolines. Firstly, digital numbers were converted to top of atmosphere reflectance. Secondly, the red and NIR bands of all scenes were atmospheric corrected using long-established deep water supply reservoirs within the study region as invariant ‘dark objects’. Thirdly, adjustment of the NIR band such that the soil line was consistently located on the 1:1 line in NIR-red space across scenes both from the same sensor and from different sensors, taking advantage of a >40 year record of bauxite mining operations to identify pseudo-invariant bare-ground targets. Fourthly, an inter-sensor calibration of spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) to ensure that SVI isolines from different sensors were consistent. Finally, application of a relationship between SVIs and an extensive multi-year dataset of ground-based LAI measurements to generate a time-series of leaf area index (LAI). We demonstrate a simple application of the LAI time-series by investigating the relationship between rainfall, forest LAI as affected by different land use activities, and streamflow in the study region in the south west of Australia. The time-series could be used to improve prediction and modeling of hydrological changes in the region resulting from changes in catchment forest cover.

The roles of MCDW and deep water iron supply in sustaining a recurrent phytoplankton bloom on central Pennell Bank (Ross Sea)

During January–February 2011 standing stocks of phytoplankton (chl a) in the Pennell Bank region of the Ross Sea were variable over 10–100km spatial scales. One area of elevated chl a on central Pennell Bank (CPB) appeared to be a recurrent mid-summer feature. The western flank (WF) of Pennell Bank had pronounced signatures of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW). We evaluated the spatial extent of Fe limitation and net primary production and tested whether MCDW may provide elevated amounts of Fe to the CPB region, through a combination of in situ measurements, shipboard incubations and a horizontally resolved physical model. Regional fluxes of dissolved Fe from deep to surface waters were compared to calculated Fe demands. Low in situ variable to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm; 0.24–0.37) and surface water dissolved Fe concentrations (~0.12–0.21nM) were suggestive of widespread limitation, corroborated by the consistent responses (Fv/Fm, growth, and nutrient removal ratios) of incubation treatments to Fe addition. MCDW from the WF region had lower dissolved Fe concentrations than that measured in CDW (Circumpolar Deep Water), which suggests on-shelf modification with Fe deplete surface waters and is consistent with the lack of stimulation due to incubation amendments with filtered MCDW. Model results and empirical data suggest MCDW from the WF region is further modified and mixed en route to the CPB region, leading to both the erosion of the canonical MCDW signature and an elevated dissolved Fe inventory of CPB region deep water. This suggests the addition of Fe possibly via diagenesis, as suggested by Marsay et al. (2014). Calculated deep water supply rates to the surface waters of CPB were ~0.18–0.43md−1, while calculated rates at the WF or northern Pennell Bank (NPB) regions were negative. The CPB populations exhibited ~4.5-fold higher net production rates compared to those in the WF and NPB regions and required 520–3200nmolFem−2d−1. The modeled vertical supply rates seem to provide ~2–15% of the estimated Fe requirement. Since this flux is based on subsurface dissolved Fe inventories, it does not account for any bioavailable Fe from deep water particulate sources or for Fe recycling in the upper water column. These data suggest the recurrent productivity hotspots at CPB are not fueled by Fe-rich MCDW but are partially supported by the delivery of Fe through vertical exchange processes.

The volcanic and geothermally active Campi Flegrei caldera: an integrated multidisciplinary image of its buried structure

The Campi Flegrei caldera in southern Italy is one of the greatest geohazard areas on Earth. Evidence of an active magmatic and geothermal system is provided by ongoing ground uplift, with volcano-tectonic and long-period (LP) seismicity, the persistent degassing of ~1500 tonnes of CO2 per day, the presence of hot fumaroles at temperatures of 90–150 °C, brine-rich aquifers (with total dissolved solids up to 33 g l−1) and high thermal gradients in the crust (with temperatures reaching 420 °C at 3,050 m b.s.l.). Since the 1940s, more than 100 exploratory boreholes have been drilled in the area to depths of 80–3,100 m by the Azienda Geologica Italiana Petroli (AGIP) and the Societa Anonima Forze Endogene Napoletane (SAFEN). To date, however, no systematic reanalysis of the drilling data has been carried out, and the buried volcanic structure has not been updated using the most recent scientific results and previous findings. By integrating unpublished data from the AGIP and SAFEN reports with published information from geological, volcanological, petrological, petrophysical and geophysical studies, this paper presents an improved picture of the Campi Flegrei caldera that will be useful for volcanic hazard assessment and mitigation in the Naples area and for future research planning. The results suggest that intra-caldera activity has been influenced by how the magmatic system at depths greater than about 4 km has determined the transfer of magma, volatiles, and heat to the overlying geothermal system and, ultimately, to the surface. In particular, intriguing is that the most volcanically active central-eastern sector of the caldera, which is subject to intense bradyseismic ground movement and gas emission, coincides with a structurally delimited subsurface rock volume characterized by an uprising of the 100 °C isotherm, a deep water supply to the shallower aquifer, the early disappearance of secondary calcite, LP seismicity and high seismic S-wave attenuation. In this area, we also document evidence of repeated injection at depths of c. 1.5–3.0 km of isolated and small-volume batches of magma, where occurred their crystallization and degassing. Shallow intrusions and degassing of magma are thus identified as two of the key processes that drive unrest in Campi Flegrei.

Source and Transport of Human Enteric Viruses in Deep Municipal Water Supply Wells

Until recently, few water utilities or researchers were aware of possible virus presence in deep aquifers and wells. During 2008 and 2009 we collected a time series of virus samples from six deep municipal water-supply wells. The wells range in depth from approximately 220 to 300 m and draw water from a sandstone aquifer. Three of these wells draw water from beneath a regional aquitard, and three draw water from both above and below the aquitard. We also sampled a local lake and untreated sewage as potential virus sources. Viruses were detected up to 61% of the time in each well sampled, and many groundwater samples were positive for virus infectivity. Lake samples contained viruses over 75% of the time. Virus concentrations and serotypes observed varied markedly with time in all samples. Sewage samples were all extremely high in virus concentration. Virus serotypes detected in sewage and groundwater were temporally correlated, suggesting very rapid virus transport, on the order of weeks, from the source(s) to wells. Adenovirus and enterovirus levels in the wells were associated with precipitation events. The most likely source of the viruses in the wells was leakage of untreated sewage from sanitary sewer pipes.

Deep ocean mineral water accelerates recovery from physical fatigue

BackgroundDeep oceans have been suggested as a possible site where the origin of life occurred. Along with this theoretical lineage, experiments using components from deep ocean water to recreate life is underway. Here, we propose that if terrestrial organisms indeed evolved from deep oceans, supply of deep ocean mineral water (DOM) to humans, as a land creature, may replenish loss of molecular complexity associated with evolutionary sea-to-land migration.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover human study to evaluate the effect of DOM, taken from a depth of 662 meters off the coast of Hualien, Taiwan, on time of recovery from a fatiguing exercise conducted at 30°C.ResultsThe fatiguing exercise protocol caused a protracted reduction in aerobic power (reduced VO2max) for 48 h. However, DOM supplementation resulted in complete recovery of aerobic power within 4 h (P < 0.05). Muscle power was also elevated above placebo levels within 24 h of recovery (P < 0.05). Increased circulating creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin, indicatives of exercise-induced muscle damage, were completely eliminated by DOM (P < 0.05) in parallel with attenuated oxidative damage (P < 0.05).ConclusionOur results provide compelling evidence that DOM contains soluble elements, which can increase human recovery following an exhaustive physical challenge.

Reassessing the management of groundwater use from sandy aquifers: acidification and base cation depletion exacerbated by drought and groundwater withdrawal on the Gnangara Mound, Western Australia

The combined effects of low rainfall, groundwater withdrawal in excess of 300 GL/year and reduced recharge in areas covered by pine plantations has caused the water table in a sandy unconfined aquifer on the Gnangara Mound in Western Australia to drop by up to 5 m and aquifer storage to decline by about 500 GL over the last 20 years. Groundwater has become acidic in areas of high drawdown, with pH values typically being less than 5.0 at the water table, and elevated concentrations of SO42−, Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb. Trends of increasing acidity and base cation concentrations in deep water supply wells in the Mirrabooka wellfield indicate that about 0.7 keq/ha/year of base cations are being leached from soil within cones of depression of pumping wells. These results indicate that the assessment of the sustainable yields of aquifers under conditions of low rainfall needs to consider geochemical interactions between groundwater, aquifer sediments, soils and vegetation, and not be just based on aquifer hydraulics and water-balance changes.

Effect of Coalbed Methane Produced Water Discharge on Native and Reclaimed Stream Channels and Aquifers at Coal Mines in the Powder River Basin. Campbell County, Wyoming

Production of coalbed methane has released large amounts of ground water to native stream channels in the eastern Powder River Basin in the vicinity of the largest coal mines in the United States. Water is pumped from coalbed methane wells to relieve pressure in the coal seam and release methane gas from the seam into the well. Rapid drawdown of water levels in the coal due to coalbed methane production has been observed in mine monitoring wells. Optimally for methane production, water levels in the coal are kept near the top of the coal seam. Following a number of years of water production from coalbed methane wells, water levels in the coal aquifer decline to below optimal levels and pumping ceases. Discharge of coalbed methane produced water has rendered normally ephemeral and intermittent streams temporarily perennial and produced short and long term effects to surface and alluvial water quality. Through diversion or pumping, coalbed methane produced water has also flowed through reclaimed stream channels and temporarily changed the character of the channels. Within the mine sites, coalbed methane produced water has aided dust suppression efforts and reduced the need for pumping from deep water supply wells. Salts have been dissolved from native stream channels and often deposited on mine haul roads through road watering. Produced water flowing in reclaimed stream channels has aided wetlands establishment efforts, raised backfill water levels, and helped to enable pronounced changes in ground water quality.

천연 암반 심해수 공급이 흰쥐의 면역반응 및 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향

본 연구에서는 천연 암반심해수를 가축 음용수로 개발하고자 2.3% 염분을 함유하고, 칼륨(K), 마그네슘(Mg), 칼슘(Ca), 나트륨(Na), 철(Fe), 망간(Mn), 아연(Zn), 구리(Cu) 등의 광물질을 함유한 암반심해수를 0.5% 및 1%로 희석하여 흰쥐에 공급하며 면역 반응과 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 공시동물로 Sprague Dawley종의 수컷 흰쥐 24마리를 6마리 씩 대조군과 3개의 처리군으로 임의 배치하고, 대조군은 정제수를 급여하였고 처리군은 각각 0.5% 암반심해수, 1% 암반심해수, 지장수를 공급하여 4주 동안 사육하였다. 실험 결과, 1%의 암반수의 경우가 증체량 및 사료섭취량, 사료효율이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 총음수량은 대조군 보다 0.5% 암반심해수의 경우는 49%, 1% 암반심해수는 22.8%, 지장수는 40.5% 가량 더 많은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 각 조직무게의 경우, 지장수군의 신장주위지방과 정소상체지방은 각각 32%, 25% 적은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). B 세포와 T 세포 자극능은 처리군중에서 0.5% 암반심해수 급여군이 가장 높아 대조군보다 44.7%와 207% 증가한 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 또 0.5% 암반심해수가 혈청 내 triglyceride는 4%, Free fatty acid는 4%, LDL- cholesterol은 45.9% 감소시키는 등 지질성분 변화에 가장 긍정적인 효과를 나타내었다. 항산화 활성의 경우 TBARS의 양은 0.5% 암반심해수는 21.8%, 1% 암반심해수는 34.7%, 지장수는 20.8% 정도 감소하였다. catalase 활성은 0.5% 암반심해수가 약 2.9배, 지장수가 약 1.6배 증가하였으며, Cu/Zn SOD 활성은 0.5% 암반심해수,가 약 1.5배, 1% 암반심해수가 약 1.7배 ,지장수가 약 1.2배 증가하였으며, MnSOD 활성은 모든 처리군이 대조군에 비해 약간 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 가축에 0.5% 암반심해수의 급여는 LDL 콜레스테롤의 농도가 감소되고, 면역 활성 및 항산화효소 활성이 높아지는 등 고급 축산물생산의 음용수로 유익할 것으로 고찰되었다. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of the natural deep sea water, which contained approximately 2.3% salt, and various minerals of K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu etc, on the immune response and antioxidant activity in rats. 24 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allotted to a control group and 3 treatment groups. Control rats were supplied with filtered tap water, and each treatment group rats were supplied with 0.5% deep sea water, 1% deep sea water and Jijangsoo, respectively, which is upper clear water separated from sediment by the clay. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment that lasted for 4 weeks. The results showed that 1% deep sea water group showed the highest values in weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency than those of other groups. The levels of water intake of 1%- and 0.5%-deep sea water, and Jijangsoo group were 49.1%, 22.8%, and 40.5% higher than that of control group, respectively. The Jijangsoo group rats showed that perirenal and epididymal adipose tissue weights were decreased by 32% and 25%(p<0.05), respectively, when compared to control group rats. There were no remarkable differences of serum glucose concentration among all experimental groups. However, insulin concentration of experimental groups were remarkably increased in order of Jijangsoo (4.54), 1% deep sea water (3.70), 0.5% deep sea water (3.25)(p<0.05). B cell and T cell stimulation were increased about 44.7% and 207%, respectively, by 0.5% deep sea water in comparison with control (p<0.05). TBARS values of 0.5 % deep sea water group were significantly lower than that of control(p<0.05). Catalase and SOD activities of 0.5 % deep sea water group were 200% and 47% higher than that of control, respectively. From the results, it can be concluded that the supply of natural deep sea water can slightly improve the physiological activity which modulates immune response and antioxidant activity in rats.

Deep Cyclonic Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The anticyclonic Loop Current dominates the upper-layer flow in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, with a weaker mean anticyclonic pattern in the western gulf. There are reasons, however, to suspect that the deep mean flow should actually be cyclonic. Topographic wave rectification and vortex stretching contribute to this cyclonic tendency, as will the supply of cold incoming deep water at the edges of the basin. The authors find that the deep mean flow is cyclonic both in the eastern and western gulf, with speeds on the order of 1–2 cm s−1 at 2000 m. Historical current-meter mooring data, as well as profiling autonomous Lagrangian circulation explorer (PALACE) floats (at 900 m), suggest that vertical geostrophic shear relative to 1000 m gives a surprisingly accurate result in the interior of the basin. The temperature around the edges of the basin at 2000 m is coldest near the Yucatan Channel, where Caribbean Sea water is colder by ∼0.1°C. The temperature increases steadily with distance in the counterclockwise direction from the Yucatan, consistent with a deep mean cyclonic boundary flow.

Response of the Greenland-Scotland overflow to changing deep water supply from the Arctic Mediterranean

[1] A simple two-layer channel model with a topographic barrier is used to study the response of the overflows across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge to changes in the available volume of deep and intermediate waters in the Nordic Seas. Hydraulic control determines the deep exchange through the different gaps in the ridge while a geostrophic balance in the north provides the respective upstream conditions. In the model the overflow through Denmark Strait is more sensitive to changes in the deep water supply than that of the Faeroe-Bank Channel, but no sudden breakdown of the exchanges across the ridge is seen when the supply decreases. Transport variations in the East-Greenland Current have only minor influence on the total overflow.

English

Coal bed methane production has recently begun in the vicinity of the North Antelope Rochelle Mine (NARM) in Campbell County, Wyoming, the world's largest coal mine. In order to supplement the mine's water supply and to reduce use of deep water supply wells placed in the Fort Union and Fox Hills Formations, the mine's upstream flood control system has been designed to capture and temporarily hold water produced from coal bed methane operations. Water will then be pumped into the mine and held for dust suppression operations and facilities use. Water from coal bed methane operations will also aid in the establishment of wetlands and other reclamation features and will help to raise mine backfill water levels. Water discharged from the coal bed methane operations near to NARM is expected to be of very high quality. Water discharged from the mine has also been shown to be of high quality by monitoring of flow on downstream Porcupine Creek. This should continue when coal bed methane development in the Porcupine Creek drainage reaches its full potential. The use of coal bed methane produced water at NARM will lessen the impact of coal bed methane production on the Cheyenne River, where irrigators are concerned about the detrimental impact of produced water on the surface water quality.