Carbohydrate Supply Research Articles

257 Total degradable and undegradable protein and carbohydrate supply to dairy cows from the newly developed blended fat stimulated feed product in comparison with commercial protein and energy feeds

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine total rumen degradable and undegradable protein and carbohydrate supply to dairy cows from the newly developed value-added blended fat stimulated feed product (BFSFP) in comparison with commercial protein and energy feeds. The new blended fat stimulated feed products with three-batch samples (BFSFP1, BFSFP2, BFSFP3) were developed. Barley grain samples (n = 3) and canola meal samples (n = 3) were obtained from Canadian Feed Research Center. Total rumen degradable and undegradable protein and carbohydrate supply to dairy cows were determined using the updated Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. The treatment design was a one-way structure. The experimental design was a CRD with feed treatments as a fixed effect. The data were analyzed using the Mixed model procedure of SAS. Tukey method was used for mean separation. The results showed that compared with commercially available energy-rich and protein-rich feeds, the BFSFP had less (P < 0.05) total degradable protein supply to dairy cows (TRDP: 17.0 vs. 23.9, 7.4%DM) and total undegradable protein supply (TRUP: 13.9 vs. 17.8, 5.1%DM) than canola meal and greater than barley grain. For carbohydrate degradable and undegradable supply to dairy cows, the results showed that the BFSFP had greater (P < 0.05) total degradable carbohydrate supply to dairy cows (TRUC) than canola meal and less than barley grain (TRDC: 26.0 vs. 20.8, 56.6%DM, respectively). The BFSFP had greater total undegradable carbohydrate supply (TRUC) than canola meal and barley grain (supply (TRUC: 30.3 vs. 28.7, 26.6%DM, respectively, P = 0.09).

Quality and Quantity of School Lunch in Nanjing: Based on Data from the Sunshine Restaurant Supervision Platform.

School lunch plays an important role in children's healthy growth. Previous investigations revealed many problems with school lunches, including unreasonable dietary structure and insufficient micronutrients. This study aimed to assess the dietary structure and nutritional quality of lunches in Nanjing primary and middle schools. A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 44 schools that supply lunch in 12 districts in Nanjing, with two primary and two middle schools in each district. Twenty-four primary and twenty middle schools were selected. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to explore the influencing factors. Findings revealed a serious shortage of milk and fruit in school lunches; supply of eggs, fish, shrimp, and shellfish was less than half of the recommended quantity; livestock and poultry supply exceeded the recommended level by over four times. Energy and nutrition intake were suboptimal. Provision of energy, carbohydrates, vitamins (A, B1, B2, and C), calcium, and iron in urban primary schools was significantly higher than that in non-urban primary schools. The same pattern of significantly higher nutrients was equally seen in urban middle schools compared with non-urban middle schools, indicating that food supply was affected by regional economies. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the quality of lunches, with a particular focus on those in non-urban areas.

Connection of spectral pattern of carbohydrate molecular structure to alteration of nutritional properties of coffee by-products after fermentation.

The objective of this study was to determine internal structure spectral profile of by-products from coffee processing that were affected by added-microorganism fermentation duration in relation to truly absorbed feed nutrient supply in ruminant system. The by-products from coffee processing were fermented using commercial fermentation product, consisting of various microorganisms: for 0 (control), 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. In this study, carbohydrate-related spectral profiles of coffee by-products were correlated with their chemical and nutritional properties (chemical composition, total digestible nutrient, bioenergy values, carbohydrate sub-fractions and predicted degradation and digestion parameters as well as milk value of feed). The vibrational spectra of coffee by-products samples after fermentation for 0 (control), 7, 14, 21, and 28 days were determined using a JASCO FT/IR-4200 spectroscopy coupled with accessory of attenuated total reflectance (ATR). The molecular spectral analyses with univariate approach were conducted with the OMNIC 7.3 software. Molecular spectral analysis parameters in fermented and non-fermented byproducts from coffee processing included structural carbohydrate, cellulosic compounds, non-structural carbohydrates, lignin compound, CH-bending, structural carbohydrate peak1, structural carbohydrate peak2, structural carbohydrate peak3, hemicellulosic compound, non-structural carbohydrate peak1, non-structural carbohydrate peak2, nonstructural carbohydrate peak3. The study results show that added-microorganism fermentation induced chemical and nutritional changes of coffee by-products including carbohydrate chemical composition profiles, bioenergy value, feed milk value, carbohydrate subfractions, estimated degradable and undegradable fractions in the rumen, and intestinal digested nutrient supply in ruminant system. In conclusion, carbohydrate nutrition value changes by added-microorganism fermentation duration were in an agreement with the change of their spectral profile in the coffee by-products. The studies show that the vibrational ATR-FT/IR spectroscopic technique could be applied as a rapid analytical tool to evaluate fermented by-products and connect with truly digestible carbohydrate supply in ruminant system.

Carbohydrate distribution via SWEET17 is critical for Arabidopsis inflorescence branching under drought.

Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) are the most recently discovered family of plant sugar transporters. By acting as uniporters, SWEETs facilitate the diffusion of sugars across cell membranes and play an important role in various physiological processes such as abiotic stress adaptation. AtSWEET17, a vacuolar fructose facilitator, was shown to be involved in the modulation of the root system during drought. In addition, previous studies have shown that overexpression of an apple homolog leads to increased drought tolerance in tomato plants. Therefore, SWEET17 might be a molecular element involved in plant responses to drought. However, the role and function of SWEET17 in above-ground tissues of Arabidopsis under drought stress remain elusive. By combining gene expression analysis and stem architecture with the sugar profiles of different above-ground tissues, we uncovered a putative role for SWEET17 in carbohydrate supply and thus cauline branch elongation, especially during periods of carbon limitation, as occurs under drought stress. Thus, SWEET17 seems to be involved in maintaining efficient plant reproduction under drought stress conditions.

Silencing of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone gene expression reveals the characteristic energy and metabolic changes in the gills and epidermis of crayfish Procambarus clarkii.

The crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) is a multifaceted neuropeptide instrumental in regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, reproduction, osmoregulation, molting, and metamorphosis. Despite its significance, there is a dearth of research on its metabolic impact on the gills and epidermis-key organs in osmoregulation and molting processes. This study employed CHH dsRNA injections to silence CHH gene expression in Procambarus clarkii, followed by a metabolomic analysis of the gills and epidermis using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolic profiling through principal component analysis revealed the most pronounced changes at 24h post-injection (hpi) in the epidermis and at 48hpi in the gills. At 24hpi, the epidermis exhibited significant modulation in 25 enrichment sets and 20 KEGG pathways, while at 48hpi, 5 metabolite sets and 6 KEGG pathways were prominently regulated. Notably, pathways associated with amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were affected. A marked decrease in glucose and other carbohydrates suggested a compromised carbohydrate supply, whereas increased levels of citrate cycle intermediates implied a potential boost in energy provision. The silencing of CHH gene expression hampered the carbohydrate supply, which was possibly the main energy derived substrates. Conversely, the gills displayed significant alterations in 15 metabolite sets and 16 KEGG pathways at 48 hpi, with no significant changes at 24hpi. These changes encompassed amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism pathways. The decline in TCA cycle intermediates pointed to a potential downregulation of the cycle, whereas a decrease in ketone bodies indicated a shift towards lipid metabolism for energy production. Additionally, increased levels of nicotinate, nicotinamide, and quinolinate were observed in both organs. Overall, CHH's impact on the epidermis was prominent at 24hpi and diminished thereafter, whereas its influence on metabolism in gills was delayed but intensified at 48hpi. This differential CHH effect between gills and epidermis in P. clarkii provides new insights into the organ-specific regulatory mechanisms of CHH on energy metabolism and osmoregulation, warranting further comparative studies to elucidate the distinct roles of CHH in these organs.

Health behaviour in baby boomers and Generations X, Y, and Z: focus on dietary fibre and saturated fat intake

Purpose: To assess the frequency of food intake as a source of dietary fibre and saturated fatty acid intake in terms of preventive health care for women and men of the baby boomer (BB), X, Y, and Z generations. Design/methodology/approach: The research instrument was a survey questionnaire administered through the computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) method using Google Forms. The survey was conducted from February to March 2023. The survey included 204 respondents between the ages of 19 and 60, residents of Gdynia. Purposive group selection was used. The results of the survey are presented as the percentage distribution (percentage) of each evaluation (% of indications). A chi-square test with Yates correction was used to determine the effect of gender and age on lifestyle, dietary style and frequency of dietary fibre and saturated fatty acid intake in the study groups. Findings: Analysis of the consumption of selected food groups by respondents showed that gender and age influenced the lifestyle and type of selected food products consumed by adults, and therefore the attainment of individual nutrient requirements, and the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. It is satisfactory that the level of fat intake among the surveyed group of respondents was at an appropriately low level. On the other hand, the inadequate and very low intake of dietary fibre among women and men remains a concern. Research limitations/implications: The research has certain limitations. The results obtained are not representative and cannot be generalised to the population of women and men of the baby boomer (BB), X, Y and Z generations in Poland. Practical implications: The present study is part of health risk management and health promotion in the Polish population. It is important that adults (in Poland) pay attention to the impact of the products they consume on their health, since the lack of a balanced diet and an excessive supply of simple carbohydrates and saturated fatty acids carries a risk of reducing their quality of life. It is essential to conduct research monitoring the dietary behaviour of various population groups to evaluate the need for preventive actions to ensure health and better safeguard the mental and physical condition of current and future generations. Social implications: The research is part of health risk management and health promotion in the Polish population. Originality/value: The research adds to the knowledge of adult eating behaviour from the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. Keywords: adult consumers, eating habits, health-related quality of life. Category of the paper: Research paper

Ketogenic Diet: A Review of Composition Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application.

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a special high-fat, very low-carbohydrate diet with the amount of protein adjusted to one's requirements. By lowering the supply of carbohydrates, this diet induces a considerable change in metabolism (of protein and fat) and increases the production of ketone bodies. The purpose of this article is to review the diversity of composition, mechanism of action, clinical application and risk associated with the KD. In the last decade, more and more results of the diet's effects on obesity, diabetes and neurological disorders, among other examples have appeared. The beneficial effects of the KD on neurological diseases are related to the reconstruction of myelin sheaths of neurons, reduction of neuron inflammation, decreased production of reactive oxygen species, support of dopamine production, repair of damaged mitochondria and formation of new ones. Minimizing the intake of carbohydrates results in the reduced absorption of simple sugars, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels and fluctuations of glycaemia in diabetes. Studies on obesity indicate an advantage of the KD over other diets in terms of weight loss. This may be due to the upregulation of the biological activity of appetite-controlling hormones, or to decreased lipogenesis, intensified lipolysis and increased metabolic costs of gluconeogenesis. However, it is important to be aware of the side effects of the KD. These include disorders of the digestive system as well as headaches, irritability, fatigue, the occurrence of vitamin and mineral deficiencies and worsened lipid profile. Further studies aimed to determine long-term effects of the KD are required.

A low carbon balance triggers Microvine inflorescence abscission at high temperatures

IntroductionGlobal warming is a major threat to yield sustainability in most crops, including grapevine. Whether or not grapevine fruitfulness is impaired by an imbalance between carbon supply and demand caused by high temperatures was investigated in the present study.MethodsFive experiments were conducted on Microvine, a natural mutant of grapevine that is insensitive to gibberellins, presents with a dwarf stature, and has continuous flowering along the vegetative axes. The last property was used to infer temporal patterns of inflorescence development from their spatial distribution at harvest. Two sets of plants, characterized by low or high levels of initial shoot vigor, were grown under contrasting day and night temperatures: 22°C/12°C and 30°C/20°C.Results and discussionThe rate of leaf development of the main shoot was stable, regardless of the initial vigor and temperature treatment. In contrast, the warm temperatures delayed the timing of flowering for low-vigor plants or the onset of ripening for high-vigor plants. Fruitfulness was impaired by high temperatures as a result of the abscission of young inflorescences (before the flowering stage). From a careful spatiotemporal analysis of cluster abscission, we concluded that inflorescence drop under elevated temperatures was triggered by the increase in plant carbon demand due to the oldest clusters starting to unload sugars. Elevated temperatures may have also lowered the carbohydrate supply in the zone of inflorescence abscission due to the higher leaf respiration while all organ growth demand was maintained. Interestingly, inflorescence abscission occurred earlier when whole-plant vigor was low and was followed by a recovery period, in spite of a lower non-structural sugar status than in high-vigor plants. Taken together, our results suggest that inflorescence abscission is linked to the variations of the carbon pool induced by changes in temperature and not to its absolute value. Our study, therefore, provides new hypotheses about the impacts of warm temperatures on the regulation of temperature-induced reproductive failure in grapevine.

A carbon-nitrogen negative feedback loop underlies the repeated evolution of cnidarian–Symbiodiniaceae symbioses

Symbiotic associations with Symbiodiniaceae have evolved independently across a diverse range of cnidarian taxa including reef-building corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation and repeated evolution are still elusive. Here, we show that despite their independent evolution, cnidarian hosts use the same carbon-nitrogen negative feedback loop to control symbiont proliferation. Symbiont-derived photosynthates are used to assimilate nitrogenous waste via glutamine synthetase–glutamate synthase-mediated amino acid biosynthesis in a carbon-dependent manner, which regulates the availability of nitrogen to the symbionts. Using nutrient supplementation experiments, we show that the provision of additional carbohydrates significantly reduces symbiont density while ammonium promotes symbiont proliferation. High-resolution metabolic analysis confirmed that all hosts co-incorporated glucose-derived 13C and ammonium-derived 15N via glutamine synthetase–glutamate synthase-mediated amino acid biosynthesis. Our results reveal a general carbon-nitrogen negative feedback loop underlying these symbioses and provide a parsimonious explanation for their repeated evolution.

Insights from multi-omics integration into seed germination of Taxus chinensis var mairei

The transition from deep dormancy to seed germination is essential for the life cycle of plants, but how this process occurs in the gymnosperm Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis var mairei), the natural source of the anticancer drug paclitaxel, remains unclear. Herein, we analyse the transcriptome, proteome, spatial metabolome, and spatial lipidome of the Chinese yew and present the multi-omics profiles of dormant and germinating seeds. Our results show that abscisic acid and gibberellic acid 12 homoeostasis is closely associated with gene transcription and protein translation, and the balance between these phytohormones thereby determines if seeds remain dormant or germinate. We find that an energy supply of carbohydrates from glycolysis and the TCA cycle feed into the pentose phosphate pathway during seed germination, and energy supplied from lipids are mainly derived from the lipolysis of triacylglycerols. Using mass spectrometry imaging, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution of plant hormones and phospholipids has a remarkable influence on embryo development. We also provide an atlas of the spatial distribution of paclitaxel C in Chinese yew seeds for the first time. The data from this study enable exploration of the germination mechanism of Chinese yew seeds across several omics levels.

Over-activation of cold tolerance in arabidopsis causes carbohydrate shortage compared with Chorispora bungeana

Many plants cope with cold stress by developing acquired freezing tolerance (AFT) through cold acclimation (CA), and some species have strong basal freezing tolerance (BFT) independent of CA. Although CA has been extensively studied, its potential in agricultural applications is still unclear. Here, carbohydrate metabolism and transcriptome in AFT plant Arabidopsis and BFT plant Chorispora bungeana were compared with each other. The results showed that, although both species were able to accumulate soluble sugars during CA, leaf starch accumulation in the daytime was almost blocked in Arabidopsis while it was greatly enhanced in C. bungeana, revealing that Arabidopsis experienced carbohydrate shortage during CA. Transcriptome and pathway enrichment analysis found that genes for photosynthesis antenna proteins were generally repressed by cold stress in both species. However, cold-up-regulated genes were enriched in protein translation in Arabidopsis, whilst they were enriched in carotenoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and beta-amylases in C. bungeana. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that the inhibition of starch accumulation was associated with down-regulation of genes for photosynthesis antenna proteins and up-regulation of genes for protein translation, DNA repair, and proteasome in Arabidopsis but not in C. bungeana. Taken together, our results revealed that over-activation of common tolerant mechanisms resulted in insufficient carbohydrate supplies in Arabidopsis during CA, and photoprotective mechanisms played important roles in cold adaptation of C. bungeana. These findings uncovered the drawback of CA in improving freezing tolerance and highlighted photoprotection as a possible solution for agricultural applications.

Agronomic and Physiological Performances of High-Quality Indica Rice under Moderate and High-Nitrogen Conditions in Southern China

High-quality (i.e., higher appearance and eating quality) rice (Oryza sativa L.) is being increasingly and widely planted in China with the improvement of people’s living standards and the achievement of rice breeding efforts in recent years. However, the agronomic and physiological performances of high-quality indica rice (HQIR) under different nitrogen (N) application conditions in southern China are little known. Two-year consecutive field experiments were conducted with two HQIR and two ordinary-quality indica rice (OQIR) varieties under moderate and high-N application rates, with yield and yield components, biomass, N uptake, and their related traits, being investigated. We found that grain yields of HQIR were slightly decreased, but grain yields of OQIR were significantly increased by 7.0–9.6% under a high N rate, compared with a moderate N rate within two years. Thereby, OQIR produced a 5.7–14.7% and 18.7–25.6% higher grain yield than HQIR under moderate and high N rates, respectively. The different responses of grain yield to N application rates were mainly due to a decreased grain setting rate in HQIR and increased spikelets m−2 in OQIR under a high N rate. Furthermore, a high N rate significantly reduced pre-anthesis AE (apparent exportation of pre-anthesis stem and leaf blade dry matter) and improved the grain-leaf area ratio, while it did not increase post-anthesis dry matter, compared with a moderate N rate in HQIR, which might result in carbon-metabolic deterioration, an imbalance of the source–sink relationship and, subsequently, a lower supply of carbohydrate in panicle. Our results suggest that a moderate N rate (165 kg N ha−1) is beneficial for the HQIR varieties to balance the maximum grain yield and high quality in southern China.

Peels extract of, and and it\'s antioxidant efficacy

The primary supply of minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and other nutrients in the globe is found in fruits and fruit peels. They are a source of supplementary antioxidants as well. DPPH radical scavenging, Catalase activity, and Total Reducing Power were used to assess the antioxidant potential of Punica granatum, Citrus limetta, and Musa paradisiaca. The best antioxidant activity for DPPH assays is demonstrated by methanol peel extracts of Punica granatum (97.35), Musa paradisiaca (98.1), and Citrus limetta (96.08) at a concentration of 0.1 mM/ml. Citrus limetta and Musa paradisiaca had the highest antioxidant capabilities, with catalase activity of fresh Punica granatum peel measuring 0.13 mg/ml, 0.02 mg/ml, and 0.02 mg/ml, respectively. The greatest total decreasing inhibition. Citrus limetta (98.35%), Musa paradisiaca (97.53%), and Punica granatum peel extract have the highest levels of overall reducing power inhibition. The antioxidant efficiency of each fruit peel extract used in the current study is good.

Study of Mineral Composition and Quality of Fruit Using Vascular Restrictions in Branches of Sweet Cherry.

Calcium (Ca) and carbohydrate (CHO) supply in sweet cherry have been associated with fruit quality at harvest and during storage. There is little published information integrating CHO and Ca availability and distribution in sweet cherry and their effects on fruit quality. Accordingly, in the 2019-20 season, vascular restrictions were imposed on the phloem (girdling, G, stopping phloem flow) and xylem (transverse incision, S, cutting 50% of xylem cross-section area) of individual vertical branches of the sweet cherry combination 'Lapins'/Colt trained as Kym Green Bush system to modify mineral and CHO composition in fruit and associate such changes with quality at harvest and storage. The girdling to the phloem was used to induce changes in CHO distribution. The transverse incision to the xylem was a tool to modify Ca distribution. Five treatments (TR) were implemented: TR1-CTL = Control (without vascular restriction), TR2-G, at its base, TR3-G + G: at its base, and G further up at the change of year between the second and the third years of growth TR4--S and TR5-S + G. The vegetative (i.e., shoot and leaf growth), reproductive (i.e., fruit set and yield) development and stomatal conductance were monitored. Each branch was divided into the upper (1-and 2-year-old wood) and the lower (3-and 4-year-old wood) segments of the restriction applied. The quality and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, and N) of fruit borne on each segment were measured at harvest. The upper segment of TR3-G + G branches were harvested 10 d before the lower segment. The fruit from the upper segment of TR3-G + G was the largest, the sweetest, and had the higher titratable acidity concentration. However, fruits of this segment were the softest, had the lowest Ca concentrations, and had the highest ratios of N:Ca and K:Ca, compared with the other TRs. TR3-G + G branches developed the highest number of lateral current season shoots including shoots below the second girdling in the lower segment of the branch. This vegetative flow of growth would explain the mineral unbalance produced in the fruit from the upper segment of the branch. TR2-G did not register changes in fruit quality and mineral concentration compared with TR1-CTL. Surprisingly, the fruit from the branches with xylem restriction did not show changes in Ca concentration, suggesting that the xylem stream was enough to supply the fruit in branches without lateral shoot development. Fruit firmness was positively related to fruit Ca concentration and negatively related to the ratios of K:Ca and N:Ca.

Fungal wood-degrading enzymes in esca-diseased grapevine and effects of carbohydrate environment on fungal development.

In esca disease affecting grapevines, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum colonize the woody parts of the trunks and arms, where they obtain nutrition from xylem sap and, potentially, from residues resulting from the enzymatic breakdown of lignified cell walls, particularly osidic residues. We quantified the secretion of lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase by these fungi in woody tissues of selectively infected cuttings using immunolabeling and transmission electron microscopy. Our results indicated that the detection of these enzymes was generally higher in tissues infected with Phaeoacremonium minimum. These data were confirmed through immunodetection of enzymes secreted by hyphae of fungi grown in vitro. Additionally, we observed that the supply of various carbohydrates (mono, di, tri and tetrasaccharides and polymers) differentially influenced fungal growth and polypeptide secretion. Since some secreted polypeptides display detrimental effects on grapevine cells, these results raise the question of whether the carbohydrate environment could be a factor affecting the aggressiveness of these pathogens.

Improving food system sustainability: Grid-scale crop layout model considering resource-environment-economy-nutrition

Rapidly growing population has led to increasing food demands and greater food system pressure. It is urged to find a way to improve the sustainability of food system. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a regional crop layout model (CAMOO-Crop) combining cellular automata model with multi-objective optimization model to improve food system sustainability. The model can (1) consider the carbon sequestration of farmland vegetation, carbon emissions from production inputs, and human demand for crop nutrient supply, (2) balance the trade-offs among multiple dimensions of resource, environment, economy and nutrition in the crop food system, (3) obtain grid-scale crop space layout schemes considering special distribution. The model was applied to the Shiyang River Basin in China to verify its effectiveness. After optimization, crop water productivity per unit area increased by 2.12%, carbon sequestration increased by 0.32%, carbon emission decreased by 1.87%, the net benefit increased by 2.66%, carbohydrate supply decreased by 0.19%, calcium supply increased by 5.74%. In addition, a cropland-scale food system sustainability evaluation index system was constructed, and the Food System Sustainability Index (FSSI) and Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD) were introduced to evaluate the sustainability of food systems under different crop layout scenarios. The results showed that compared with single-objective model scenario and the status quo, CAMOO-Crop model performed best, with FSSI from 0.70 to 0.91; CCD from 0.83 to 0.95. The developed model can promote sustainable development of the regional food system and guide decision-makers to rationally distribute regional crops.

Hepatopathies of monogastric animals under the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals

As is known, the liver in the body of mammalian animals converts nutrients into other chemical formations, which are later used by the body itself or are excreted. Also, this organ performs a detoxification function. The liver contains the necessary supply of blood, vitamins and carbohydrates for the animal, as well as the synthesis of some blood proteins and other vital organic substances. It is known that up to 1,000 different biochemical processes take place in this largest gland of the body, however, due to the enormous load on the hepatocyte, it often undergoes destruction. The level and intensity of metabolic processes in the body of animals depends on the morphofunctional state of this organ. The aim of the research was to study the spread and manifestation of hepatopathy in monogastric animals in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals. The liver of the studied animals (rabbits and dogs) was selected for morphohistological studies. Based on the conducted studies and analysis of the results obtained, it was found that various types of hepatopathy in rabbits with unbalanced feeding and feeding with substandard feed were observed in 45% of cases, and in dogs - in 41.7% of cases. For the digestive glands, both substandard commercial feed and feed prepared by the owners of animals themselves have a negative impact. At the same time, the degree of liver dysfunction did not depend on whether the animals were fed industrial feed or food "from the table". In the course of our research, the following data were obtained: during morphological examination of the liver of rabbits, pathologies were established in 45% of cases, of which hydropic dystrophy -10%, hepatosis -20%, cirrhosis -15%. Liver dysfunction, as an independent disease, was registered in dogs in 14.1% of cases. In experimental dogs, we treated the following types of liver lesions: 42% - liver steatosis, 24.5% - liver inflammation, 12% - liver cirrhosis, 19.2% - cholecystitis, 2.3% - liver neoplasms.

Effects of Altering Carbohydrate Supply to Fruit during Development on the Carpometric and Qualitative Characteristics of “Feminello Zagara Bianca” Lemon

In this study, the effects of altering carbohydrate supply, carried out through branch girdling, on the carpometric and qualitative characteristics of the Feminello Zagara Bianca variety lemon fruits were evaluated. Four girdling times (70, 100, 130, 160 days) were compared with a control. The results showed important effects of alteration times of the supply of carbohydrates to fruit sinks on many carpometric and qualitative characteristics of lemons. Fruits from trees with early girdled branches (70 and 100 DAFB) showed higher weights and juice contents than those with later girdled branches (130 and 160 DAFB) and from ungirdled trees. The increased availability of carbohydrates for fruit in the initial period of the cell enlargement phase allowed the lemons of the trees girdled at 70 and 100 DAFB to anticipate the degreening process of the peel and pulp and ripening process. The advancement of the ripening process determined that the fruits of trees with early girdled branches had a lower acidity content compared with those harvested after the catabolism of citric acid. The knowledge acquired with this study provides new information on factors affecting the growth and ripening of lemons, the improvement of fruit quality, and the anticipation of harvest time.

Sunflower cake versus soybean meal and alfalfa for nitrogen utilization when crude protein and non-fiber carbohydrate levels are equivalent.

The reported efficiency of N usage by sunflower cake (SFC) was inferior to that of soybean meal (SBM) in a study in which the non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) content was lower in the SFC diet. Here, we adjusted crude protein (CP) and NFC levels to near-equivalence among three diets containing SFC or SBM for four non-lactating Holstein cows. Alfalfa hay was also added to the comparison. The results demonstrated that the total digestible nutrient contents were not significantly different among the diets. Intake N, fecal N, absorbed N, urinary N, and retained N did not differ significantly among the diets. The efficiency of N usage in the body (retained N/absorbed N) did not differ significantly among the diets. No between-diet difference was observed in the protein- and energy-related ruminal and blood properties, including the estimated microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. These results suggest that regardless of the quality and balance of amino acids in a feed, the efficiency of N usage can be improved by a supply of digestible carbohydrates, which leads to an increase in ruminal microbial protein.

Effect of Requisite Nutrition for Athletes of Endurance Training: A Non-Empirical Review

Weakness during endurance exercise is associated with a reduction in muscle glycogen beyond the physiological basal level, the response to compensate for this effect has been through the increase in carbohydrate uptake. Also, other dietary combinations have shown effectiveness in the required carbohydrate supply in improving the performance of athletes before and during endurance workouts. The search was made in Green Science Hub, PubMed, Free Full PDF, and World Wide Web for randomized trials published from 1995 to 2022 with a basic interest in performance in endurance exercise. All citations amounted to 22 which were examined based on the inclusion criteria of randomization or crossover allocation to diet and the basic result was endurance performance. Four full-text articles qualified for inclusion and were added to the current review. In the days to weeks before testing, one trial with an increased fat diet versus carbohydrate enhanced performance, others proved infinitesimal in effect. There was no advantage in changing protein for carbohydrates during this period, but hazelnut consumption improved performance. In the pre-event meal, fat improved performance in combination with carbohydrate intake. During endurance events, interchanging carbohydrates with protein had different results on performance and should be studied more. Conclusively, carbohydrate provides the highest energy before and during activities for all endurance performance compared to other ones needed in high amount, including water.