Supper Time Research Articles

Associations between Supper Timing and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease among People with and without Hypertension.

Less is known about the impact of supper time on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among hypertensives and nonhypertensives. We aimed to explore this issue in a cohort study. We analyzed the data of 72,658 participants (15,386 hypertensives and 57,272 nonhypertensives) aged 40-79 years without a history of CVD at baseline (1988-1990) under the Japan Collaborative Cohort study. Supper time was assessed based on self-reported questionnaires categorized as before 17:00, between 17:00 and 20:00, after 20:00, irregular supper time, and reference supper time (17:00-20:00). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of CVD mortality were calculated according to supper time after adjustment for potential confounders, stratified by hypertensive status and age group (＜65 and ≥ 65 years). During a median of 19.4 years of follow-up, 4,850 CVD deaths were recorded. Compared with the reference time, the risk of CVD mortality was higher for irregular supper time for the total population, either hypertensives or nonhypertensives, more specifically hypertensives aged ≥ 65 years; the multivariable HR (95% CI) of CVD mortality in the total population was 1.28 (1.11-1.50, P＜0.01). The supper time of ＞20:00 tended to be associated with the higher risk only for hypertensives; the multivariable HR was 1.39 (0.98-1.96, P=0.06). Irregular supper time was associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality. Supper timing could be a surrogate marker for CVD risk.

Associations of endurance, muscle strength, and balanced exercise with subjective sleep quality in sedentary workers: A cross-sectional study.

The optimal exercise combination for improving sleep quality among sedentary workers is unclear. To reveal what combination of exercises contributes to good sleep quality. In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 5,201 sedentary workers who underwent health examinations in 2019. Data on sleep quality, basic attributes, energy expenditure, and lifestyle aspects such as exercise and physical activity, supper time close to bedtime, and alcohol intake were obtained. The subjects reported their exercise habits by selecting up to three forms of exercise from a list of 182 options, which were classified into three types: endurance (e.g., jogging), muscle strength (e.g., bench pressing), and balanced types which combined both endurance and muscle strength characteristics. (e.g., walking). These forms were then categorized into eight combination patterns: endurance only; muscle strength only; balanced only; endurance and muscle strength; endurance and balanced; muscle strength and balanced; all types; and absence of any exercise habits. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between the exercise combination patterns and sleep quality. Good sleep quality was significantly associated with "endurance" (OR = 1.419; 95% CI 1.110-1.814), "balanced only" (OR = 1.474; 95% CI 1.248-1.741), and "endurance and balance" (OR = 1.782; 95% CI 1.085-2.926) exercise patterns. No significant associations were found between the combinations that included muscle strength exercises and sleep quality. The endurance or balanced-type exercises, or a combination of both, may help to improve the sleep quality of sedentary workers as part of occupational health management.

Supper Timing and Cardiovascular Mortality: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study.

Evidence on the role of supper timing in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is limited. In this study, we examined the associations between supper timing and risks of mortality from stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), and total CVD. A total of 28,625 males and 43,213 females, aged 40 to 79 years, free from CVD and cancers at baseline were involved in this study. Participants were divided into three groups: the early supper group (before 8:00 p.m.), the irregular supper group (time irregular), and the late supper group (after 8:00 p.m.). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for stroke, CHD, and total CVD according to the supper time groups. During the 19-year follow-up, we identified 4706 deaths from total CVD. Compared with the early supper group, the multivariable HR of hemorrhagic stroke mortality for the irregular supper group was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.97). There was no significant association between supper timing and the risk of mortality from other types of stroke, CHD, and CVD. We found that adopting an irregular supper timing compared with having dinner before 8:00 p.m. was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke mortality.

Are lifestyle pattern changes associated to poor subjective sleep quality?: a cross-sectional study by gender among the general Japanese population underwent specified medical check-ups in 2014 and 2015

ObjectivesSubjective sleep quality (SSQ) is defined by the satisfaction of one’s overall sleep experience and is composed of sleep depth and restfulness. It has not been clarified how poor SSQ...

Daily life habits associated with eveningness lead to a higher prevalence of dental caries in children

Background/purposeCircadian rhythm is an endogenous daily variation observed in most physiological functions including salivary secretion. Irregular lifestyle causes many diseases such as obesity and sleep disorders. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the timings of sleep and meal on the prevalence of dental caries. Materials and methodsStudy was conducted at university hospital in Japan. We asked 230 children (1–16 years old) to record the following life habits for 8 days: waking time, bedtime, mealtimes, snacking frequency, and tooth brushing frequency. We analyzed sleep habits from all data and compared dental caries and life habits using data from subjects with primary (2–7 years old) or permanent (11–16 years old) dentition period. ResultsThe number of dental caries assessed using the decay or filled teeth (dft) index correlated with bedtime, supper time, regularity of supper time, and snacking frequency in subjects with primary dentition. Multiple regression analysis revealed that bedtime and snacking frequency were mutually independent risk factors for dental caries. No correlations were found between the prevalence of dental caries and other measurement items. The number of caries correlated with the regularity of supper time and age in subjects with permanent dentition. ConclusionChildren with daily life habits associated with eveningness have a higher prevalence of dental caries.

THE EDGE OF LIGHT

3 2 Y T H E E D G E O F L I G H T R A C H E L H A D A S Stop looking back over your shoulder. Put out your hand; toss death into the water. Once your hand is empty of ashes, the moving memories slow down, then stop. Your hand, beloved. Eyes in every finger. The tiny island where my mind takes shelter: lighthouse, ferry boat, harbor, huddled houses. Evenings at supper time windows light up. Weekday mornings children go to school. Colors of sea and sky. Oranges, coconuts, lilies, chipped white plate: where were these o√erings finally consumed? Appetite of a force too deep to fathom: the winter Pacific swallowed the fruit. Bare foot stamping on a cold blue floor one two three times: the soul unraveling from the heart, coaxed from the breast hand over hand, a rope coiled, burden drawn out into candlelight, the mystery opened whose transformations did and do not stop. Mantle of feathers smoothed, a dove’s soft plumage, covering eyes with hands, covering face with wings, the body wrapped in strong protective silence. Eyes in the wings. Eyes in each strong finger. To reach and touch forever. 3 3 R Two verticals joined by one horizontal: a doorway set up on a green hillside. Who passes through is changed. Do we know when we walk through that door? The interior threshold is only intermittently visible. Apple tree at the bottom of the meadow: I shake a branch, fruit falls, I fill my skirt and waddle to the house. Sun low but bright mornings. You walk up a little hill. The early mist dissipates, sun kisses the White Mountains. Now you are coming down. Paradise: where you enter. ...

Effects of basal rate verification on CSII dose adjustments in brittle diabetes

Basal rate verification is the process to find and verify the basal rate of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSⅡ) required for basal glucose metabolism.In the present study,five cases of brittle diabetes were treated by CSⅡ with Insulin Lispro.After doses were adjusted to reach steady blood glucose levels,basal rate verifying tests were carried out.The results showed that the overall level and stability of blood glucose were improved markedly after CSⅡ.Before and after the verification of the basal rate,there was no significant difference in CSⅡ total doses.Basal rates decreased from 50％ of total to 30％ (P＜0.05),and boluses increased to 70％ (P＜0.05).The basal rates during lunch and supper time were reduced by half (P＜0.05),the boluses of lunch and supper were increased 1.5 times (P＜0.05),and square waves were needed to control postprandial blood glucose.These results suggest that the CSⅡ could smoothly control blood glucose level in brittle diabetes without basal rate verification.However,the implementation of the verification could better determine the basal rates for basal glucose metabolism,and thus help to identify diet-related boluses. Key words: Brittle diabetes; Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; Basal rate verification

Effect of High‐Fat Meal and High‐Carbohydrate Meal on Daily Total Energy Metabolism in Adults Japanese Men

IntroductionDiet‐induced Thermogenesis (DIT) is the increase in energy expenditure above resting associated with the consumption of a meal, accounts for approximately 10% of an individual fs total daily energy expenditure. The thermic effect of separate nutrients is highest for protein (20–30%), followed by CHO (5–10%), and fat (0–3%).ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to clarify the effect of high‐fat meal and high‐carbohydrate on daily energy metabolism in adult Japanese men using indirect human calorimeter.MethodsThe subjects were fourteen adults Japanese men (21.5 ± 0.3 years). We measured EE (energy expenditure), RQ (respiratory quotient), GOR (glucose oxide rate), LOR (lipid oxide rate), LF/HF (Low Frequency/High Frequency), HF (High Frequency). EE was measured using the IHC for 36 hours. The activity of sympathetic nervous system was assessed by real‐time analysis system of heart rate fluctuation.Results& ConclusionTwenty‐four‐hours total energy expenditure was no different among three trial. On the other, RQ and GOR at supper time were significantly lower in HF trial than HCHO trial during the 120 minutes after ingestion (p < 0.05). LOR at supper time was significantly higher in HF trial than HCHO trial during the 120 minutes after ingestion (p < 0.05). Those results showed that high‐fat meal and high‐carbohydrate meal changed energy substrate.

Effect of different meal timing on postprandial energy expenditure and sympathetic nervous system activity in adult Japanese men

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare changes in EE (Energy Expenditure ) at breakfast, lunch, and supper using the indirect human calorimeter (IHC) for 24 hours in order to clarify the effect of difference in meal timing on postprandial EE.MethodsWe measured EE, LF/HF(Low Frequency/ High Frequency), HF(High Frequency) in adult Japanese men (n=13, 21.0 ± 0.3 years). EE was measured using the IHC for 24 hours. The activity of sympathetic nervous system was assessed by real‐time analysis system of heart rate fluctuation.ResultsPostprandial EE at supper time was significantly higher than that at breakfast time during the first 60 minutes after ingestion (p < 0.05) and that at lunch time during the first 50 minutes after ingestion (p < 0.05). However, preprandial EE was also significantly higher at supper time than those at breakfast time and lunch time (p < 0.05). Preprandial LF/HF was significantly higher at lunch time than at breakfast time (p < 0.05). The time course of LF/HF was significantly lower at supper time than at breakfast time at periods of 10, 30, and 80–90 minutes after ingestion (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe increase in EE induced by intake of breakfast and lunch may affect preprandial EE at supper time. Food intake may be one of the factors in the diurnal rhythm of EE.

Learning a love for language

Children love repetition and rhyme in language. The rhythm of the language is helpful to them in developing their language skills. You will find that they learn these little rhymes quickly and will love to join in reciting them at appropriate moments. You could use them as signals - Polly put the kettle on - as a cue for help to lay the table, or Little Miss Muffet could be sung at supper time. Some lend themselves to actions, others to song. You may know many others which were sung to you as a child. As well as enjoying them you will be developing your child's understanding and feel for language on which other skills can be built.

Mental health and its related factors among middle-aged male workers: an eighteen-month follow-up study

Based on a longitudinal questionnaire survey of 11,121 subjects (males aged 30-59, engaged in various occupations and firms), this study examined the relationships of the baseline psychosocial work environment and personal health practices to mental disorders which occurred during an 18-month follow-up period. The onset of mental disorders during the follow-up period was assumed to be the time when the subject reported to have received medical treatment for the first time due to mental disorder. The psychosocial factors of the work environment were conceptually constructed from two aspects of working conditions and occupational stress. Working conditions were assessed by actual working hours, frequencies of late night work (10 p.m.-5 a.m.), and role in the organization. Occupational stress was measured by psychological work overload and job characteristics (job demands, decision latitude). Various factors associated with positive health behavior were examined through an index based on six variables, that is, supper time, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep and weight. Multiple logistic analysis showed that both psychological work overload and late night work have a significant independent effect on the onset of mental disorders after controlling for other variables.

Nocturnal blood glucose control in type I diabetes mellitus.

A major problem in replacing insulin in type I diabetes mellitus is that currently no depot preparation exists that is capable of mimicking the background insulin secretion of the healthy pancreas. Because all of the currently available intermediate- or long-acting insulin preparations have a peaked-action profile, excess insulin action at midnight and insulin waning at dawn occur whenever such an insulin preparation is given at supper time. If the target fasting plasma glucose is the ambitious near-normoglycemia of intensive insulin therapy, intermediate-acting insulin at suppertime easily results in hypoglycemia in the early evening hours and hyperglycemia in the fasting state. The problems of overnight glycemia in type I diabetes are further complicated by the dawn phenomenon and the Somogyi phenomenon. The dawn phenomenon is the combination of an initial decrease in insulin requirements between approximately 2400 and approximately 0300, followed by an increase in the insulin needs between approximately 0500 and approximately 0800. The dawn phenomenon is the result of changes in hepatic (and extrahepatic) insulin sensitivity, which are best attributed to nocturnal growth hormone secretion. The dawn phenomenon is a day-to-day reproducible event that occurs in nearly all diabetic patients. Its contribution to fasting hyperglycemia correlates with diabetes duration (inversely) and the HbA1c percentage (directly). Overall, it is estimated that the specific contribution of the dawn phenomenon to fasting hyperglycemia is approximately 2 mM (approximately 35 mg/dl), but it may be much greater because of the warning of the depot-insulin preparation injected the previous evening. The Somogyi phenomenon, strictly speaking, refers to fasting hyperglycemia that occurs after inducement of nocturnal hypoglycemia by regular insulin. Because the present therapeutic regimens of NPH/Lente insulin given at suppertime cause overnight hyperinsulinemia, excessive fasting hyperglycemia rarely follows nocturnal hypoglycemia, except when excessive glucose is ingested to correct hypoglycemia. However, nocturnal hypoglycemia may easily deteriorate glycemic control later in the day, because it induces prolonged posthypoglycemic insulin resistance, which results in postbreakfast and late-morning hyperglycemia. With nocturnal insulin therapy, it is important to consider the problems of insulin pharmacokinetics, the dawn phenomenon, and the Somogyi phenomenon to prevent both nocturnal hypoglycemia and excessive fasting hyperglycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Mental health, work environment, and health practices among middle-aged male workers

A study was made on the cross-sectional relationship of the psychosocial work environment and personal health practices to mental health level among 15,639 male subjects aged 30-59 engaged in various kinds of occupations and firms. Mental health level was dichotomized by self-reported mental disorders. The psychosocial factors of work environment were conceptually constructed from the aspects of working conditions and occupational stress. Working conditions were assessed by work overload, work shifts and role in the organization. Occupational stress was measured by psychological work load and job characteristics (job demands and decision latitude). Various factors associated with positive health behavior--an index based on six parameters such as supper time, physical exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep, and weight--were examined. The prevalence of self-reported mental disorders was 17.5 per 1,000 population. Multiple logistic analysis showed that both psychological work load and health practice index have a significant independent effect on mental health levels after controlling for age and marital status. Limitations of the present study indicate a need for future longitudinal studies.

Circadian Rhythm of Proteinuria: Effects of an Evening Meat Meal

Ten healthy volunteers were studied to test the effect of a meat meal on the circadian rhythm of urinary proteins. All subjects were kept at bed-rest during the whole 24-h evaluation period. An oral protein load (0.6 g/kg bodyweight) was given at supper-time (19.00 hours). Urinary and serum samples were collected every 3 h and examined for total protein, albumin, retinol-binding protein, and creatinine. All these variables and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), as measured by creatinine clearance, showed circadian rhythms. Acrophases were located at 14.21 hours (range 11.11-16.25) for urinary total protein, at 17.27 hours (13.14-22.31) for serum total protein, at 15.13 hours (13.01-18.04) for urinary albumin, at 14.18 hours (11.13-19.20) for serum albumin, at 21.22 hours (18.42-02.41) for urinary retinol-binding protein, at 14.51 hours (08.52-19.57) for serum retinol-binding protein, and at 16.17 hours (13.38-19.25) for creatinine clearance. Thus, the acrophases of urinary total protein and urinary albumin excretion rates occurred before the supper protein load, in a time span common to the acrophases of their serum levels and maximal GFR, whereas the acrophase of urinary retinol-binding protein occurred after the supper meat meal, concomitantly with the lowest value of serum retinol-binding protein. These findings suggest that circadian rhythms of urinary total protein and urinary albumin are influenced by changes in GFR, which occur also independently from an oral protein load. In fact, the latter did not modify creatinine clearance when administered at supper time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Hazard Analyses of Foods Prepared by Migrants Living in a New Settlement at the Outskirts of Lima, Peru

Hazard analyses of food preparation practices were conducted in three households in a new settlement in the rocky, dusty hillsides at the outskirts of Lima, Peru. These analyses consisted of watching all steps of preparation, recording temperatures throughout these steps, and collecting samples of the food and testing them for common foodborne pathogens and indicator organisms. The residents had migrated from different regions of the country; consequently, they prepared different foods. These included soya cereal, milk formula, rice and carrots for feeding a baby who had diarrhea, soups, mashed potatoes with spinach, carrot and beet salad, cow's foot soup, beans, rice and a mixture of beans and rice. The temperatures attained were high enough to kill vegetative forms of foodborne pathogens, but not their spores. During the interval between cooking in the morning and serving at either lunch or supper time, foods were held either on unheated ranges or in unheated ovens. This interval was long enough to permit some bacterial multiplication, but apparently not to massive quantities. Just before the evening meal, foods were reheated to temperatures that usually exceeded 70°C. Rice, however, was either served cold or if reheated, the center temperature rose a few degrees only. Critical control points for preparation of family meals are cooking, holding between cooking and serving, and reheating. Critical control points for milk formula for babies are using recently-boiled water for the formula, cleaning and boiling bottles and nipples, and, of particular importance, time of holding at room temperature.

This Side of the Mountain

This Side of the Mountain by Sidney FanThings have an almost uncanny way of coming together, sometimes, and forming units without human intervention. Such has been the case with this issue. Almost every piece has some variation on the theme of coming home. This seems appropriate for a summer issue because it is during the summertime that there are family reunions, high school and college reunions, Church conferences and association meetings, all-daymeetings -with-dinner-on-the-grounds, and other types of gatherings. The dictionary defines the word homecoming as a return home, the return of a group of people on a special occasion to a place formerly frequented or regarded as home, an annual celebration, etc. As you read the articles, fiction and poetry herein, you will be aware of the homecoming theme expressed individually by some of the writers. A line in a mountain song says, "Come home, come home, it's supper time." I believe this symbolizes the homecoming theme, because to mountain and southern people, coming home and eating are inextricably woven together. Talk to people about visits back home and reunions and they invariably speak about the abundance of good food along with the joy of seeing family and kinfolk again. I remember the blue supper-smoke rising into the evening sky on Stoney Fork, and the smell of cornbread baking in my mother's Home Comfort Range. It was wonderful to come home from work in the fields or play in the hills and hear Mother calling, "ChiFren, come home, it's supper time." We older ones would hurry a little faster down the hillside from the cornfield and the smaller children would rush in from their play. We were always tired and hungry at the end of the day. My mother died in January of this year. I feel such a loss in that there is now no home for me to go to, at least not one in which she will be there to welcome me. She always wanted us to come home more often than we did. She spoke of being lonely most days and especially on Sundays. She lived for our letters and telephone calls, and our visits home. Now that she is gone, there is grief and regret, and living with the knowledge that her ten children could have gone home more frequently—if we had really made the effort. Mountain women, perhaps because they are more vocal than the men who surely must feel the loneliness and loss just as keenly, speak with deep yearning of the holidays, vacations, or other special times when the children will come from "up north" where they live and work. The "children" also turn their thoughts towards the green hills of home and travel back when they can. They may live in other places for decades but still speak of Kentucky, West Virginia, Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia, 4 North Carolina, as home. When they do come for a visit it is a renewing of family ties, an emotional contact with the earth and sky and trees as well as with family and kinfolk. In this day and time when society is, for the most part, a transient one, it is good that some people still retain their love for the land, their sense of place, of roots, of family ties. At family reunions, church suppers, and other kinds of gatherings in the mountains there is no over-all food plan. Nobody tells anybody else what to bring. When the food is laid out on plank tables it is smorgasbord, country style! I've known women who, on hearing that a friend or neighbor would not be able to come, "lit right in" and baked an extra cake, made another casserole, or fried more chicken for fear there would be a shortage of food. There never was. In fact, some of the dishes would hardly be touched, so great were the variety and quantity of good food. As soon as one makes a statement like the above, someone will inevitably prove the exception . Shannon Wilson, a co-worker, told me about one family reunion where the food was not diversified: "When a boy in...

The Fat Man's Luncheon

To the Editor:— The quick lunch of a 10-cent bag of peanuts and a cup of black coffee or a soft drink is a simple reducing aid. Peanuts are a bean and not a nut, and containno cholesterol. Surprisingly, peanuts contain more protein than most meats. This lunch will stay in the stomach for several hours and allay the pangs of hunger until supper time. The peanuts are always available, easily carried in a pocket, and will allow the patient to have a moderate-sized breakfast and supper. The patient suddenly finds that he has an extra hour for work in the middle of the day that he used to spend on his lunch hour, and he may be able to get home an hour earlier in the evening and thus avoid the stress and strain of the rush hour traffic. Our affluent society has thus come full circle. Peanuts

WORKING WITH HANDS—AND BRAINS: A Boy Considers the Possibilities of Plumbing

Here is another radio playlet—we printed one in the March issue of this magazine—in the series of broadcasts on vocational guidance conducted by the American School of the Air over the Columbia Broadcasting System. It was presented in the course bearing the general title of “The World of Work,” prepared by the Vocational Guidance Committee of the National Advisory Council on Radio in Education in cooperation with the National Occupational Conference. The programs are given on Friday afternoons. The scripts will be collected and published in book form under NOC auspices after the series concludes on May 10. The following skit was introduced by the announcer thus: “Our vocational guidance drama this week has been based upon the preference of some individuals for work with their hands. The action takes place in the kitchen of the Thomas flat around supper time of a spring evening.” Let's listen!

THE UVULA AND ITS SINS

The uvula is so inconspicuous and innocent looking that its importance as a trouble maker is too often overlooked. Case 1.— One night about 11:30 o'clock a man, aged 50, came into my office complaining that a large piece of hot potato, which he had tried to swallow without sufficient mastication at supper time, had lodged in his throat. An examination revealed no potato, but did reveal an elongated uvula, which hung down on his epiglottis, causing, I judged, the disagreeable sensation. One snip of a tonsillotome removed the uvula, and with it the hot potato sensation, immediately and forever. Case 2.— Another patient, a clergyman, aged 40, came, complaining that he would have intermittent dyspnea, which sometimes got so bad that he feared he would die any moment. These severe attacks came and went rather suddenly. He would have them sometimes in the middle of a sermon, to his great embarrassment.