Supervisory Interventions Research Articles

Evaluating the Efficiency of Capital Enhancement and Investment Constraints in Life Insurance Supervision

Abstract This study addresses the critical public concern of effectively mitigating solvency risks in insurance companies through supervisory intervention. Building upon existing research, we extend our analysis to incorporate the effects of foreign investment and examine the impact of varying degrees of risk aversion among insurers. Furthermore, we investigate the optimal expected terminal utility in relation to initial insurance company premiums, integrating interest and exchange rates into our analytical framework. Additionally, we evaluate the impact of regulatory interventions, specifically capital injection schemes and risk-constrained asset allocation, on insurers’ default risk and certainty equivalent wealth using a utility-based approach. Our findings indicate that: (1) when policyholders exhibit higher degrees of risk aversion, a reduced propensity to allocate funds to riskier assets, such as stock index funds and foreign assets, is observed; (2) when exchange rates offer higher returns, an increased allocation to foreign assets is advisable; (3) conversely, when exchange rate returns exhibit greater uncertainty, a reduction in foreign asset allocation is recommended; (4) in scenarios where foreign risk-free rates yield higher returns, an increased allocation to foreign assets is suggested; and (5) under conditions of capital minimization, the influence of exchange rates and foreign interest rates on optimization becomes less discernible.

Application of Bernard’s Discrimination Model in a Mental Health Agency: Implications for Practice

ABSTRACT This study explored the delivery of Bernard’s Discrimination Model (DM) in a post-masters agency setting and what supervisors did under varying conditions as they applied the model. Researchers examined the relationship between the frequency of application for the four DM foci and three supervision roles. Utilization of supervision interventions related to DM was also explored. Sixty-six (66) master’s-level mental health clinicians [half fully licensed, half provisionally licensed] were assessed using a multi-rater observational approach. Results revealed that clinical supervisors worked with the majority of clinicians on the focus of skills, and supervisors spent most of their time within the teaching and counseling roles. General patterns of use by supervisory interventions were that Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) and micro-training were utilized the most frequently, with structuring and role play utilized less so. Chi-square analyses indicated significant differences in expected use of interventions by foci and roles. Implications are included.

Factors Influencing Wellbeing among Working Mothers of Small and Medium Enterprises in Europe: The Moderating Role of Supervisory Support

Purpose- It is known that working mother faces work-family responsibilities that likely affect their well-being. There is also a few research on conflict differentiated by work status and gender or on the moderating role of perceived supervisor support. Therefore, there is a research gap in this topic. The purpose of this research is to examine the working mother’s wellbeing among the small and medium enterprises in Europe.Design/Methodology- In this research, independent variables such as job resources, inter-role work and family conflict, working environment and underemployment are being discussed to determine their correlation with employee’s wellbeing, based on findings from Eurofound’s sixth European Working Condition Survey 2015 (EWCS). Multiple Linear Regression was conducted to investigate the influence between identified variable.Findings- The research found that the roles of supervisory support do affect some of the variables. Appropriate supervisory intervention relieves job stress and increases the wellbeing for employed mother. Wellbeing and work are closely related, in that the bad or good environment of working have a direct impact on employed mother’s quality of life.Practical Implications- The study contributes to a better understanding of work-family conflict and their wellbeing. This report could provide valuable insight to organizations on ways to ensure effectiveness and better performance by preventing conflict from occurring

Facilitating supervisee cognitive development with the counselor cognitions questionnaire

ABSTRACT Cognitive development is a key area for supervisor emphasis, as supervisees with higher levels of cognitive complexity are able to formulate a thorough, balanced, multicultural understanding of their clients. Yet, there are few supervisory interventions that are designed to facilitate cognitive growth. Herein, we offer one such supervisory intervention using the Counselor Cognitions Questionnaire (CCQ). The CCQ is a specific yet repeatable intervention that captures an efficient snapshot of supervisee cognitions, triggers supervisee self-reflection, and offers supervisors relevant fodder for catalyzing supervisee cognitive growth.

The Effect of Supportive Supervision on Improving the Health Indices of Health Centers in Khomeinishahr, Iran

Background: This study investigated the effect of supportive supervision on improving the health activity index.
 Methods: The present interventional study was conducted to investigate the control and headquarters level in the organization to increase and improve 8 health indicators. Ten experts from the headquarters stationed in Khomeini Shahr communicated with the personnel of 10 health centres. The population covered by health centres was 40,000 people. The health indicators of the centres were compared before and after 3 months of the supervisory intervention of staff experts from SIB system (Integrated health system). Paired t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to test the items and to check for normality of data distribution. SPSS19 was used for data analysis (P<0/001).
 Results: The results showed that all indices except health care activity had a significant increase. Indicators were: child care activity from 71.5 to 83.6%, activity of pregnant mothers from 65.1 to 77.29%, medical care coverage from 149.5 to 187.6%, death rate reports from 10.9 to 20.4%, mental health care from 7.9 to 11.1%, post-natal care from 75.0 to 84.9%, and the percentage of the covered population from 66.2 to 80.6%. Only the health care activity index did not improve significantly and increased from the average of 180.6 to 200.3%. We saw the lowest growth of the index in health care, which increased from 180.6 to 200.3%
 Conclusion: Considering the significant impact of the intervention on the indicators, it is predicted that supportive monitoring training will improve the health quality of the country's health system.

Legal position of the Students’ Parliament of the Republic of Poland

The Students’ Parliament of the Republic of Poland (PSRP) is a representative institution of the higher education community. It brings together representatives of student self-governments of all universities – regardless of their profile and level of education. It is an association type organization with legal personality. The scope of activity of the PSSP and the competences of its bodies result from the Act on Higher Education and Science and its statute, which becomes effective after approval by the Minister of Science and Higher Education. This body finances the activities of the PSRP in the form of an entity grant, and at the same time is a supervisory body over the activities of the Parliament. By referring to the Law on Associations, the supervisory body shall use the means of supervisory intervention appropriate for associations. The type of the applied supervisory measure is determined by the degree of violation of the law or the statute by the PSRP or its bodies. If the violation is gross or persistent, without positive prognosis, Parliament is subject to judicial interference. The aim of this work is to present the functioning of the PSRP, with particular emphasis on the competences of its various bodies and the supervision of their activities, as well as the judicial control of these activities, with reference to the provisions of the Law on Associations.

Early career researchers as active followers: perceived demands of supervisory interventions in academic workplaces

ABSTRACT Academic institutions are characterized by specific dynamics between leaders and followers. Academics prefer work autonomy but expect quality leadership. In this article, we explore how early career researchers (ECRs) constructed followership identities through their expectations of supervisory interventions. We used thematic analysis to analyze 39 interviews. The identified themes of ECR followership identity constructions were as follows: 1) Followers as apprentices: Seeking support in reaching career milestones; 2) Followers as motivated performers: Expecting efficient work organization; and 3) Followers as team members: Calling for a shared vision. We argue that the ECR demand for proactive supervisory interventions and the adoption of active followership identities is necessary to foster full academic autonomy development and to overcome negative aspects of experienced isolation in academic life. Acknowledging hierarchical relationships between leaders and followers in HE has the potential to contribute to enhanced career support for ECRs.

Reducing IV-contaminated blood specimens in the clinical laboratory: A Quality Improvement Project

Abstract Introduction/Objective Preanalytical errors constitute the most common errors in the laboratory, with improper specimen collection accounting for many errors. In our laboratory, we had a sentinel event related to repeated deletions of suspected IV-contaminated draws, and herein report our quality improvement project (QIP) to reduce deleted test results and IV-contaminated specimens. Methods/Case Report Our QIP initiated with creating a core-lab task force. Several interventions were launched: (A) policy/definition standardization, (B) nursing IV-line/cathedar in-services, (C) in-services on deleting test results and identifying IV-contamination, (D) policy updates to reflect no deletions without evidence of IV-contamination, and (E) mitigation steps requiring supervisory approval for result deletions. We measured: patient safety events (PSRs); RECOLLECTION comment usage and efficacy (disclaimer attached to results thought to be IV-contaminated, requesting recollection); and mitigation failures. Efficacy of the comment usage was measured by comparing subsequent collections to the original and determining likelihood of IV-contamination (contaminated, not contaminated, and unsure). Prior to the QIP, lab practice was to delete suspected IV-contaminated results and those requested by the care team. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) PSRs attributable to IV-contamination dropped from 47/mo. (time 0) to 18/mo. over an 11-month period (min-8/mo.; max-64/mo.), with the greatest decrement seen following intervention C. The RECOLLECTION comment was attached to 38 results (0.06% of total accessions) at the start and 73 results (0.12% of total accessions) at time 11 mos. and showed greatest increase in use immediately prior to interventions C and D (approximately 3-fold increase). At time 0, 54% of RECOLLECTION comments were deemed contaminated and 31% were not; at time 11mos., 74% (50/68) were contaminated and 24% (16/68) were not. Mitigation failures numbered 5/mo. initially and 1/mo. at time 11 mos. Conclusion With multiple educational and supervisory interventions, we demonstrate a reduction in PSRs attributable to IV-contamination collections at our hospital. Use of cautionary disclaimers was overall minimal and appropriately used.

Banking regulations, financial system stability and trust in the ECB: a structural equation model

Government interventions has long been a question of great interest in a wide range of fields. Scholars have been debating the scope and degree of intervention in the banking sphere that considers government capabilities. This study set out to provide some empirical evidence on the intertwined relationship between government interventions carried out through banking regulations and trust in the European Central Bank (ECB), taking into account the mediating role of financial system stability. A combination of quantitative approaches was used in the data analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis in STATISTICA was applied for hypothesis development, followed by the structural equation modeling (SEM) based on the statistical package SEPATH used for research hypothesis testing. This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring that financial system stability mediates the path between banking regulation and trust in central banking. It was found that stricter government regulatory and supervisory interventions in the banking sphere are changing the imprudent financial institutions’ behavior, however, negatively accomplishing financial development financial markets and institutions. Meanwhile, both financial system stability and banking regulations contribute to trust in the ECB. The research findings add to the growing body of research that indicates that stricter government regulatory and supervisory interventions in the banking sphere drive trust violations in central banking upon the causal chain by virtue of financial development financial markets and institutions deterioration.

The Transformation of Financial Supervision Paradigm Under the Background of Financial Technology Based on Computer Technology

While improving financial efficiency and enriching financial products, financial technology has also brought about the generalization of financial risks. The financial rules under the traditional financial supervision paradigm are usually the product of crisis-based legislation and regulation. They are characterized by “command and control” and cannot cope with the pan-financialization brought by financial technology, the frequent financial risks, the endogenous and exogenous financial systems. Risk and other issues. The transformation of the financial regulatory paradigm is imperative. According to the analysis of big data, the new paradigm of financial supervision requires the establishment of cross-industry risk supervision institutions on top of specialized financial supervision institutions to prevent risks from being passed inside and outside the financial system. Requires adaptive supervision to reasonably allocate financial rule-making powers among financial legislatures, financial regulatory agencies, and regulated institutions; requires experimental supervision to deal with time-consuming issues of supervisory intervention; requires real-time or true data-driven supervision.

For a Limited Period of Time: Implementing Emergency Remote Teaching in this Pandemic-Laden Times

Since the outbreak of the virus, several countries including the Philippines was greatly affected, forcing the national government to implement various categories of quarantine protocols and drastic measures to ensure the containment of the disease. Among the greatly affected sectors of industry, educational system grieved immensely because of the suspension of classes and forcing several basic education schools as well as several colleges and universities to terminate the semester. As this global pandemic continue to threaten the basic education system in the Philippines, and with the unsecured and unsafe environment due to this health crisis, the possibility of resuming physical classes is very unlikely. Hence, the implementation of Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) plays a crucial role in the Philippine educational context during this crisis. As a supervisory intervention, ERT is a temporary solution of reinforcing the lack of face-to-face interaction of learning through various platforms – digital media, radio, television learning and the likes. This paper adapts literature-based methodology using literature review as its method of presenting the nature and characteristics of ERT and its implications to Philippine educational system through various literatures found in the digital. More so, it presents an overview of the challenges the Philippine education system faced upon its implementation. Further empirical researches on the impact of implementing ERT among Philippine public and private educational institutions in the basic and higher education program is recommended.

Supervisees' experiences of a metacommunication intervention in clinical supervision

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the experiences of supervisees who completed a metacommunication intervention in supervision.MethodsForty‐eight supervisees completed the supervisory intervention and gave post‐intervention written feedback. Their responses were thematically analysed.ResultsOverall, supervisees responded positively to the intervention, with high willingness to engage in metacommunication again in supervision. Thematic analysis of the reflective written responses completed post‐intervention revealed a rich array of supervisee experiences of the metacommunication exercise. Supervisees spoke of anticipated/intended impacts on supervision and their therapy practice, including: greater depth of reflection, attending to parallel process, discussion of roles, increased closeness, improved openness, and increased confidence in metacommunication. In regard to challenges associated with the supervisory intervention, participants reflected on difficulties with timing, experiences of discomfort and concerns about potential negative reactions from the supervisor, and consideration of power dynamics in supervision.ConclusionThis study shows promising preliminary results of the acceptability and perceived impacts of an experiential intervention involving the use of metacommunication in supervision.

Banking Regulations and Country’s Innovative Development: the Mediating Role of Financial Development

Promoting innovation requires efficient financial regulations ensuring well-functioning financial markets that play critical roles in reducing financing costs, allocating scarce resources, evaluating innovative projects, and managing risks. The author indicated that rigorous empirical studies that link financial regulation and innovation development are sparse. Thus, this study aims to provide some empirical evidence on linking government interventions, particularly by banking regulations and supervision, and a country’s innovative growth from the perspective of the mediating role of financial development. Specifically, this paper demonstrates that the development of financial markets and financial institutions mediates the path between financial regulation and innovation development in Azerbaijan. The structural equation modeling technique using the statistical package PATH additionally to confirmatory factor analysis in STATISTICA was applied to analyze the data. Contrary to expectations, this study did not find a significant direct impact of changes in regulatory benchmarks related to total CAR and FX loans to total loans on Azerbaijan’s rank in the Global Innovation Index and the volumes of high-technology exports. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that the government regulatory and supervisory interventions in the banking sphere are changing the imprudent financial institutions’ and markets’ behavior. Thereby it contributes to establishing a better developed and sound financial system in terms of their access, depth, and efficiency. Meanwhile, financial institutions’ and markets’ development contributes to the country’s innovative development. This combination of findings provides some support for the conceptual premise that reduction or elimination of government power in the financial markets and institutions leads to exacerbating systemic risk and destabilization of the financial system that could not build extensive innovation capacities to foster growth. Keywords: banking regulation and supervision, Global Innovation Index (GII), high-technology exports, financial institutions development, financial markets development.

Supervisee Attachment, Cognitive Distortions, and Difficulty With Corrective Feedback

Among a sample of counseling students, results from hierarchical regression and mediation analyses indicated that attachment anxiety led to an increase in use of cognitive distortions, contributing to increased difficulty with corrective feedback during clinical supervision. Findings implicate a need for awareness of attachment patterns among trainees and the possible utility of cognitively focused supervisory interventions.

Broaching as a strategy for intercultural understanding in clinical supervision

ABSTRACTBroaching cultural similarities and differences with genuine, respectful inquisitiveness is an important supervisory intervention. Broaching allows supervisors to acknowledge the relevance of cultural identities and invite supervisee dialogue. Through dialogue, supervisors are tasked with openly receiving what is said by supervisees and working through ideas to maximize the effectiveness of supervision. In this practical article, broaching as an intervention in supervision is described. The importance of clinical supervision, the intercultural nature of supervision, sample broaching prompts, and recommendations for supervisors are also included.

The Relationship between the Management Intervention of Venture Capital Institutions and the Performance of Start-Up Enterprises

Based on the two theoretical hypotheses of “screening theory” and “cultivation theory”, this paper reviews the concepts and motivations of venture capital institutions’ management intervention, and summarizes the two modes of venture capital institution management intervention: supervisory control intervention and operational management intervention. Based on two management intervention modes, this paper divides the management involvement into three levels: no management intervention, moderate management intervention, and deep management intervention. This paper systematically analyzes the influence mechanism of the two management intervention modes and the degree of involvement on the performance of venture enterprises, and constructs a comprehensive theoretical framework of venture capital and entrepreneurial enterprise performance, which provides theoretical support and research direction for follow-up research.

Supervision of local government in Zimbabwe: The travails of mayors

ABSTRACT The discourse on decentralisation theoretically supports central government supervision of local government. The exercise of such powers by the central government of Zimbabwe is mired in controversy. Mayors are often suspended and/or dismissed to safeguard so-called "public interests". In particular, those who are from the opposition political party, the Movement for Democratic Change, have been greatly affected in this regard. The supervisory interventions of the Zimbabwe African National Unity-Patriotic Front led national (central) government have raised questions about the very existence of local democracy and the parameters within which supervision should be implemented. The inadequacy of the laws regulating central supervision over local government and, in some cases, the blatant disregard of such laws by the supervising authority have left mayors vulnerable to arbitrary suspensions and/or dismissal. Such interventions have been motivated mainly by sinister political objectives rather than a genuine desire to improve local governance. A case study methodology focusing on the supervision of mayors in Zimbabwe since independence has been adopted. Keywords: Local government, local autonomy, mayors, supervision, power politics, decentralisation, Zimbabwe

Improving Classroom Appearance and Organization Through a Supervisory Performance Improvement Intervention.

This study evaluated the effects of a supervisory intervention on maintenance of appearance and organization in classrooms at a human services program for children and youths. The intervention combined performance feedback to classroom staff, public posting of performance outcomes, and eligibility for a performance-based incentive. Conducted in a multiple-baseline design, intervention was immediately and consistently effective in all classrooms. These findings support organizational behavior management applications within human services programs to improve performance that is related to environmental care.

Assessment of the Stability of Insurance Companies: The Case of Baltic Non-Life Insurance Market

Abstract The study gives an overview of the Baltic non-life insurance market. The purpose of the research is to summarise stability statistics on solvency ratios, risk profiles and capital surplus, which was contained in Solvency and Financial Condition reports (SFCR) in 2016 published first time by non-life insurance companies in European Union and Baltic market (Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania). Solvency II came into effect in 2016, and these reports have been prepared using the new requirements of the Solvency II framework. All non-life insurance companies are required to have eligible own funds at least equal to solvency capital requirement (SCR) in order to avoid supervisory intervention (own funds divided by SCR are required to be at least 100 %). The SCR is based on well known risk measure value at risk with 99.5 % confidence level over a one-year time horizon. Baltic non-life insurance companies were strong capitalized (median 155 %) in 2016. It means that all Baltic companies can survive even if 1 in 200 years events have occurred although Baltic solvency coverage ratio is lower than the median ratio in European Union (209 %). For Latvian non-life insurance market, solvency ratio median is the lowest in European Union comparing by countries. The authors have analysed the historical development of the market and have calculated financial ratios, Gini’s concentration index, as well as dissimilarity index. The authors have investigated the current and future internal and external risks and issues for the Baltic non-life insurance market, such as political environment, low-yield environment, and market competition due to new mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities, and a new rule for accounting for insurance companies IFRS17.

Can You Build a Better Cop?

Research SummaryBy drawing from psychology and economics, we present an experimental evaluation of a procedural justice training program designed to “slow down” police officers’ thought processes during citizen encounters. We find that officers who were randomly assigned to participate in training were as engaged in the community as similarly situated officers, but they were less likely to resolve incidents with an arrest or to be involved in incidents where force was used. These changes were most evident among officers who worked in areas with a modest level of risk.Policy ImplicationsPolice officers who are actively engaged with the public can reduce crime through general deterrence and by arresting criminals. Nevertheless, excessive discretionary arrests and the use of force by officers can reduce public trust in the police. To date, there is scant evidence as to how police departments can successfully train officers to balance enforcement and public trust in the field. Through our study, we demonstrate that a relatively minor supervisory intervention may cause substantive changes in how police and citizens interact with each other.