Supervisory Guidance Research Articles

GBVSSL: Contrastive Semi-Supervised Learning Based on Generalized Bias-Variance Decomposition

Mainstream semi-supervised learning (SSL) techniques, such as pseudo-labeling and contrastive learning, exhibit strong generalization abilities but lack theoretical understanding. Furthermore, pseudo-labeling lacks the label enhancement from high-quality neighbors, while contrastive learning ignores the supervisory guidance provided by genuine labels. To this end, we first introduce a generalized bias-variance decomposition framework to investigate them. Then, this research inspires us to propose two new techniques to refine them: neighbor-enhanced pseudo-labeling, which enhances confidence-based pseudo-labels by incorporating aggregated predictions from high-quality neighbors; label-enhanced contrastive learning, which enhances feature representation by combining enhanced pseudo-labels and ground-truth labels to construct a reliable and complete symmetric adjacency graph. Finally, we combine these two new techniques to develop an excellent SSL method called GBVSSL. GBVSSL significantly surpasses previous state-of-the-art SSL approaches in standard benchmarks, such as CIFAR-10/100, SVHN, and STL-10. On CIFAR-100 with 400, 2500, and 10,000 labeled samples, GBVSSL outperforms FlexMatch by 3.46%, 2.72%, and 2.89%, respectively. On the real-world dataset Semi-iNat 2021, GBVSSL improves the Top-1 accuracy over CCSSL by 4.38%. Moreover, GBVSSL exhibits faster convergence and enhances unbalanced SSL. Extensive ablation and qualitative studies demonstrate the effectiveness and impact of each component of GBVSSL.

Legal Responsibility for Misuse of Limited Over-The-Counter Drugs Sold by Small Traders

<p class="abstract"><span lang="EN-US">This research is useful to know about the legal responsibility for the misuse of limited free drugs sold by small traders, in order to achieve legal responsibility in health services. The type of normative law used in this research as research with the use of statutory approach (statue approach) and conceptual approach (conceptual approach). Based on this study, it can be concluded that the </span><span lang="EN-US">BPOM</span><span lang="EN-US"> Regulation Number and Online Food and Permenkes Number 3 of 2021 concerning Changes in the Classification, Restrictions and Categories of Drugs have regulated the mechanism for the Limited Free Distribution of Pharmaceutical Drugs, but have not fully regulated the legal responsibilities of small traders who produce pharmaceutical preparations at retail for 16 years 2022 related to the supervision of the circulation of drugs circulated in Indonesian regions, PP 8 of 2020 by the Ministerial Regulation of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency regarding supervision. Drugs and food sold online and Decree of the Minister of Health Number 3 of 2021 concerning Changes in Classification, Restrictions and Classes of Drugs have regulated the mechanism for the circulation of restricted over-the-counter drugs, but have not fully regulated the legal responsibility of drugs. Small traders who produce medicines in retail trade. As a complement to the existing regulations, preventive and repressive efforts require holistic arrangements and revitalization of the supervisory guidance system for the circulation of limited over-the-counter drugs in the community. Legal liability should be provided through a special law that contains authorities so that there is legal certainty over the legal liability for misuse of limited over-the-counter drugs sold by small traders.</span></p>

Students’ Expectations and Perception Towards Tourism and Hospitality Internship Program

Objective: The study explored students’ expectations and perceptions towards the Tourism and Hospitality Internship program by evaluating the pre-internship expectations and post-internship experience. The significance of this study lies in the fact that numerous students pursuing courses in tourism and hospitality assume internships as a stepping stone to their career in this million-dollar industry. Method: The design of the study is quantitative. Using a five-point Likert scale, the items assessed pre-internship expectations and post-internship perceptions of students enrolled in higher educational institutions in Goa (India) offering hospitality and tourism management degree programs. The study took ten months, from February 2022 to November 2022. A total of 324 respondents participated in the study. Gap analysis, Factor analysis and Regression analysis were employed to analyse the data using SPSS version 27. The research study is one of its kind in India's hospitality and tourism sector. Research on internships in India's tourism and hospitality sector needs to be addressed, as it is a sensitive topic for students. Result: Gap analysis provided variables with positive as well as negative gaps. Six variables yielded positive results while seventeen variables yielded negative gaps. Factor analysis factored out five factors namely: Supervisory Guidance and Organizational Environment, Learning opportunity and its facilitation, The job itself, Resume and Self-development, and Future employment opportunity. Regression analysis predicted two significant factors contribution towards overall satisfaction of the students towards internship program. Conclusion: Gap analysis between students’ expectations and perception provided significant results about the six variables that yielded positive differences. These variables were: Competitive fringe benefits, High team spirit in the group, Able to apply theories to the workplace, High autonomy, Able to develop technical skill, Feedback from managers, indicating that the expectations have been met or surpassed. The study presents that though the students are satisfied with a few aspects of the Internship, overall satisfaction is negative. Two factors, namely 'Supervisory Guidance and Organizational Environment' and 'Future employment opportunities,' are significant in predicting students’ overall satisfaction with the Internship program. Considering the results, suggestions for higher education institutions are provided to improve the quality of the Internship program.

Supervisory Strategy of Inner Madrasah Aliyah Education Improving the Professionalism of Madrasah Heads

Education is one of the efforts to improve human quality. One of the elements that make education more quality, is human resources, namely teachers, prinsiple of madrasah, educators and education staff, namely teachers, other educators, madrasah principle, and madrasah supervisors. To improve the professionalism of teachers and madrasah principals, supervisory guidance is needed as a coach. In carrying out their supervisory duties, madrasah supervisors need strategies that will be used in carrying out their supervisory duties.Data collection in this study used in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation techniques. Data analysis was carried out in two stages, namely single site data analysis and cross site data analysis. Data analysis techniques through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The technique for checking the validity of the data is through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.The results of this study indicate that: 1) The planning strategy of madrasah supervisors consists of: (a) Forming a teamwork to formulate a supervisory program. (b) Planning the program according to the needs of the madrasa principal based on the previous year's evaluation and carried out collaboratively. (2) Implementation strategy of madrasah supervisors, namely: (a) Carrying out periodical coaching and mentoring at least 3 times a year, namely at the beginning of the year, in the middle and at the end of the year. (b) Carry out monitoring of 8 SNPs and supervision and to the head of the madrasa in accordance with the planning schedule, 3) The supervisor's evaluation strategy, namely: (a) Carrying out a coaching evaluation and analyzing the results after providing guidance to the head of the madrasa. (b) Evaluation and analysis of monitoring results is carried out by the development supervisor in collaboration with other supervisors. The formal finding of this research is the Periodic Collaborative Madrasah Supervisory Strategy.

제약·바이오 기업의 연구개발비 회계처리 감독지침이 신규상장 기업들의 공모가 저평가에 미치는 영향

[Purpose]This study analyzes the impact of the supervisory guidance issued in 2018 on the accounting treatment of research and development expenses on firm valuations.
 [Methodology]We empirically analyze the impact of the guidance on uncertainty in firm valuations by examining the change in the underpricing of initial public offerings before and after the issuance of the supervisory guidance on accounting for research and development expenses for firms that went public between 2005 and 2020.
 [Findings]We find that the public offering undervaluation of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies decreased after the issuance of the supervisory guidance. This result appears to be due to the fact that the issuance of the supervisory guidance on accounting for R&D expenses reduced the uncertainty of accounting for R&D expenses in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, which led to a decrease in the discount in the public offering price. In addition, the increase in IPO undervaluation due to impairment losses also decreased after the introduction of the guideline, which can be interpreted as the guideline reducing managerial discretion in recognizing impairment losses and reducing the uncertainty of firm value.
 [Implications]The finding that supervisory guidance on accounting for R&D expenses in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries mitigates IPO underpricing has policy implications that regulations that limit managerial discretion in accounting for these industries can enhance market efficiency.

A Matter of (Joint) control? Virtual assistants and the general data protection regulation

This article provides an overview and critical examination of the rules for determining who qualifies as controller or joint controller under the General Data Protection Regulation. Using Google Assistant – an artificial intelligence-driven virtual assistant – as a case study, we argue that these rules are overreaching and difficult to apply in the present-day information society and Internet of Things environments. First, as a consequence of recent developments in case law and supervisory guidance, these rules lead to a complex and ambiguous test to determine (joint) control. Second, due to advances in technological applications and business models, it is increasingly challenging to apply such rules to contemporary processing operations. In particular, as illustrated by the Google Assistant, individuals will likely be qualified as joint controllers, together with Google and also third-party developers, for at least the collection and possible transmission of other individuals’ personal data via the virtual assistant. Third, we identify follow-on issues relating to the apportionment of responsibilities between joint controllers and the effective and complete protection of data subjects. We conclude by questioning whether the framework for determining who qualifies as controller or joint controller is future-proof and normatively desirable.

Metode Prototype pada Sistem Informasi Manajemen Tugas Akhir Mahasiswa Berbasis Website

Final Project as a Research is one of the main requirements for the graduation of undergraduate students from universities. Supervisory guidance is one way to find solution for student research problems. The final project guidance process involves multiple parts: campus administration, supervisors, and students. However, this process is often difficult to carry out properly because of the busyness of each individual, both lecturers and students. As a result, the process for carrying out the final project was hindered. Another thing that makes the completion of the thesis slow is the administrative service procedure to complete the final project which is too time consuming. This research aims to simplify and speed up the process of completing the student's final project. The prototype method is used to develop the final project management information system. This information system is designed using use case diagrams, rich picture diagrams, and entity relation diagrams. Tests were carried out using the black box method. The result of the research is a final project management information system which makes the student's final project completion process more efficient and effective. This information system facilitates administrative services and monitoring of the final project because it is performed systematically and can be controlled in real time.

Governor Ciampi and the “Ambrosiano Case”: International Banking Supervision and Monetary Policy

Following bank failures in 1974, notably in Germany (Bankhaus Herstatt of Cologne on June 16) and the US (Franklin National Bank of New York on October 8), the Central Bank Governors of the G10 countries decided to set up a Committee at the BIS in Basel to improve quality and enhance the effectiveness of banking supervision. The Eurodollar market and the rise of offshore financial centers had concurred to create an increasingly interlinked web of international banking transactions. The system of national supervision of domestic banking system had to be completed by incisive and coordinated action at international level, also to cope with the vulnerability to frauds and interactions with organized crime. The Basel Committee issued in December 1975 the Concordat, which provided a framework for international banking supervision and made a distinction between solvency and liquidity. It was within this emerging frame of reference that the Bank of Italy and the G10 Governors dealt with the crisis of the Banco Ambrosiano Group: the crisis had started in 1977 and was concluded with the formal liquidation on August 6 1982. The measures taken by Governor Ciampi and Treasury Minister Andreatta, the dialectical interactions with the Basel Committee, the G10 Governors (banking supervision and monetary policy) and the IOR in the Vatican City are analized and discussed in this article. In preparing the paper the author could benefit from the extremely competent support of the Historical Archives of the Bank of Italy and the access to documents only recently accessible for public consultation. As is shown, the action undertaken by Governor Ciampi and by the Bank of Italy in the Ambrosiano case contributed to the evolution of banking supervision as regards both the revision of the Concordat and, thereafter, the development of a system of mandatory risk-weighted capital ratios. A parallel lasting lesson is that capital adequacy requirements must be complemented by targeted effective supervisory guidance and oversight of corporate governance for banking firms to prevent, insofar as possible, inappropriate and illegal practices, while ensuring accountability of shareholders and top managers for their wrongdoings.

Learning deep discriminative representations with pseudo supervision for image clustering

Image clustering is a crucial but challenging task in machine learning and computer vision. Its performance highly depends on the quality of image feature representations. Recently, deep joint clustering which combines representation learning with clustering has presented a promising performance. However, existing joint methods suffer from two severe problems. That is, the learned representations lack discriminability especially for intricate images, and the performance often encounters a bottleneck due to the lack of supervision information. To address these problems, we propose a pseudo-supervised joint method for image clustering, i.e., Discriminative Pseudo Supervision Clustering (DPSC). Our key idea is to discover and utilize the pseudo supervision information to provide supervisory guidance for discriminative representation learning. With the aid of pseudo supervision, the representations can be continuously refined to facilitate inter-cluster separability and intra-cluster compactness, thereby leading to more discriminative representations and correctly separated clusters. To fully benefit from joint learning, we further introduce a self-evolution training algorithm to jointly optimize the DPSC model, in which the learned representations and clustering results boost each other progressively as more reliable pseudo supervision information is discovered during the iteration. Experimental results show that DPSC significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods on various image datasets. Moreover, the learned feature representations generalize well across various algorithms.

In Support of Supervisory Guidance

The role and appropriateness of bank supervisory guidance is widely misunderstood. It has been argued that supervisory guidance is used in lieu of notice-and-comment rulemakings, binding banks to policies on which they had no opportunity to comment. This claim, however, misunderstand that the Federal banking agencies have wide latitude to interpret and apply the banking statutes during examinations and that guidance serves to narrow the universe of possible enforcement actions regulators may take, while also providing regulated entities predictability. This essay argues in support of bank supervisory guidance, placing it within the administrative law framework governing bank examinations. It also discusses supervisory guidance’s benefits to banks, examiners, and the public. This essay concludes by arguing that the banking agencies should not be concerned that Congress may use the Congressional Review Act to overturn their guidance.

Primary Healthcare on Utilization of Insecticide Treated Nets among Pregnant Mothers and Carers of Children in South –South Nigeria

One of the strategies of Primary Health Care (PHC) is the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) against malaria among pregnant mothers and care givers of children under five years. The agency for PHC in Nigeria is the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA). The objective of this narrative review is to identify the role of PHC providers in promoting the use of ITNs among pregnant mothers and care givers of children under five years. Method was by review of 30 published literatures on PHC; as it relates to use of ITNs. Findings indicate that most pregnant mothers and care-givers of children under five years in Nigeria are aware that the best option to prevent malaria infection is by use of ITNs. Healthcare providers participate in mass distribution of ITNs. There is increase nets ownership in households. Supervisory guidance influences use of ITNs. However, there is evidence of slow uptake of ITNs due to resistance to behavioural change. Also, the knowledge of pregnant women concerning ITNs use was good, but the attitudes and practices were poor. The implication is that health promotion need to be enhanced among both PHC workers and community leaders on use of ITNs. Primary healthcare workers may need to be motivated to do their job in terms of promoting the use of ITNs among pregnant mothers and carers of children under five years.

When do frontline service employees feel more grateful?

PurposeDrawing from the social exchange theory, the job demands-resources theory and the employee–organization relationship framework, this article aims to investigate underlying mechanisms through which organizational resources impact frontline service employees’ (FLEs) core service performance and customer-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study was conducted based on a multi-source data from 211 employee–customer pairs, with structural equation modeling used to test hypotheses.FindingsFLE felt gratitude toward the firm fully mediates the impacts of supervisory guidance and employee-oriented relationship investment in influencing employees’ service performance and customer-oriented OCB. The study further finds that when the perceived job autonomy is low, providing supervisory guidance is more effective in eliciting employee gratitude than employee-oriented relationship investments. In contrast, when the perceived job autonomy is high, employee-oriented relationship investment elicits higher employee gratitude than supervisory guidance.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, as cross-sectional pair data were used to test the proposed hypotheses, a stronger case might be made for the use of longitudinal data. Second, the current study uses a large variety of industries to study the phenomenon of employee gratitude and customer-oriented performance. Third, given recent globalization trends, it is increasingly important for researchers to address how the knowledge gained within an US context is applicable on a global scale. Finally, the two types of organizational resources included in the study are both positive resources.Practical implicationsThe findings offer insights about how firms can strategically invest organizational resources to favorably influence FLE gratitude and customer outcomes as well as how job autonomy plays a role in leveraging the impacts of those resources.Originality/valueThis study is one of the few to advance our understanding of how FLE felt gratitude serves as an intervening mechanism through which functional and social resources invested by service organizations lead to desirable customer outcomes. In addition, this study explores the moderating role of FLE perceived job autonomy, suggesting the contingent nature of organizational resources in affecting customer-oriented FLE behaviors, which was rarely attended in previous research.

Central banks' supervisory guidance on corporate governance and bank stability: Evidence from African countries

This paper focuses on the identification of the causal relationship between central banks' supervisory guidance and individual bank stability. We propose and test the hypothesis that this causal relationship is mediated by the degree to which banks comply with their central bank's corporate governance recommendations. Specifically, we exploit the fact that there is considerable cross-country heterogeneity in providing supervisory guidance. Our recursive two-equation system is equivalent to an endogenous treatment effect model in which the treatment is the provision of supervisory guidance. We find that institutional factors, in particular the legal family of origin, political stability, contract enforcement and strength of investor protection promote provision of supervisory guidance. If a central bank has published supervisory guidance, local banks show better internal governance and higher stability.

Data-driven analytical framework for waste-dumping behaviour analysis to facilitate policy regulations

Waste sorting at the source is a vital strategy of waste management and to improve urban sustainability. If the strategy is implemented by relying solely on publicity and civic awareness, the impact is less significant. Proactive measures, such as policy regulations, supervisory guidance, and stimulating incentives, play essential roles for better management. The unknown waste-dumping behaviour of residents is a great challenge for decision-makers to allocate resources for waste-collection operations and to refine regulations. Traditional behaviour analysis methods such as questionnaire surveys and simulation methods have limitations considering the population size and the complexity of individual behaviour. This study aims to design a data-driven analytical framework to analyse household waste-dumping behaviour and facilitate policy regulations by using the Internet of Things (IoT) and data mining technologies. The analytical framework is further developed into a four-step management cycle. A case study in Shanghai is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the analytical framework and management cycle. The results of behaviour analyses reveal that (1) waste-dumping frequency is high in the evening but negligible in the early afternoon; (2) compared to working days, peak-value time at weekends occurs later in the morning and earlier in the evening; (3) residents require longer waste-dumping time windows than those empirically recommended by administrators. Managerial insights and decision support based on these research results have been presented for decision-makers to guide operations management and facilitate policy regulations.

Prudential policies and their impact on credit in the United States

Abstract We analyze how two types of recently used prudential policies affected the supply of credit in the United States. First, we test whether the U.S. bank stress tests had any impact on the supply of mortgage credit. We find that initiation of the Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) stress tests in 2011 had a negative effect on the share of jumbo mortgage originations and approval rates at stress-tested banks, whereby banks with worse capital positions were impacted more negatively. Second, we analyze the impact of the 2013 Supervisory Guidance on Leveraged Lending and subsequent 2014 FAQ notice, which clarified expectations on the Guidance. We find that the institution-specific share of speculative-grade term-loan originations decreased notably at regulated banks after the FAQ notice, especially at banks with greater market share for such loans.

Supervisory Guidance on Model Risk Management (SR 11-7) Versus Enterprise-Wide Model Risk Management for Deposit-Taking Institutions (E-23): A Detailed Comparative Analysis

The Federal Reserve Board (Fed) and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) issued SR 11-7 (OCC 2011-12 for the OCC) on April 4, 2011, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) adopted it as FIL-22-2017 on June 7, 2017. The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) issued the Enterprise-Wide Model Risk Management for Deposit-Taking Institutions (E-23) Guideline in September 2017, with an effective date of November 1, 2017. The authors of E-23 were almost certainly aware of the text and application of SR 11-7 when writing their document. The significant differences between the two documents then, were conscious — and likely reflect either differences in style and approach to writing documents of this type, differences in substantive expectations regarding model risk management in financial institutions, or both. This paper attempts to discern the differences in expectations regarding model risk management for large, complex institutions between the U.S. supervisors (Fed, OCC, and FDIC) and OSFI. The U.S. supervisors’ approach, as expressed in SR 11-7, is more prescriptive than OSFI’s approach in E-23. Although both supervisors see their documents as principles-based, the Canadian document, with much less detail, seems to be more principles-based than the U.S. one. Given the less detailed language in E-23 and the Canadian supervisory approach more broadly, Canadian supervisors will likely have more leeway regarding the application of these principles in individual institutions than U.S. supervisors will. SR 11-7 often gives one specific, relatively detailed approach to fulfilling a general principle included in E-23, which may expect multiple possible approaches to meeting a specific principle. This divergence in approaches to writing directions for model risk management poses a challenge when trying to compare the supervisory expectations of U.S. and Canadian supervisors, which is exacerbated by the fact that E-23 is only now coming into force in Canada. Given the global prominence of SR 11-7, it is likely that Canadian supervisors considered the U.S. supervisory text, and that any high-level omissions are likely intentional. It is also important to keep in mind that SR 11-7 is “Guidance,” not regulation, and U.S. supervisors may not enforce all parts of SR 11-7 at all institutions.

Changing Contours of Risk Management in a Digitized Financial Space: The Future Started Yesterday

The first wave of digitization has automated the front-end of banking institution, now it’s the turn for digitizing back-end and use technology in risk management for gaining a competitive advantage. Machine learning and predictive analysis are being used for assessing various credit proposals. While digitizing provides added benefits, institutions must always be cautious regarding cyber and outsourcing risk involved. Regulatory and supervisory guidance will also play prominent role in this going forward.

PENGARUH PEMBINAAN PENGAWAS DAN KEGIATAN MGMP TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN GURU PAI DALAM MELAKSANAKAN KURIKULUM 2013

This study aims to describe and analyze the influence of supervisors' training and PAI Teacher Subject deliberation activities on the ability of PAI Teachers to implement the 2013 Curriculum. This research was a field research type by using quantitative approach and associative methods. Respondents in this study were PAI Junior High School teachers in Padang. The findings of the study show that the guidance of supervisors to PAI teachers has a positive and significant effect on the ability of PAI teachers to implement the 2013 curriculum that is equal to 0.200 or 20.0%. PAI Subject Teachers' Meeting (MGMP) has a positive and significant effect on the ability of PAI teachers to implement the 2013 curriculum of 0.208 or 20.8%. Whereas supervisory guidance for PAI teachers and PAI Teacher Subject Meeting (MGMP) activities simultaneously had an influence on the ability of PAI teachers to implement the 2013 curriculum in SMPs in Padang City by 0.281 or 28.1%. It is concluded that the guidance of school supervisors and the activities of the subject teacher deliberations had a positive influence on the ability of religious teachers to implement the 2013 curriculum. This implies that coaching needs to be empowered intensively.

Towards an enhanced view of doctoral writing environments: Learning alliances to reconceptualise practice

As doctoral enrolments have soared in many countries around the world, considerable attention has been devoted to how an increasingly diverse candidature can succeed in thesis writing. Along with supervisory guidance during the student’s research project, various publications have emerged to help students with thesis writing requirements. However, neither necessarily helps students become expert writers as supervisors tend to focus on content discussions, and self-help books attend to the more surface or mechanical features of writing. Along the way to a finished thesis, students can become mired in uncertainty about what they are discovering – intellectually stuck – and then lose confidence in their ability to express themselves within an academically accepted writing style. Indecision hampers student progress as they struggle with appropriate ways to reveal the insights they are gaining during research. Yet, generic, group-oriented, doctoral writing programmes can provide a powerful means for students to appreciate key features of the doctoral writing genre and overcome intellectual hurdles. This paper explores how an understanding of threshold concepts and the use of cultural, social and linguistic tools can mediate students’ emerging knowledge of how to become proficient and successful thesis writers.

Rising House Prices and Ultra‐low Interest Rates: A Recipe for a New Banking Crisis?

AbstractAre overheating housing markets and rising interest rate risks becoming a breeding ground for yet another banking crisis? We assess these risks for the German case. We find that they are indeed building up and may very well form the basis for a new banking crisis – unless prevented through responsible banking decisions, supervisory guidance, and policy adjustments.