Supervisory Arrangements Research Articles

Datafication of the hotspots in the blind spot of supervisory authorities

AbstractThe hotspot approach used to contain asylum seekers at the borders of Europe has been heavily criticized for deplorable conditions and multiple fundamental rights violations. This article dives into an underexplored issue in the hotspots, namely its datafication. It explores the question of the protection of personal data, and analyses whether the supervisory arrangements in place are sufficient to ensure the protection of personal data of individuals at the borders, or whether, as the current European Data Protection Supervisor states it, data protection is too often suspended at European Union borders. While supervision is in place to monitor the hotspots, this contribution shows that it remains limited and that many blind spots exist that fully escape any supervision. These emerge, for example by reasons of the complex legal framework of the hotspots, or of the informal nature of the exchanges of data.

Urinary Tract Infection Related to Indwelling Catheterization and Associated Factors Among ≥ 50-year-old Females at A Tertiary Care Hospital, Odisha, India

This study determines the association factors of demographic variables with urinary tract infections (UTIs) among females ≥ 50 years or older. Routine microbiological analysis of the urine samples was done to find the dominant microorganisms in these older females and their level of drug resistance. One hundred elderly females with indwelling catheterization were admitted to two different hospitals. The semi-structured questionnaire tool has been used to collect socio-demographic variables and investigate UTIs. A structured 2-point rating scale was used to determine the factors associated with UTIs. A rating scale was employed, assigning a score of 1 for "yes" and 2 for "no". Urine samples were collected from the participants and diagnosed with routine microbiological tests. UTIs related to indwelling catheterization were 20% between the ages of 50–59 years, and 92% were Married older females. There was an association of factors with marital status, P= 4.033782, df=1, andᵡ²=0.0446, to be statistically significant. Investigation with demographic variables and duration of indwelling catheterization was not statistically significant. Multidrugresistant Escherichia coli and four different species of Candida were the dominant microorganisms isolated. The identification of UTIs and associated factors with catheterisation will help in controlling the UTIs related to indwelling catheterization and associated factors among older females≥ 50 years of age and endeavours by nursing staff for the good supervisory arrangement for nursing staff and students during indwelling catheterization of the patient. Further, the microbiological analysis results can help develop a suitable antibiotic usage policy for reducing antibiotic resistance.

PhD students’ relatedness, motivation, and well-being with multiple supervisors

ABSTRACT While the quality and nature of a PhD students’ relationship with their supervisors is widely regarded as pivotal for successfully completing their studies, the increasing use of multiple supervisors may challenge this relationship. This is the first study to use interviews with students and supervisors to explore students’ motivation in such supervisory arrangements. Our study is framed by Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a means for understanding factors that enable (or inhibit) individuals’ motivation to learn, and Social Penetration Theory (SPT) for its perspectives on the development of relationships. Findings show that students’ self-disclosure fosters relatedness and enhances autonomy and competence, with motivation and well-being as a function of their relational needs being satisfied. As such, complementarities between SDT and SPT provide more nuanced insights into the influence of relatedness on student motivation and well-being.

Küresel Eğitim Şirketlerinde İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi Çalışmalarının İncelenmesi

The purpose of this study is to examine the human resource management studies in global education companies. In parallel with the managerial processes of global education companies, the most important reserve of wealth and qualification criteria are the human resources management owned by these companies. The correct application of human resources management, which is one of the most important elements affecting the performance of global education companies, is very important in terms of ensuring the sustainability of the company. It is seen that the main purpose of almost all global education companies is to provide institutionalization in this way. On this basis, institutionalization is an obligatory justification for global education companies to become a system and to create an efficient working environment. Human resources management is also an important criterion as a system in which global training companies are guided, recruited and controlled. Human resources within the framework of Corporate Governance, long-term strategies of the company and a training company managers and increase the efficiency of business operations and supervisory arrangements of a facilitation effect. Key Words: Training Company, Human Resources, Corporate Governance

Complaint-driven preferences & trust: patient’s views on consulting GP trainees

ABSTRACT Background Work-based learning depends on patients’ consent to have trainees involved in their care. However, patients can refuse trainees, which might lead to the loss of learning experiences. Improved understanding of patients’ views on consulting trainees may provide useful insights to further optimise learning for trainees. Methods We performed a qualitative study with 28 patients in The Netherlands. Participants were recruited from GP practices, and were purposively sampled on (un)willingness to consult GP trainees. In semi-structured interviews patients’ perspectives and willingness to consult a trainee were explored. Transcripts were thematically analysed using an inductive approach. Results Two themes explained patients’ views on consulting GP trainees: Presenting complaint-driven preferences and Trust in trainees’ capabilities. Patients select their doctor based on complaint-driven preferences and chose trainees if they fulfilled these preferences. For urgent, gender-specific and minor complaints, patients prefer timeliness, gender concordance or availability. Patients with more complex, long-term problems prefer to consult a trusted doctor with whom they have a longitudinal relationship. Through repeated visits and empathic behaviour trainees can become this doctor. Before patients consider consulting a trainee, they need to have trust in the trainee’s capabilities. This trust is related to the basic trust patients have in the education of the trainee, their knowledge about trainees’ capabilities and supervisory arrangements. Conclusions Patients’ decision to visit a trainee is fluid. Patients will visit a trainee when their complaint-driven preferences are satisfied. Influencing trainees’ fulfilment of these preferences and patients’ trust in trainees can make patients more willing to consult trainees.

“I didn’t want to be a troublemaker” – doctoral students’ experiences of change in supervisory arrangements

PurposeDuring the lengthy process of PhD studies, supervisory changes commonly occur for several different reasons, but their most frequent trigger is a poor supervisory relationship. Even though a change in supervisors is a formal bureaucratic process and not least the students’ rights, in practice it can be experienced as challenging. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore how doctoral students experience a change in supervisory arrangements.Design/methodology/approachThis study highlights the voices of 19 doctoral students who experienced at least one supervisory change during their doctoral studies.FindingsThe findings were structured chronologically, revealing the students’ experiences prior, during and after the changes. In total, 12 main themes were identified. Most of the interviewed students experienced the long decision-making processes as stressful, difficult and exhausting, sometimes causing a lack of mental well-being. However, once the change was complete, they felt renewed, energized and capable of continuing with their studies. It was common to go through more than one change in supervisory arrangements. Further, the students described both the advantages of making a change yet also the long-lasting consequences of this change that could affect them long after they had completed their PhD programs.Originality/valueThe study fulfills an identified need to investigate the understudied perspective of doctoral students in the context of change in supervisory arrangements. A change in the academic culture is needed to make any changes in supervisory arrangements more acceptable thus making PhD studies more sustainable.

European Banking Union and bank risk disclosure: the effects of the Single Supervisory Mechanism

This paper provides evidence on the impact of European Banking Union (BU) and the associated Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) on the risk disclosure practices of European banks. The onset of BU and the associated rules are considered as an exogenous shock that provides the setting for a natural experiment to analyze the effects of the new supervisory arrangements on bank risk disclosure practices. A Difference-in-Differences approach is adopted, building evidence from the disclosure practices of systemically important banks supervised by the European Central Bank (ECB) and other banks supervised by national regulators over the period 2012–2017. The main findings are that bank risk disclosure increased overall following BU but there was a weakening of disclosure by SSM-supervised banks relative to banks supervised by national authorities. We also find that the overall positive effect of the BU on bank disclosure is stronger for less profitable banks and in the most troubled economies of the Eurozone (GIPSI countries), while the negative effect on centrally supervised banks is stronger if bank CEOs act also as chairmen (CEO duality). We interpret these findings in light of the fact that the new institutional arrangements for bank supervision under which the ECB relies on local supervisors to collect the information necessary to act gives rise to inefficiencies with respect to the speed and completeness of the information flow between SSM supervised banks and the ECB, which are reflected in bank disclosure practices.

Beyond clinical trials: Extending the role of the clinical research nurse into social care and homeless research.

Clinical research nurses work at the fulcrum of clinical trials with clearly defined roles and responsibilities. In England, the National Institute for Health Research (the main funder of health research) has broadened its scope to encompass social care research. The expectation is that clinical research nurses will expand their skill set to support these new studies, many of which will employ qualitative and mixed methods. This discussion paper explores the challenges of facilitating this clinical academic workforce development through a case study of a homeless health and social care research project. This was one of the first studies to engage clinical research nurses in this new and expanded role. Much of what is known about the research nurse workforce has been generated through studies of clinical trials in oncology. The 'caring-recruiting' dichotomy has been used as a heuristic device for identifying workforce issues that can impact on study delivery such as how intense pressure to recruit study participants leads to low job satisfaction. This case study reflects on the authors' experiences of employing a clinical research nurse in a social care research project concerned with the discharge of homeless people from hospital. The 'caring-recruiting' dichotomy is used to generate new information about the relationship between workforce development and the successful delivery of social care research. The case study illuminates how social care research can generate different pressures and ethical challenges for research nurses. The time and skill it took to recruit study participants identified as 'hard to reach' was suggestive of the need to move beyond performance measures that prioritise recruitment metrics. The need for different types of staff supervision and training was also warranted as supporting study participants who were homeless was often distressing, leading to professional boundary issues. This study highlights that performance management, training and supervisory arrangements must be tailored to the characteristics of each new study coming onto the portfolio to ensure research nurses are fully supported in this new and expanded role.

Central Counterparties are Too Big for the European Securities and Markets Authority (Alone): Constructive Critique of the 2019 CCP Supervision Regulation

Once seen as the solution to the systemic risk of over-the-counter derivatives, central counterparties (CCPs) have become a source of concern for the financial stability of the European Union (EU). Distress of a single CCP might be transferred to clearing members and others CCPs, thereby endangering EU monetary and fiscal stability. However, the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) has left fiscal responsibility as well as day-to-day supervision of EU-based CCPs (EU-CCPs) at the national level, albeit cross-border colleges of authorities can overturn key decisions of national supervisors. The Commission concluded that these supervisory arrangements needed to be reformed because they hamper the development of a single coherent EU approach to CCP supervision. Although the Commission had proposed to centralise EU-CCP supervision in the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), the final 2019 CCP Supervision Regulation seeks to improve EMIR’s ineffective collegial framework by establishing an internal CCP Supervisory Committee within ESMA. Nevertheless, the continuing lack of loss mutualisation would keep on hindering the development of a single approach to EU-CCP supervision. Moreover, the new regulation adds another layer of complexity to the EMIR framework and clashes with the European monetary constitution. If an agreement on loss mutualisation was reached, EU-CCP supervision should be centralised in two EU bodies along objective lines: while the European Central Bank should be tasked with EU-CCP prudential supervision, ESMA should be responsible for EU-CCP conduct of business supervision. This framework would improve EU-CCP supervision and fit in with the current EU governance at once.

On a Wing and a Prayer! An Exploration of Students’ Experiences of External Supervision

Abstract Field education is a core component of social work courses globally and has been recognised as providing significant learning opportunities to develop professional practice. Evidence highlights the strong correlation between student satisfaction with their supervisory relationship and their satisfaction with placement, but current practices have resulted in more reliance on placements with a variety of supervisory arrangements, which may be compromising a quality and supportive supervisory relationship. This article reports on an Australian online survey of 284 social work students about their experience of supervision, focusing on 119 students who received external supervision. Both quantitative ratings and qualitative comments showed that students generally described their external supervision as valuable and offered space to reflect critically on practice. Nevertheless, many felt disadvantaged without a social work presence onsite and not being observed or observing social work practice. Concerns were raised about task supervisors who offered supervision ‘on the run’ and had limited understanding of social work roles and values. Many students struggled on placement and felt that, once placement was confirmed, they received minimal support from University staff. Findings should alert field education programmes that students require consistent and ongoing involvement.

Community health workers for non-communicable disease prevention and control in Nepal: a qualitative study

Background/objectiveThe increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Nepal underscores the importance of strengthening primary healthcare systems to deliver efficient care. In this study, we examined the barriers and facilitators...

Ministry of Education Turkish Overseas Schools as a Factor of Soft Power in Public Diplomacy: A Qualitative Analysis

In this study, to be able to deeply make sense of and to interpret the problems preventing MOE Overseas Turkish Schools to be a factor of soft power in public diplomacy, the opinions of 30 teachers and head masters, chosen with snowball and convenience sampling were referred with the semi-structured interviews. The out coming data were subjected to content analysis. The main themes of this study were determined as the importance of legal and supervisory arrangements about teachers’ sufficiency working abroad for Ministry of Education Turkish Overseas Schools as a factor of soft power in public diplomacy, sharing platforms for common educational and cultural projects to be held and sample applications, coordination with Embassies, areas of students of Turkish Schools to be empowered, the content of in-service training, the image of Turkish Schools, supervision and counselling. In aspect of public diplomacy these themes were examined as soft power and suggestions were made. Keywords: Public diplomacy, soft power, MOE Turkish Overseas Schools. Special Issue of Educational Sciences DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-06-10

Strategies to Assist Distance Doctoral Students in Completing Their Dissertations

Completing doctoral dissertations is difficult work and may be harder for distance students physically separated from institutional and collegial supports. Inability to complete independent research contributes to doctoral student attrition. Factors impacting completion include institutional factors, student characteristics, and supervisory arrangements (Manathunga, 2005). This paper shares proactive strategies used by a Midwestern university in the United States to support distance doctoral students. Strategies and technology tools are described that (a) cultivate a shared culture of responsibility and commitment, (b) increase effective communication between researchers, and (c) grow departmental and institutional services and technologies for faculty and students. This paper suggests the use of a specific framework to help students develop a shared culture of responsibility. This framework encourages students to discuss their social network, as well as teaches students how to manage their split life by using a tool which evaluates a student’s readiness for the dissertation process and maps out where dissertation skills and knowledge are developed throughout the program. Strategies for effective communication include availability, effective feedback, trust, and humor. Services and technologies provided to build capacity include the use of online and library resources, campus-wide use of research software, writing and research services, and department supports and processes to promote student research. These mechanisms for accountability, mentoring, training, and trust increase the likelihood of success.

Clinical radiography education across Europe

PurposeTo establish a picture of clinical education models within radiography programmes across Europe by surveying higher education institutions registered as affiliate members of the European Federation of Radiography Societies (EFRS). MethodAn online survey was developed to ascertain data on: practical training, supervisory arrangements, placement logistics, quality assurance processes, and the assessment of clinical competencies. Responses were identifiable in terms of educational institution and country. All educational institutions who were affiliate members at the time of the study were invited to participate (n = 46). Descriptive and thematic analyses are reported. ResultsA response rate of 82.6% (n = 38) was achieved from educational institutions representing 21 countries. Over half of responding institutions (n = 21) allocated in excess of 60 European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) credits to practical training. In nearly three-quarters of clinical placements there was a dedicated clinical practice supervisor in place; two-thirds of these were employed directly by the hospital. Clinical practice supervisors were typically state registered radiographers, who had a number of years of clinical experience and had received specific training for the role. Typical responsibilities included monitoring student progress, providing feedback and completing paperwork, this did however vary between respondents. In almost all institutions there were support systems in place for clinical placement supervisors within their roles. ConclusionsSimilarities exist in the provision of clinical radiography education across Europe. Clinical placements are a core component of radiography education and are supported by experienced clinical practice supervisors. Mechanisms are in place for the selection, training and support of clinical practice supervisors. Professional societies should work collaboratively to establish guidelines for effective clinical placements.

Post-Crisis Regulatory and Supervisory Arrangements The New Oldd Central Banking

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) exposed clear gaps in the pre-crisis regulatory and supervisory framework in most of financial systems worldwide, but not in all financial systems. Optimal design of supervisory and regulatory arrangements in the post-crisis perspective requires identifying elements that failed in helping predicting current slowdown, and those that directly or indirectly affected vulnerability of financial markets. Both tasks appear to be as challenging as twelve labors of Hercules: demanding, covering wide aspects of financial and macroeconomic environment, requiring cooperation of many key agents in all markets; hence truly virtually impossible.Instead of identifying ‘failed’ elements, we propose the positive approach to the post-crisis regulatory and supervisory framework, which is proving that some institutional arrangements and basic elements of financial safety net helped some countries avoid the crisis. There are many important questions, which should be treated as a starting point for discussing changes in supervisory and regulatory framework, especially in relation to the central banking. Should central banks become less powerful and be made more subject to political control, or be given more tools to achieve financial stability? Should the trend of removing central banks from direct supervisory responsibilities be reversed? Is the period of ‘central banks’ triumph’, a period in which their independence and autonomy was widely accepted, now over?

Financial Supervision after the Crisis: The Structures, the Lessons, and the Way Forward

The 2008 financial crisis not only exposed the weaknesses and loopholes in the financial regulatory framework but also casted doubt on the efficiency of the existing financial supervisory arrangements. Indeed, the 2008 meltdown has spurred intense debate regarding the appropriate institutional structure for financial supervision, which has culminated in the ongoing radical revamping of several countries’ supervisory frameworks. In this paper, our objectives are to discuss the role of central banks in financial supervision, with a special emphasis on macro-prudential supervision; to present the trends which have underlain the financial supervisory architecture in the EU-28 countries over the last two decades; and to make some preliminary observations on the effectiveness of the central banks as micro-prudential supervisors. In conclusion, we delineate the core institutional and organizational pillars of an effective model of financial supervision.

Multinational Banks and Supranational Supervision

We study the supervision of multinational banks (MNBs), allowing for either national or supranational supervision. National supervision leads to insufficient monitoring of MNBs due to a coordination problem between supervisors. Supranational supervision solves this problem and generates more monitoring. However, this increased monitoring can have unintended consequences, as it also affects the choice of foreign representation. Indeed, supranational supervision encourages MNBs to expand abroad using branches rather than subsidiaries, resulting in more pressure on their domestic deposit insurance fund. In some cases, it discourages foreign expansion altogether, so that financial integration paradoxically decreases. Our framework has implications on the design of supervisory arrangements for MNBs, the European Single Supervisory Mechanism being a prominent example.

Why did I drop out? Former students’ recollections about their study process and factors related to leaving the doctoral studies

ABSTRACTRecent reforms in higher education have provided material for researching different aspects of doctoral studies in a variety of ways. Much of the current literature concentrates on characteristics of effective supervision and doctoral students’ experiences. Less attention has been paid to the study experiences of non-completers – former doctoral students who dropped out of doctoral programmes prior to graduation. In the current study, we explore doctoral studies experiences from the perspective of non-completers and aim to identify factors that were related to dropping out. Data were collected with semi-structured interviews from 14 former doctoral students in the field of education, and qualitative thematic data analysis techniques were employed for data analysis. The results indicate that dropping out from doctoral studies is associated with different factors: for example, (with) students’ personal factors, supervisory arrangements, as well as factors related to institution and the wider learning environment. These results are further discussed and implications for enhancing study arrangements for doctoral studies are presented.

Central bank independence, financial supervision structure and bank soundness: An empirical analysis around the crisis

Abstract Over the last fifteen years, many countries introduced reforms into the supervisory architecture of their financial sector. However, there is no evidence on whether specific supervisory arrangements were more successful than others during the crisis. Empirical evidence on the topic is in general scarce and there are reasonable theoretical arguments for and against alternative approaches. Similarly, while the effect of central bank independence on price stability has attracted a lot of attention, our knowledge with regards to its effect on bank soundness remains limited. Using a large sample of commercial banks operating in various countries over the period 2000–2011, this paper investigates whether and how bank soundness is influenced by central bank independence, central bank involvement in prudential regulation, and supervisory unification. We find that central bank independence exercises a positive impact on bank soundness, which in the case of smaller banks is enhanced during the crisis. Supervisory unification and the central bank involvement appear to mitigate the adverse effects of the crisis. The power of the supervisory authorities and bank size also appear to be conditional factors.

The introduction, deployment and impact of assistant practitioners in diagnostic radiography in Scotland

This article describes the outcomes of an evaluation of the impact of introducing Assistant Practitioners (AP) roles into imaging departments in 13 of the 14 NHS Boards in Scotland.Between 2006 and 2009 some 34 individuals were trained as APs in diagnostic radiography with 33 subsequently taking up AP posts. In 2010 NHS Education for Scotland commissioned an evaluation of the impact brought about through introduction of the diagnostic imaging AP role in imaging departments.The research found that a minority of the managers had considered the workforce implications of introducing the new roles or the supervisory arrangements that would be required. In some sites implementation of the roles had resulted in the release of radiographers for additional training and higher level activities, but in others financial constraints had limited such initiatives. Managers believed that APs had helped maintain or improve service capacity and quality.