Supervised Learning Classification Research Articles

Supervised Machine Learning-Based Models for Predicting Raised Blood Sugar.

Raised blood sugar (hyperglycemia) is considered a strong indicator of prediabetes or diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) affecting the adult population. Recently, the prevalence of diabetes has been increasing at a faster rate, especially in developing countries. The primary concern associated with diabetes is the potential for serious health complications to occur if it is not diagnosed early. Therefore, timely detection and screening of diabetes is considered a crucial factor in treating and controlling the disease. Population screening for raised blood sugar aims to identify individuals at risk before symptoms appear, enabling timely intervention and potentially improved health outcomes. However, implementing large-scale screening programs can be expensive, requiring testing, follow-up, and management resources, potentially straining healthcare systems. Given the above facts, this paper presents supervised machine-learning models to detect and predict raised blood sugar. The proposed raised blood sugar models utilize diabetes-related risk factors including age, body mass index (BMI), eating habits, physical activity, prevalence of other diseases, and fasting blood sugar obtained from the dataset of the STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor study collected from adults in the Palestinian community. The diabetes risk factor obtained from the STEPS dataset was used as input for building the prediction model that was trained using various types of supervised learning classification algorithms including random forest, decision tree, Adaboost, XGBoost, bagging decision trees, and multi-layer perceptron (MLP). Based on the experimental results, the raised blood sugar models demonstrated optimal performance when implemented with a random forest classifier, yielding an accuracy of 98.4%. Followed by the bagging decision trees, XGBoost, MLP, AdaBoost, and decision tree with an accuracy of 97.4%, 96.4%, 96.3%, 95.2%, and 94.8%, respectively.

Comparative analysis of four classification algorithms for fault detection of heat pumps

Heat Pumps (HPs) technology had a remarkable diffusion and growth in the Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) field, with an increase predicted to be greater than 200% until 2030. Therefore, efficient asset management must be achieved by ensuring their maintainability and reliability. For this purpose, several methodologies have been used in the last years for HPs fault diagnosis. These methodologies include, with the advances of computational systems and reduced costs of several components, machine learning and other artificial intelligence techniques. In the present paper, a connection weight approach is used to identify the clout of each component for the fault detection (FD) of HPs. The results show that the method provides a more comprehensive assessment of the importance of each component, yielding a reduction of 50% of the features. A comparative analysis of supervised learning classification algorithms is performed, for fault detection of an air-to-air HP in cooling mode. Such algorithms include Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, and K-nearest Neighbors. The faults considered include compressor and reversing valve leakage, improper condenser and evaporator fouling, liquid line restriction, refrigerant undercharge and overcharge, and also the presence of non-condensable gases. Algorithms are compared in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 Score. The best results were achieved with K-nearest Neighbors, since it presented the highest values for these four metrics, over 99% after a cross validation considering a reduced number of components. Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Logistic Regression also achieved over 90% performance metrics. Other models were superficially analysed and Ridge Regression with metrics performance of 100%, on average, revealed to be a promising tool for fault diagnosis in HPs.

Performance Evaluation of Some Selected Classification Algorithms in a Facial Recognition System

Facial Recognition (FR) has been an active area of research and has diverse applicable environment, it continues to be a challenging research topic. With the development of image processing and pattern recognition technology, there are many challenges in machine learning to select the appropriate classification algorithms, most especially in the area of classification of extracted features to have low classification time, high sensitivity and accuracy of the classification algorithms, so it is very important to explore the performance of different algorithms in image classification. The three selected supervised learning classification algorithms: Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) performance were evaluated so as to know the most effective out of the selected algorithms for facial images classification. The development of the system has four stages, the first stage is image acquisition and 180 images were taken by digital camera under same illumination and light colour background. The second stage is pre-processing to improve the images data by suppressing unwilling distortion; grayscale and normalization were used for image pre-processing. The third stage is feature extraction; Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is adopted for this purpose. While the fourth stage is face recognition classification, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) was used to test the performance of each the three algorithms. However the Learning Vector Quantization algorithm, Relevance Vector Machine and Support Vector Machine performance have not been compared together to the most effective out of the three algorithms in term of False Positive Rate, Sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, Accuracy and Computation Time. Hence, this work evaluated the performance of the Learning Vector Quantization; Relevance Vector Machine and Support Vector Machine classification algorithms in facial recognition system and Support Vector Machine outwit the other two algorithms in facial recognition in term of specificity, recognition time and recognition accuracy at different threshold.

Recognition and optimisation method of impact deformation patterns based on point cloud and deep clustering: Applied to thin-walled tubes

The recognition and clustering of deformation modes are key to constructing impact deformation constraints for thin-walled structures. This paper transforms the clustering and recognition problem of structural impact deformation modes into a problem of clustering and recognition of point cloud sequences based on pseudo-labels. The effectiveness of the method is assessed, and the experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed method can reach up to 92.17 % when using a pre-training deep neural network feature extractor, which is not only close to the 98.50 % accuracy of supervised learning classification models but also has a 16.84 % improvement in accuracy compared to the deep clustering method based on K-Means. Under different clustering conditions, the proposed method can effectively classify and recognise samples with similar deformation modes and has the ability to summarise and induce new deformation modes when the number of clusters exceeds the number of manual labels. Furthermore, this paper presents a multi-objective optimisation method for structural crashworthiness under impact deformation constraints based on the NSGA-II algorithm. This method constructs impact deformation constraints using surrogate models and deformation clustering and recognition models. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively constrain the generation of the population. It is found that there are a large number of Pareto solutions that do not belong to the expected impact deformation mode under the condition of no deformation mode constraint. In contrast, almost all the obtained Pareto solutions conform to the expected impact deformation mode under the condition of deformation mode constraint. In summary, under the condition of impact deformation constraint, the obtained Pareto solutions can satisfy the crashworthiness requirements while conforming to the expected impact deformation mode.

Classification Model of Student Placement Datasets and Evolution of Classifiers of Weka Tool

Abstract: Placement of students is one of the most important objective of an educational institution. Reputation and yearly admissions of an institution invariably depend on the placements it provides it students with .Placement is a foremost expectation concerning both the institute and the student's perspective. This paper analyze the different data mining techniques and implement data mining technique to extract Knowledge from MBA student placement datasets. In this regard we takes student placement data to extract pattern with using supervised learning techniques of data mining. In this paper we have used WEKA software for experimental work and author also try to evaluate some supervised learning classifiers of WEKA with using student placement dataset.

A region-wise indoor localization system based on unsupervised learning and ant colony optimization technique

WiFi-based indoor localization has gained widespread attention in the recent past with the ubiquitous deployment of WLAN. However, for sustainable performance, it is crucial to identify and maintain the important WiFi Access Points (APs). Interestingly, the localization capabilities of APs differ even within their area of coverage depending on the indoor ambience and building properties. Thus, the significance of an AP to the localization performance can be better assessed if the entire region is divided into optimal number of clusters/subregions. This type of problem is hardly investigated in the literature. Consequently, in this paper, the aforementioned challenges are addressed from the perspective of expert systems through applying machine learning and meta-heuristic techniques. Accordingly, our contribution is three-fold. First, we have designed a Region-wise Indoor Localization System (RwILS) in which a sub-regional division algorithm is proposed using DBSCAN approach. Second, a sub-region-wise important AP selection algorithm is designed based on Ant Colony Optimization technique. Third, a location estimation approach is proposed that first identifies the sub-region and then predicts the location point in that sub-region using supervised learning classifiers. A publicly available dataset, JUIndoorLoc is used for experimental evaluation. The localization accuracy of RwILS is improved to 95.68% while the state-of-the-art classifiers give 71% to 83% accuracy. RwILS also outperforms some recent works which further validates its effectiveness. Thus, this proposed technique can lead to an effective expert system in the domain of indoor localization.

Improved Binary Meerkat Optimization Algorithm for efficient feature selection of supervised learning classification

Feature selection (FS) is a crucial step in machine learning and data mining projects. It aims to remove redundant and uncorrelated features, thus improving the accuracy of models. However, it can be challenging to select the optimal features, especially for datasets with many features. This paper proposes the Binary Meerkat Optimization Algorithm (BMOA) to address the issue of FS. The BMOA selects the most related and useful features. Additionally, an improved BMOA (IBMOA) is introduced, which enhances exploration and exploitation capabilities by incorporating the Periodic Mode Boundary Handling (PMBH) strategy and the Local Search (LS) process. This helps to reduce dimensionality and enhance classification accuracy. To evaluate the significance of selected features, two widely used classifiers, namely k-nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were used as quality raters. The proposed IBMOA and the original BMOA were compared on 21 multi-scale and multi-faceted benchmark datasets. The binary structures of eight contemporary algorithms, including Binary Artificial Bee Colony (BABC), Binary Grey Wolf Optimization (BGWO), Binary Sailfish Optimizer (BSFO), Binary Particle Swarm Optimizer (BPSO), Binary Bird Swarm Algorithm (BBSA), Binary Whale Optimization Algorithm (BWOA), Binary Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (BGOA), and Binary Bat Algorithm (BBA), were also analyzed and compared. The proposed IBMOA algorithm outperforms competitors on small and large datasets, obtaining optimal solutions within a reasonable timeframe. This is true for the proposed IBMOA, which has been statistically proven to be highly competitive using the Wilcoxon rank sum test (with alpha=0.05).

Supervised learning study on ground classification and state recognition of agricultural robots based on multi-source vibration data fusion

In agricultural environments, recognizing the walking ground and state of tracked mobile robots is a complex and challenging task, influenced by clay conditions and other external environmental disturbances. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel data processing method and efficient classifier. Firstly, the noise signals on the left and right sides of the collected robot are averaged, and a time-wavelet-time domain transformation is performed using the Mallat algorithm to achieve nonlinear enhancement of data features and signal denoising. Secondly, the Gramian Angular Summation Fields (GASF) is introduced to transform sequence data into single-channel images, capturing the periodicity and similarity of time series. Next, the images of three sets of sequences are stacked in the channel dimension in RGB format, thus achieving feature fusion of multi-source data. Finally, a supervised learning classifier named Attention-fused Residual Convolutional Neural Network (ANR-CNN) is proposed. Here, the combination of channel and spatial attention mechanisms captures important features in the feature map in both channel and spatial dimensions. The convolutional residual structure enhances feature transmission, improving the model's classification accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed data augmentation method effectively enhances model performance, and the classification accuracy of ANR-CNN reaches 92.35%. This implies accurate recognition of the walking ground and state of tracked mobile robots in agricultural environments.

Adaptive Marine Predator Optimization Algorithm (AOMA)-Deep Supervised Learning Classification (DSLC) Based IDS Framework for MANET Security

Adaptive Marine Predator Optimization Algorithm (AOMA)-Deep Supervised Learning Classification (DSLC) Based IDS Framework for MANET Security

Deep Learning Glioma Grading with the Tumor Microenvironment Analysis Protocol for Comprehensive Learning, Discovering, and Quantifying Microenvironmental Features.

Gliomas are primary brain tumors that arise from neural stem cells, or glial precursors. Diagnosis of glioma is based on histological evaluation of pathological cell features and molecular markers. Gliomas are infiltrated by myeloid cells that accumulate preferentially in malignant tumors, and their abundance inversely correlates with survival, which is of interest for cancer immunotherapies. To avoid time-consuming and laborious manual examination of images, a deep learning approach for automatic multiclass classification of tumor grades was proposed. As an alternative way of investigating characteristics of brain tumor grades, we implemented a protocol for learning, discovering, and quantifying tumor microenvironment elements on our glioma dataset. Using only single-stained biopsies we derived characteristic differentiating tumor microenvironment phenotypic neighborhoods. The study was complicated by the small size of the available human leukocyte antigen stained on glioma tissue microarray dataset - 206 images of 5 classes - as well as imbalanced data distribution. This challenge was addressed by image augmentation for underrepresented classes. In practice, we considered two scenarios, a whole slide supervised learning classification, and an unsupervised cell-to-cell analysis looking for patterns of the microenvironment. In the supervised learning investigation, we evaluated 6 distinct model architectures. Experiments revealed that a DenseNet121 architecture surpasses the baseline's accuracy by a significant margin of 9% for the test set, achieving a score of 69%, increasing accuracy in discerning challenging WHO grade 2 and 3 cases. All experiments have been carried out in a cross-validation manner. The tumor microenvironment analysis suggested an important role for myeloid cells and their accumulation in the context of characterizing glioma grades. Those promising approaches can be used as an additional diagnostic tool to improve assessment during intraoperative examination or subtyping tissues for treatment selection, potentially easing the workflow of pathologists and oncologists.

Gearbox Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Unlabeled Vibration Signals Using a Supervised Learning Classifier

Data-based equipment fault detection and diagnosis is an important research area in the smart factory era, which began with the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Steel manufacturing is a typical processing industry, and efficient equipment operation can improve product quality and cost. Steel production systems require precise control of the equipment, which is a complex process. A gearbox transmits power between shafts and is an essential piece of mechanical equipment. A gearbox malfunction can cause serious problems not only in production, quality, and delivery but in safety. Many researchers are developing methods for monitoring gearbox condition and for diagnosing failures in order to resolve problems. In most data-driven methods, the analysis data set is derived from a distribution of identical data with failure mode labels. Industrial sites, however, often collect data without information on the failure type or failure status due to varying operating conditions and periodic repair. Therefore, the data sets not only include frequent false alarms, but they cannot explain the causes of the alarms. In this paper, a framework called the Reduced Lagrange Method (R-LM) periodically assigns pseudolabels to vibration signals collected without labels and creates an input data set. In order to monitor the status of equipment and to diagnose failures, the input data set is fed into a supervised learning classifier. To verify the proposed method, we build a test rig using motors and gearboxes that are used on production sites in order to artificially simulate defects in the gears and to operate them to collect vibration data. Data features are extracted from the frequency domain and time domain, and pseudolabeling is applied. There were fewer false alarms when applying R-LM, and it was possible to explain which features were responsible for equipment status changes, which improved field applicability. It was possible to detect changes in equipment conditions before a catastrophic failure, thus providing meaningful alarm and warning information, as well as further promising research topics.

Optimisation and cross-validation of an e-hailing hybrid pricing algorithm using a supervised learning classification and regression tree model: a heuristic approach

Ride-hailing application price decisions are frequently considered biased and therefore are receiving more attention. Electronic (e)-hailing providers use the machine learning reinforcement model (RL) to build their dynamic pricing (DP) strategy to charge consumers. Nevertheless, the associated pricing issues in e-hailing potentially jeopardise this flourishing industry with a more significant long-term effect if left unresolved. Upon increased demand, the DP strategies assist the e-hailing systems with price surging, the unreasonable surging of price is unexpected by e-hailing users and deters them from using e-hailing services. A drawback of the existing RL DP algorithm is that does not consider surrounding factors before surging the price. Hence, this study aimed to address the underlying pricing issues through a hybrid pricing model using classification and regression tree (CART) supervised learning. A hybrid pricing algorithm was developed to demonstrate the enhanced model has edge over the existing model. The current e-hailing RL based algorithm was compared against the SL’s CART enhanced pricing algorithm with cross-validation using centrality analysis results. The test results shows that the hybrid pricing algorithm could address DP pricing issues by optimising e-hailing prices to provide its consumers with impartial pricing and remuneration. The proposed model can be a good theoretical reference for further studies which can also be applied to other industries such as Airlines, Tourism where DP is in used.

Predicting the concentration range of trace organic contaminants in recycled water using supervised classification

Trace Organic Contaminants (TrOCs) have evidence for many health and environmental issues. Frequent monitoring of TrOC concentration is a time-consuming and costly process, which cannot be achieved easily. Identifying surrogate markers for these contaminants is a practical solution to monitor and ensure water quality. However, this topic is seldom explored in previous literature. This study aimed to find surrogate markers to predict concentration class (i.e., three classes: low concentration, medium concentration, high concentration) for a set of widely used pharmaceutical and personal care product TrOCs (e.g., Fluoxetine, Primidone, Saccharin, Sucralose to name a few) in recycled water from Melbourne Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP), Melbourne, Australia. For this purpose, three popular supervised learning classification algorithms namely Naïve Bayes, Random Forest and Support Vector Machines were utilized. Physicochemical parameters colour, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) were found to be the top three predictive features for the majority of the investigated TrOCs. UV Transmittance (UVT) and the total amount of suspended solids (TSS) were the next frequent features. The Random Forest model resulted in the highest classification accuracy (≥73 %) for the majority of compounds. This paper presents evidence that with the acquired intelligence of supervised machine learning, the concentration range of hard to measure TrOCs in water can be predicted from a handful of low-cost and easy-to-measure physicochemical parameters.

A Non-Contrast Multi-Parametric MRI Biomarker for Assessment of MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thermal Therapies.

We present the development of a non-contrast multi-parametric magnetic resonance (MPMR) imaging biomarker to assess treatment outcomes for magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) ablations of localized tumors. Images obtained immediately following MRgFUS ablation were inputs for voxel-wise supervised learning classifiers, trained using registered histology as a label for thermal necrosis. VX2 tumors in New Zealand white rabbits quadriceps were thermally ablated using an MRgFUS system under 3 T MRI guidance. Animals were re-imaged three days post-ablation and euthanized. Histological necrosis labels were created by 3D registration between MR images and digitized H&E segmentations of thermal necrosis to enable voxel-wise classification of necrosis. Supervised MPMR classifier inputs included maximum temperature rise, cumulative thermal dose (CTD), post-FUS differences in T2-weighted images, and apparent diffusion coefficient, or ADC, maps. A logistic regression, support vector machine, and random forest classifier were trained in red a leave-one-out strategy in test data from four subjects. In the validation dataset, the MPMR classifiers achieved higher recall and Dice than a clinically adopted 240 cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C (CEM 43) threshold (0.43) in all subjects. The average Dice scores of overlap with the registered histological label for the logistic regression (0.63) and support vector machine (0.63) MPMR classifiers were within 6% of the acute contrast-enhanced non-perfused volume (0.67). Voxel-wise registration of MPMR data to histological outcomes facilitated supervised learning of an accurate non-contrast MR biomarker for MRgFUS ablations in a rabbit VX2 tumor model.

Heart Disease Diagnosis Using Decision Trees with Feature Selection Method

The advancement in treating medical data grows significantly daily. An accurate data classification model can help determine patient disease and diagnose disease severity in the medical domain, thus easing doctors' treatment burdens. Nonetheless, medical data analysis presents challenges due to uncertainty, the correlations between various measurements, and the high dimensionality of the data. These challenges burden statistical classification models. Machine Learning (ML) and data mining approaches have proven effective in recent years in gaining a deeper understanding of the importance of these aspects. This research adopts a well-known supervised learning classification model named a Decision Tree (DT). DT is a typical tree structure consisting of a central node, connected branches, and internal and terminal nodes. In each node, we have a decision to be made, such as in a rule-based system. This type of model helps researchers and physicians better diagnose a disease. To reduce the complexity of the proposed DT, we explored using the Feature Selection (FS) method to design a simpler diagnosis model with fewer factors. This concept will help reduce the data collection stage. A comparative analysis has been conducted between the developed DT and other various ML models, such as Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed model. The results of the DT model establish a notable accuracy of 93.78\% and an ROC value of 0.94, which beats other compared algorithms. The developed DT model provided promising results and can help diagnose heart disease

Machine learning in the identification of native species from seed image analysis

Abstract: The identification of seeds from native species is a complex assessment due to the high Brazilian biodiversity and varied characteristics between species. The objective was to apply different machine learning classifiers associated with image analysis to identify seeds of forest species. In total, 155 native species belonging to 42 botanical families were analyzed. In addition, to determine the appropriate machine learning classifier, five supervised learning classification techniques were implemented: decision trees (DT), artificial neural networks (ANN), k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), Naive-Bayes classifier (NBC) and support vector machine (SVM), which had their performance evaluated. For modeling, 66% of the seeds’ morphobiometric data were used to train the classifiers, while 34% were reserved for validation. The classifiers are promising tools for identifying species from seed images. The decision tree (DT) classifier showed greater accuracy for correct species identification (82.8%), followed by ANN (81.7%), k-NN (81.7%), NBC (81.1%) and SVM (78.7%). Therefore, it is possible to identify seeds of native species from images and machine learning with a satisfactory accuracy rate. Finally, the decision tree classifier is recommended.

Review Paper on UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning

Abstract: With the rapid growth of digital transactions, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has emerged as a popular and convenient method for financial transactions in the modern era. However, the increasing reliance on digital platforms has also led to a rise in fraudulent activities. This paper proposes a robust UPI fraud detection system employing advanced machine learning techniques to enhance the security of digital transactions. The proposed system leverages a diverse set of features, including transactional patterns, user behaviour, and device information, to create a comprehensive model for fraud detection. Machine learning algorithms, such as supervised learning classifiers and anomaly detection techniques, are employed to analyse historical transaction data and identify patterns indicative of fraudulent activities. The model is trained on a labelled dataset that includes both genuine and fraudulent transactions, ensuring its ability to distinguish between normal and suspicious behaviour

Multi-Rate Vibration Signal Analysis for Bearing Fault Detection in Induction Machines Using Supervised Learning Classifiers

Vibration signals carry important information about the health state of a ball bearing and have proven their efficiency in training machine learning models for fault diagnosis. However, the sampling rate and frequency resolution of these acquired signals play a key role in the detection analysis. Industrial organizations often seek cost-effective and qualitative measurements, while reducing sensor resolution to optimize their resource allocation. This paper compares the performance of supervised learning classifiers for the fault detection of bearing faults in induction machines using vibration signals sampled at various frequencies. Three classes of algorithms are tested: linear models, tree-based models, and neural networks. These algorithms are trained and evaluated on vibration data collected experimentally and then downsampled to various intermediate levels of sampling, from 48 kHz to 1 kHz, using a fractional downsampling method. The study highlights the trade-off between fault detection accuracy and sampling frequency. It shows that, depending on the machine learning algorithm used, better training accuracies are not systematically achieved when training with vibration signals sampled at a relatively high frequency.

Statistical Analysis of Imbalanced Classification with Training Size Variation and Subsampling on Datasets of Research Papers in Biomedical Literature

The overall purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how data preprocessing, training size variation, and subsampling can dynamically change the performance metrics of imbalanced text classification. The methodology encompasses using two different supervised learning classification approaches of feature engineering and data preprocessing with the use of five machine learning classifiers, five imbalanced sampling techniques, specified intervals of training and subsampling sizes, statistical analysis using R and tidyverse on a dataset of 1000 portable document format files divided into five labels from the World Health Organization Coronavirus Research Downloadable Articles of COVID-19 papers and PubMed Central databases of non-COVID-19 papers for binary classification that affects the performance metrics of precision, recall, receiver operating characteristic area under the curve, and accuracy. One approach that involves labeling rows of sentences based on regular expressions significantly improved the performance of imbalanced sampling techniques verified by performing statistical analysis using a t-test documenting performance metrics of iterations versus another approach that automatically labels the sentences based on how the documents are organized into positive and negative classes. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of ML classifiers and sampling techniques in text classification datasets, with different performance levels and class imbalance issues observed in manual and automatic methods of data processing.

Detecting loss of excitation condition of synchronous generator in the presence of unified power flow controller based on data mining method

Loss-of-excitation (LOE) conditions may cause devastating effects on both the generator and power system. If LOE is not meticulously detected, two dangerous events may emerge: 1. unnecessary trip signal, 2. not detecting this abnormal condition or detecting it with time delay. Both mentioned flaws have considerable harmful consequences on the generator and power system. Conventional techniques for detecting LOE conditions are based on impedance measurement. The presence of flexible alternating current transmission (FACT) system devices can considerably affect the impedance characteristic of the system and as a result, the operation of impedance-based relays. This paper simulates LOE and stable power swing (SPS) conditions causing failures and errors in the LOE protection in the presence or absence of a unified power flow compensator (UPFC), and parameters with different behaviors are determined. Then, the most sensitive parameters are combined using an intelligent method. The single parameter, achieved from a combination of features in the previous process, is applied to a learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network. The LVQ is a type of artificial neural network that is based on a prototype supervised learning classification algorithm and trained its network through a competitive learning algorithm. The simulation results show that, in a single machine infinitive bus (SMIB) test system, R-X directional scheme has 2 mal-operations and the proposed algorithm has no mal-operation without UPFC in the system. With UPFC in the system, the R-X directional scheme has four mal-operations and the proposed algorithm has no mal-operation. In the IEEE 9-bus test system, the R-X directional scheme has five mal-operations and the proposed algorithm has no mal-operation. Moreover, applying the proposed algorithm, LOE is detected very quickly in the presence or absence of the UPFC in the system and this approach prevents electrical and mechanical stresses enforced to the machine and power system. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.