Superposition Of Several Processes Research Articles

Сезонная динамика и ритмичность роста побегов растений Salix ‘Bullata’

Abstract. The purpose is to identify infradian rhythms in the seasonal dynamics of apical growth of shoots of Salix ‘Bullata’ plants and to establish the features of morphogenesis associated with the existence of endogenous (genetic and hormonal) mechanisms for the occurrence of nonlinear changes, including fluctuations in the growth characteristics of shoots. Methods. A quantitative approach was used to study the dynamics of morphogenesis processes. There was carried out a comparative research of seasonal dynamics of velocities and accelerations of apical and radial growth of Salix ‘Bullata’ plants shoots, which differ in origin and location on the plant. Results. In the seasonal dynamics of the characteristics of apical growth of branching and plant formation shoots of Salix ‘Bullata’ plants there are observed infradian rhythms, similar to those identified for other willow species. These rhythms are most pronounced for the growth accelerations (about 5 maximums within 3.5 months). Seasonal dynamics of apical growth accelerations of two types of shoots are correlated and almost synchronous. Seasonal dynamics of speeds and accelerations of radial growth of the studied types of shoots are similar and differ from the seasonal dynamics of apical growth. The weak dependence of growth characteristics on weather conditions confirms the concept of the endogenous nature of the growth of plant shoots periodicity. Scientific novelty. The results complement the existing information on biological rhythms and processes of morphogenesis in woody plants. The growth of shoots of willows and, possibly, other species of woody plants has an oscillatory character. Seasonal dynamics of apical and radial growth are different. The occurrence of oscillations in the rate of shoot apical growth is mainly due to the processes of apical meristem development itself. Apparently, the oscillatory nature of shoot growth is the result of the superposition of several processes of different nature in the meristem tissues, including division, extension and differentiation of cells, and also the production and distribution of phytohormones. The results can be applied to the use and modification of methods of woody plants nursing – the grafting, the pruning, the rejuvenation and the vegetative propagation.

Late-Variscan multistage hydrothermal processes unveiled by chemical ages coupled with compositiona.

The scheelite skarn from Los Santos and the W-Au veins from El Cabaco district, located in the Spanish Central System Batholith (SCSB), are some of the best-known tungsten ore deposits in Spain. Uraninite is an accessory mineral in both deposits, which underwent several hydrothermal flow events. Chemical and textural characteristics, as well as electron microprobe U-Th-Pb uraninite chemical data from the different stages of the skarn and the vein-type mineralizations, are presented here. Based on these data the uraninite was able to be classified into two groups. Group I uraninite has an octahedral habit and occurs as inclusions in K-feldspar relicts of the leucogranite related to Los Santos skarn formation. It shows high Th (6.95 to 8.51wt.% ThO 2 ) and high Rare Earth Elements (REEs) contents (0.55 to 1.38wt.% ∑REE 2 O 3 ). Group II uraninite occurs i) associated to El Cabaco granite, in a greenish selvage-style greisen and its reddish envelope and in the mineralized rimming quartz veins and ii) in Los Santos high-temperature endoskarn and anorthite skarn, where it is associated with U-rich mica. This uraninite type has lower Th and ∑REE 2 O 3 contents than Group-I uraninite. The mineral chemistry and the assemblage and textural relationships suggest that Group-I uraninite is magmatic and the attained U-Th-Pb chemical age of 300±4Ma is interpreted as the magmatic age of the skarn-forming aplite granites in the western part of the SCSB. Group-II uraninite includes two events: i) hydrothermal uraninite, which yields an age of 295±2Ma, dates a strong alkali mobilization and early tungsten deposition and ii) a later hydrothermal process, around 287±4Ma, that resulted in sulfides and late scheelite precipitation and widespread silicification. Finally, the gold deposition is younger than this silicification according to textural criteria. Therefore, W-Au deposits in the western part of the SCSB were formed by superposition of several processes that took place some 15Ma after the skarn-forming granite crystallized. Comparable W, W-Au and U deposits in the Variscan orogenic belt show a similar timing of hydrothermal events, suggesting that the hydrothermal history was controlled by large-scale Late-Variscan tectonic processes.

Problems of organization’s adaptation under turbulent environments

Currently, Russia is creating a new economic reality caused by the superposition of several processes, such as the instability of the global economic system, increasing global competition, increasing role of human capital and innovation processes in all spheres of national economy. The urgent need becomes evident to switch the model from the raw materials export to the sustainable development one. The establishment of sanctions by Western countries against the Russian economy aggravates this situation and at the same time gives Russia a chance to solve the entire spectrum of the problems arised. We need to critically evaluate the problems of adaptation of organizations in turbulent environment and to form adequate and prompt responses to global challenges. The relevance of the problem becomes evident when we face the inability of some companies to adapt to a new competitive situation. The uncertain environment significantly affects the management and functioning of the organization. The main characteristics of the environment are its uncertainty and dependence on resources. The uncer tainty is linked with the instability of the environment, its simplicity or complexity. Dependence on resources is created by shortages of material or financial resources of the organization. In turbulent conditions, the organization applies the tools of adaptation to the external environment and appropriate strategies.

Contrasting mafic to felsic HP-HT granulites of the Blanský les Massif (Moldanubian Zone of southern Bohemia): complexity of mineral assemblages and metamorphic reactions

*Corr esponding author A detailed petrological and geochemical study of the Blanský les Granulite Massif (BLGM; Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif) provides evidence for processes and mineral assemblages previously unrecognized, or not fully appreciated, in the South Bohemian HP–HT Granulite Complex. It also underlines the “patchwork”-like nature of the BLGM, caused by distinct protolith compositions as well as the differences in occurrence, or preservation, of mineral assemblages, reaction textures, and/or variable changes in chemical compositions. Such a complexity reflects super position of several processes operating from the eclogite-facies metamorphic peak to the final emplacement, as well as variable resistance of individual rock types with distinct metamorphic fabrics. Even on a thin section scale, domains preserving evidence for early phases of eclogite-facies metamorphism, including original textural relations and largely intact HP–HT mineral assemblages, occur in close proximity to domains dominated by phases produced during later decompression. Consistent high-pressure estimates, 2.2–2.3 GPa (GASP), are newly obtained for S 1 /S 2 fabrics in the prevailing (type 1) felsic granulites, and correlate well with the recent finds of rare omphacite relics in the mafic granulites. It indicates that much of the HP history of the felsic and mafic rock types was shared and took place under eclogite-facies conditions. Three important metamorphic processes leading to chemical changes in felsic granulites are described. (1) The small bodies of Kfs-dominated hyperpotassic granulites with minor Grt (or, rarely, Di) are fairly common and provide direct evidence for operation of non-eutectic HP melting. These occurrences are accompanied by compositionally complementary residual (type 2) felsic granulites, rich in Qtz and Ky and partly depleted in alkalis with Zr. Owing to their Ca-poor composition, type 2 granulites were not involved in some of the decompression reactions, such as formation of plagioclase rims around kyanite and garnet breakdown, and thus their mineral assemblages remained effectively “frozen” during decompression. They further imply that the partial melting and genesis of the hyperpotassic melts took place under eclogite-facies conditions. (2) Another case of syn-metamorphic modification is represented by a local limited base-cation loss during superimposed amphibolite-facies de-alkalization, accompanying fluid flux along S 3 shear domains (formation of feldspar-free Qtz–Sill bands). (3) On a microscale, the retrogression reactions, often incomplete, were clearly associated with transfer of ions. The felsic Moldanubian HP–HT granulites were assumed by several authors to have undergone only limited modification during peak metamorphism, most notably loss of Cs, Th and U. Clearly, some of them may have suffered more significant changes, such as perceptible loss of alkalis or even relatively immobile elements (e.g., zirconium), compared to the likely primary protolith(s) composition.

Multievidence microarray mining

Microarray mining is a challenging task because of the superposition of several processes in the data. We believe that the combination of microarray data-based analyses (statistical significance analysis of gene expression) with array-independent analyses (literature-mining and promoter analysis) enables some of the problems of traditional array analysis to be overcome. As a proof-of-principle, we revisited publicly available microarray data derived from an experiment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated fibroblasts. Our strategy revealed results beyond the detection of the major metabolic pathway known to be linked to the PDGF response: we were able to identify the crosstalking regulatory networks underlying the metabolic pathway without using a priori knowledge about the experiment.

Spectral Properties of Fluorescein Molecules in Water with the Addition of a Colloidal Suspension of Silver

The absorption, fluorescence excitation, and fluorescence emission spectra of water solutions of fluorescein dye with the addition of various amounts of a colloidal silver suspension have been measured in order to check if in such systems it is possible to distinguish the change in photonic mode density due to the metal presence from the other effects such as the influences of the microemulsion system on the spectral properties of the dye. It has been found that the presence of the silver colloid changes the concentrations of the various ionic forms of fluorescein, characterized by different yields of fluorescence. This effect is partially responsible for the change in the yield of the fluorescence emission observed at certain concentrations of the dye and the colloids. But even at the same concentration of various ionic forms of fluorescein (at the same pH of the dye solution and the dye-colloid mixture), at certain concentrations of fluorescein and the colloid, the yield of the dye fluorescence increases, which must be due to the interaction between the dye and the silver colloid. Because of the superposition of several processes influencing the dye yield of fluorescence, it is necessary to carefully establish the properties of the dye in a given environment, before considering its practical application as a marker of the metal presence. It is not excluded that similar complex effects could also occur in biological samples containing natural pigments and colloids of metals. Investigations of other dyes with other forms of metallic samples are in progress.

Tectonic analysis of the Husavik‐Flatey Fault (northern Iceland) and mechanisms of an oceanic transform zone, the Tjörnes Fracture Zone.

The inversion of ∼ 1000 fault slip data collected in the Flateyjarskagi Peninsula allows reconstruction of four main tectonic regimes. These include normal and strike‐slip faulting modes and are related to the general behavior of the Husavik‐Flatey Fault (HFF), a major structure of the Tjörnes Fracture Zone connecting the Kolbeinsey Ridge and the North Icelandic Rift. The two most important regimes (E‐W and NE‐SW extensions), consistent with the right‐lateral motion along the Husavik‐Flatey Fault, constitute the main tectonic group. The two others (NW‐SE and N‐S extensions), forming the subordinate tectonic group, are incompatible and result from drastic stress permutations. The relationships between these stress regimes imply not only σ1/σ2 and σ2/σ3, stress permutations but also σ1/σ3 reversals. A critical review of other data available, such as lava bedding, dike, and major fault attitudes, allows us to complete the structural pattern of the Flateyjarskagi peninsula and to highlight the mechanism of the transform zone. The complex pattern of dikes and faults in the northern part of Flateyjarskagi can be explained by the superposition of several processes: (1) a transform‐perpendicular extension (E‐W to ESE‐WNW trends), (2) a simple shear (NNE‐SSW to NE‐SW trends), and (3) a stress perturbation due to the transform motion (NW‐SE trends). An important factor controlling the transform mechanism is the variation of coupling along the HFF. The obliquity between the direction of transform motion and the trend of extension for the two main regimes may vary between 20° and 90°, reflecting repeated changes of the coefficient of friction along the HFF. Such change from very low mechanical coupling (weak fault) to moderate friction may occur very rapidly since it takes place several times in a few years, as shown by focal mechanisms of earthquake analysis.

Time effects in ferromagnetic amorphous Co-P alloys

The initial permeability μ A of an amorphous Co-P ring was measured during annealing for many hours at 16 temperatures up to 380°C. The results can be described by a superposition of several processes which causes μ A to increase or to decrease, even at temperatures well below the crystallization range. The observed changes of the magnetic properties of the material must be attributed to changes in structural short-range order.