Superoxide Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Optimization of Antioxidant Activity of Compounds Generated during Ginseng Extract Fermentation Supplemented with Lactobacillus.

Ginseng holds high medicinal and cosmetic value, with stem and leaf extracts garnering attention for their abundant bioactive ingredients. Meanwhile, fermentation can enhance the effectiveness of cosmetics. The aim of this study was to optimize ginseng fermentation to produce functional cosmetics. Ginseng stem and leaf extracts were fermented with five different strains of lactic acid bacteria. Using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and superoxide anion (O2·-) scavenging activities as indicators, the fermentation process was optimized via response surface methodology. Finally, validation of the antioxidant activity of the optimized fermentation broth was performed using human skin cells (HaCaT and BJ cells). Based on the antioxidant potency composite comprehensive index, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1.140 was selected, and the optimized parameters were a fermentation time of 35.50 h, an inoculum size of 2.45%, and a temperature of 28.20 °C. Optimized fermentation boosted antioxidant activity: DPPH scavenging activity increased by 25.00%, ·OH by 94.00%, and O2·- by 73.00%. Only the rare ginsenoside Rg5 showed a substantial rise in content among the 11 ginsenosides examined after fermentation. Furthermore, the flavonoid content and ·OH scavenging activity were significantly negatively correlated (r = -1.00, p < 0.05), while the Rh1 content and O2·- scavenging activity were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.998, p < 0.05). Both the 0.06% (v/v) and 0.25% (v/v) concentrations of the optimized broth significantly promoted cell proliferation, and notable protective effects against oxidative damage were observed in HaCaT cells when the broth was at 0.06%. Collectively, we demonstrated that ginseng fermentation extract effectively eliminates free radicals, preventing and repairing cellular oxidative damage. This study has identified new options for the use of fermented ginseng in functional cosmetics.

In vitro bioactivities and in silico enzyme interactions of abietatrien-3β-ol by bio-guided isolation from Nepeta italica subsp. italica

Abietatrien-3β-ol (ATO) was isolated from the aerial part of the Nepeta italica subsp. italica methanol-chloroform extract and studied antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and DNA protection activities. The plant extract was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography using four different solvents. After the active chloroform fraction was divided into six subfractions under the guidance of bioactivity, ATO was isolated from the fourth active subfraction. The molecular structure of ATO was determined by the NMR techniques and confirmed with literature data. In the antioxidant test, ATO showed excellent DPPH˙ (IC50-1.18 ± 0.11 µg/mL), ABTS˙+ (IC50-1.82 ± 0.00 µg/mL), metal chelating (IC50-2.90 ± 0.05 µg/mL), superoxide anion scavenging (IC50-11.59 ± 0.27 µg/mL), reducing power (A0.5-21.09 ± 1.42 µg/mL), H2O2 (A0.5-57.81 ± 4.54 µg/mL), and phosphomolybdenum reducing (A0.5-124.23 ± 0.69 µg/mL) activities when compared to standards. The DNA protection potential was also found to be strong in Form I (47.89%) and Form II (4.56%) formations. ATO had high inhibitions in AChE (IC50-1.25 ± 0.04 µg/mL), BChE (IC50-1.26 ± 0.03 µg/mL), lipase (IC50-7.58 ± 0.27 µg/mL), and tyrosinase (IC50-9.60 ± 0.03 µg/mL). In molecular docking studies, ATO had a high binding affinity with α-amylase (−8.80 kcal/mol), tyrosinase (−8.10 kcal/mol), and urease (−8.10 kcal/mol) enzymes. In addition, by detailing the interaction of ATO with key enzymes that give the best interactions through molecular docking studies, with molecular dynamics studies, and by performing ADMET and DFT calculations, it was tried to explain that it could be a suitable drug candidate. In light of these studies, ATO is thought to be an effective enzyme inhibitor and a protective molecule against oxidation with its active antioxidant properties. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Integrating in silico molecular docking, ADMET analysis of C.verticillata with diabetic markers and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity

BackgroundOver the past decade, various research studies have proved the interconnection between the inflammatory pathways and diabetes complication in clinical condition. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Further, the sample was tested for its pharmacokinetics properties and the best compounds were docked with the diabetic markers (DPP IV (PDB-ID: IJ2E) and SGLT2 (PDB-ID: 7VSI)).ResultsC.verticillata showed a good hydrogen peroxide (78.3 ± 0.34%, IC50 = 287.81 µg/ml) and superoxide scavenging activity (52.7 ± 1.26%, IC50 = 796.15 µg/ml). In addition, the sample was checked for its anti-inflammatory activity with protein denaturation (57.4 ± 0.19%, IC50 = 471.5 µg/ml) and proteinase inhibition assay (68.3 ± 0.48%, IC50 = 213.42 µg/ml). Further, the bioactive compounds detected from HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyzed sample were checked for its drug likeliness by checking its ADME properties and toxicological parameters. It has been observed that except Loliolide, all the other compounds have followed the physicochemical parameters and proved to exhibit drug likeliness characteristics. The bioactive compounds that follow the Lipinski’s rule were taken further for in silico molecular docking analysis with the diabetic protein markers (DPP IV and SGLT2). Docking results revealed that Pyro pheophorbide a with DPP IV and Dihydromonacolin L acid with SGLT2 have recorded a maximum docking score of (− 9.4 kcal/mol) and (− 9.2 kcal/mol), respectively.ConclusionThe observed results suggest that the identified and selected bioactive compounds from C.verticillata can be considered as a potential target molecule for the management of oxidative stress induced diabetic condition. Furthermore, the study also provides an insight on the effectiveness of the compounds on reducing the inflammation as well.

Preparation of water-soluble nanocurcumin with enhanced superoxide scavenging activity

Abstract Background: Curcumin, a curcuminoid derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been extensively studied for various bioactivities. However, its limited water solubility and sensitivity to light restrict its therapeutic applications. In recent years, researchers have been exploring ways to enhance the properties of curcumin. In the current investigation, curcumin was transformed into its nanoform by utilizing d-glucose in an aqueous phase at room temperature, creating water-soluble nanocurcumin. Since this study focuses on altering the architecture of the curcumin sphere, it has been examined explicitly for antioxidant activity through well-defined in vitro assays. Materials and Methods: Nanocurcumin was synthesized through the conversion of curcumin using d-glucose. The zeta potential of nanocurcumin was measured to assess its water solubility. The orientation of curcumin in its nanoform was confirmed through ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and photoluminescence. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) was employed to provide evidence of its potential assembly. At the same time, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted to discern alterations in peaks and stretches indicative of the transition to the nanoform. The prepared nanocurcumin was examined for superoxide and free radical scavenging activities, given curcumin’s well-known antioxidant properties. Results: The zeta potential measurement of nanocurcumin yielded a mean value of −53.4 mV. The nanoform orientation of curcumin was confirmed through UV–Vis spectroscopy, revealing a shift in the maximum absorption from 450 to 430 nm. Photoluminescence analysis, conducted with excitation at a wavelength of 478 nm, recorded a significant 5.01-fold increase in fluorescence intensity, from 193.6 to 971.8 a.u., accompanied by a slight shift in the emission maxima peak. HR-TEM was done, and various field images have been taken. Some images illustrated the probable assembly of curcumin into a spherical nanoform with a shell-like structure embedded inside the glucose sphere. Fourier-transform infrared analysis indicated alterations in some peaks and stretches due to the transition to the nanoform. Upon examination of the prepared nanocurcumin for superoxide and free radical scavenging activity, a noteworthy enhancement in superoxide scavenging activity was observed, increasing from 21.42 ± 5.01% in the native form to 69.94 ± 5.84% in the nanoform at a concentration of 10 µg/mL of curcumin. Conversely, a slight reduction in free radical scavenging activity was noted, decreasing from 55.57 ± 5.16% in native curcumin to 47.43 ± 6.83% in the nanoform at the same concentration. Conclusion: The water-soluble curcumin synthesized in this study can be regarded as an advanced molecule with the potential to address diseases mediated by oxidative stress effectively.

Molecular Docking, Simulation Against SARS-COV-2, Theoretical Study (DFT) and Superoxide Anion Scavenging by Cyclic Voltammetry of 2-Hydroxyphenyl Imino Naphthalen-2-ol

The simulation in terms of enzymatic activity and the estimation of the process transfer of electronic active sites of the synthesized compound: 2-hydroxyphenyl imino naphthalen-2-ol (Schiff basis) required the use of valuable calculation programs such as the docking, for which we used the Arguslab program and the Gaussian endowed to the calculation of the functional density theory of the molecule studied. And as the experimental study designed under difficult, costly or sometimes impossible conditions, the docking program simulates the molecular binding of the protein target with the ligand, which can reveal the arrangement of the hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds that link the active sites and the ligand; it is an economical step in terms of time and money that can lead to the selectivity of the product of interest in drug manufacturing. In this context, we are currently focused on the study of the inhibitory effect of this molecule with the enzyme (6lu7) fighting against covid-19, and have compared it to the drug chloroquine. The obtained results show that the calculated Gibbs free energy with protease is -9.215 Kcal/mol, which is almost more inhibiting than chloroquine (-7.2652 Kcal/mol). The DFT method allowed us to estimate that the potentially positive sites easily cede an electron when they are brought into contact with oxidizing species during the reduction reaction. The study of the superoxide anion scavenging activity via this product is performed practically by electrochemical way, the Gibbs standard energy (-16.9022 KJ/mol) explains that the reaction can spontaneously form very stable inactive species with the oxidizing ion.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of the Lipophilic Extract of Cirsium vulgare.

The aim of this study was to investigate the compounds in the hexane extract of Cirsium vulgare (Savi.) Ten. and to determine the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of different extracts. The Cirsium vulgare (NGBB 7229) plant was collected from Turkey's Trakya region. Crude extracts were obtained using different solvents. The chemical composition of Cirsium vulgare was determined in hexane extract using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), the β-carotene bleaching method, and the determination of superoxide anion scavenging activities. The antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella typhimurium, whereas the antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus fumigatus by applying microdilution methods. A total of 41 bioactive compounds were identified using the GC-MS library. Terpenoids were found to be dominant (52.89%), and lup-20(29)-en-3-yl-acetate and lupeol were the most abundant terpenoids. The highest total flavonoid content (25.73 mg catechin/g) and antioxidant capacity were found in the methanolic extract. The highest antibacterial activity was detected against Bacillus subtilis in the ethyl acetate extract, and the highest antifungal activity was found against Candida krusei and Aspergillus fumigatus in the hexane extract. The observed antioxidant characteristics of the C. vulgare extracts could be attributed to the presence of flavonoids. The high antifungal activity of the hexane extract against all fungal strains can be attributed to its constituents, i.e., terpenoids. This study discloses the potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, including some bioactive components, of Cirsium vulgare and implies that Cirsium vulgare holds possible applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal agent.

Photoprotective and antioxidant properties of scytonemin isolated from Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault and its potential as sunscreen ingredient

In the cosmetic industry there is an increasing demand for substances obtained from natural sources that can replace synthetic ones. Due to consumer demand for a protective filter with (SPF) labels in sunscreens, moisturizers, face make-up, and lipsticks worldwide, they produce tonnes of such products every year. Many species of cyanobacteria live in extreme environments, including sites with excessive doses of sunlight and drought. To survive in such extreme conditions, they produce compounds that allow both protection against ultraviolet radiation (UV), as well as the substances that are responsible for reducing oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify, and test the biological potential of the secondary metabolite scytonemin from the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet et Flahault collected in Antarctica. The photoprotective effect was evaluated by the measurement of the sun protection factor (SPF) and the antioxidant activity was determined by two different assays including superoxide anion scavenging activity and free radical scavenging activity based on the amount of substance. An estimated SPF value of 33.34 ± 0.02 demonstrated that scytonemin might serve as a topically applicable ingredient for natural UV sunscreen cream.

Antioxidant Capacity of Carotenoid Extracts from the Haloarchaeon Halorhabdus utahensis.

Herein, we report on the production, characterization, and antioxidant power assessment of carotenoids from the haloarchaeon Halorhabdus utahensis. It was grown at 37 °C and 180 rpm agitation in halobacteria medium supplemented with glucose, fructose, and xylose, each at concentrations of 0.2%, 1%, and 2%, and the carotenoid yield and composition were investigated. The microorganism produced the carotenoids under all the conditions tested, and their amount followed the order glucose < xylose < fructose. The highest yield was achieved in 2% fructose growth medium with 550.60 ± 7.91 μg/g dry cell and 2428.15 ± 49.33 μg/L. Separation and identification of the carotenoids were performed by RP-HPLC and HPLC/APCI-ITMSn. Bacterioruberin was the main carotenoid detected and accounted for 60.6%, 56.4%, and 58.9% in 2% glucose, 1% xylose, and 2% fructose extracts, respectively. Several geometric isomers of bacterioruberin were distinguished, and representatives of monoanhydrobacterioruberin, and bisanhydrobacterioruberin were also detected. The assignment to cis-isomers was attempted through analysis of the UV/Vis spectra, intensity of cis peaks, and spectral fine structures. The extracts exhibited superoxide scavenging activity higher than butylhydroxytoluene, ascorbic acid, and Trolox, selected as antioxidant references. The anti-hyaluronidase capacity was investigated, and the 2% fructose extract showed the highest activity reaching 90% enzyme inhibition with 1.5 μg. The overall data confirm that Hrd. utahensis can be regarded as an interesting source of antioxidants that can find applications in the food and cosmetic sectors.

Hydromethanolic leaves extract of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. induces apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cells

Plants have a wide range of active secondary metabolites that are frequently utilized to treat cancer. For the research, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. leaves (DS) were hydromethanolically extracted, and their phytochemical content was determined. Total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified along with the measurement of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The bioactive components in the extract were identified with the use of Gas Chromatography with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The crude extract contained 177.500 ± 0.019 mg/ml of flavonoids and 296.122 ± 0.002 mg/ml of Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) phenolics. Moreover, plant crude extract showed significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity (IC50, 14.06 ± 0.18 μg/ml), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) [ABTS] activity (IC50, 25.97 ± 1.04 μg/ml), superoxide scavenging activity (IC50, 149.91 ± 0.39 μg/ml), and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (IC50, 133.37 ± 2.30 μg/ml). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods were used to confirm the presence of phenolic compounds. DS effectively scavenges nitric oxide. The crude extract of DS exhibited good cytotoxic effects on lung cancer cells (A549) with an IC50 value of 90.56 ± 2.32 (μg/ml), and less toxicity on normal lung cells (WI-38) with an IC50 value of 381.10 ± 1.58 (μg/ml). IC50 value of methotrexate (the standard drug) was 10.20 ± 1.82 μg/ml on A549 cells and 26.21 ± 1.14 μg/ml on WI-38 cells. Various staining techniques [4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Acridine orange/Ethidium Bromide (AO/EB) staining, Giemsa staining] were used to determine the plausible mechanism of DS to induce apoptosis. The inhibiting mechanism of the crude extract was further demonstrated by the clonogenic assay and qualitative and quantitative measurements of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed the induction of apoptosis in A549 cells through the activation of caspases 9 and 3 together with TRAIL receptors. In a nutshell, hydromethanolic extract of DS resulted in distinct apoptotic morphological alterations, ROS production, the initiation of apoptosis via activating the TRAIL receptors, caspase 9 and 3, and the suppression of colony formation in A549 cells.

Extraction of nutrients from Rumex vesicarius, a wild indigenous edible plant from United Arab Emirates

In the present study, an attempt has been done to explore the phytochemicals and proximate compositions from an edible plant Rumex vesicarius, which is found in the wild habitats in United Arab Emirates. Extracts were prepared from the dried powder of the areal parts of the plant using methanol as solvent in Soxhlet. The extract was tested for phytochemicals and also studied for the proximate composition. The antioxidant power of the extract was determined by using four different assays (ABTS, DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity). The results revealed that the extracts contain phytochemicals, which can be used as effective radical scavengers. The antioxidant activities were highly significant in the extract, which shows that this plant has high potential to be used in traditional and alternative medical systems. The present information would be of helpful for the future isolation and pharmacologically active compound identification from this plant.

Sensory, physicochemical and antioxidant properties coupled with chemometric analysis of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Bentong) enriched Apis cerana honey

A multifloral honey produced by Apis cerana was enriched with different concentrations of locally grown Bentong ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Bentong) extract. The sensory qualities, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the ginger enriched honeys were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the addition of ginger extract intensified the sensorial perception of woody, fresh, astringency, bitterness, persistence, and aftertaste attributes, but weakened sweetness, floral-fruity, and warm attributes, also with lower viscosity and adhesiveness compared to the original honey. It also increased the color intensity (272–295 mAU), water content (20–21%), water activity (0.538–0.551), pH (4.84–4.87), electrical conductivity (445–534 μS/cm), and reducing sugar content (60–63%), but decreased the total soluble solid (81–79 °Brix) of the honey. Besides, it contributed to two-fold increment of total phenolic content (37–46 mg GAE/kg) and led to significant elevation of iron chelating activity (24–25%), superoxide anion (83–86%) and hydroxyl (71–73%) radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, strong relationships among physicochemical parameters and antioxidant properties were revealed. Principal component analysis displayed honey enriched with 18% (w/w) ginger extract as a prominent source of physicochemical, phenolic, and antioxidant components. Overall, enrichment of multifloral honey using Bentong ginger extract produces distinct sensory characteristics and enhances antioxidant properties with significant correlation to the physicochemical properties.

Sedation Therapy in Intensive Care Units: Harnessing the Power of Antioxidants to Combat Oxidative Stress.

In critically ill patients requiring intensive care, increased oxidative stress plays an important role in pathogenesis. Sedatives are widely used for sedation in many of these patients. Some sedatives are known antioxidants. However, no studies have evaluated the direct scavenging activity of various sedative agents on different free radicals. This study aimed to determine whether common sedatives (propofol, thiopental, and dexmedetomidine (DEX)) have direct free radical scavenging activity against various free radicals using in vitro electron spin resonance. Superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and nitric oxide (NO) direct scavenging activities were measured. All sedatives scavenged different types of free radicals. DEX, a new sedative, also scavenged hydroxyl radicals. Thiopental scavenged all types of free radicals, including NO, whereas propofol did not scavenge superoxide radicals. In this retrospective analysis, we observed changes in oxidative antioxidant markers following the administration of thiopental in patients with severe head trauma. We identified the direct radical-scavenging activity of various sedatives used in clinical settings. Furthermore, we reported a representative case of traumatic brain injury wherein thiopental administration dramatically affected oxidative-stress-related biomarkers. This study suggests that, in the future, sedatives containing thiopental may be redeveloped as an antioxidant therapy through further clinical research.

Maytenus octogona Superoxide Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Caspase-1 Inhibition Study Using Cyclic Voltammetry and Computational Docking Techniques.

The relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation is well known, and exogenous antioxidants, primarily phytochemical natural products, may assist the body's endogenous defense systems in preventing diseases due to excessive inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant properties of ethnomedicines from Peru that exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by measuring the superoxide scavenging activity of ethanol extracts of Maytenus octogona aerial parts using hydrodynamic voltammetry at a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE). The chemical compositions of these extracts are known and the interactions of three methide-quinone compounds found in Maytenus octogona with caspase-1 were analyzed using computational docking studies. Caspase-1 is a critical enzyme triggered during the activation of the inflammasome and its actions are associated with excessive release of cytokines. The most important amino acid involved in active site caspase-1 inhibition is Arg341 and, through docking calculations, we see that this amino acid is stabilized by interactions with the three potential methide-quinone Maytenus octogona inhibitors, hydroxytingenone, tingenone, and pristimerin. These findings were also confirmed after more rigorous molecular dynamics calculations. It is worth noting that, in these three compounds, the methide-quinone carbonyl oxygen is the preferred hydrogen bond acceptor site, although tingenone's other carbonyl group also shows a similar binding energy preference. The results of these calculations and cyclovoltammetry studies support the effectiveness and use of anti-inflammatory ethnopharmacological ethanol extract of Maytenus octogona (L'Héritier) DC.

Revisit the E2 Domain of Amyloid Precursor Protein: Ferroxidase, Superoxide and Peroxynitrite Scavenging Activities.

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the biological precursor of β-amyloids, a known histopathological hallmark associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The function of APP is of great interest yet remains elusive. One of the extracellular domains of APP, the E2 domain, has been proposed to possess ferroxidase activity and affect neuronal iron homeostasis. However, contradicting evidence has been reported, and its precise role remains inconclusive. Here, we studied the Cu-binding site of the E2 domain using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), UV-vis, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and discovered that a new labile water ligand coordinates to the Cu(II) cofactor in addition to the four known histidines. We explored the proposed ferroxidase activity of the Cu(II)-E2 domain through reactions with ferrous iron and observed single-turnover ferrous oxidation activity with a rate up to 1.0 × 102 M-1 s-1. Cu(I)-E2 reacted with molecular oxygen at a rate of only 5.3 M-1 s-1, which would restrict any potential multiturnover ferroxidase activity to this slow rate and prevents observation of activity under multiturnover conditions. The positive electrostatic potential surface of the protein indicates possible reactivity with negatively charged small substrates such as superoxide radicals (O2•-) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) that are major contributors to the oxidative stress prevalent in the extracellular environment. Our assays showed that Cu(I)-E2 can remove O2•- at a rate of 1.6 × 105 M-1 s-1, which is slower than the rates of native SODs. However, the reaction between Cu(I)-E2 and ONOO- achieved a rate of 1.1 × 105 M-1 s-1, comparable to native ONOO- scavenger peroxiredoxins (105-107 M-1 s-1). Therefore, the E2 domain of APP can serve as an enzymatic site that may function as a ferroxidase under substrate-limiting conditions, a supplemental O2•- scavenger, and an ONOO- remover in the vicinity of the cellular iron efflux channel and protect neuron cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) damage.

Identification of potent antioxidant bioactive peptides from the soluble proteins of chicken egg yolk

Background: Eggs are an excellent nutrient-dense food containing proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. While many proteins are present in egg yolk, there arefew studies on their health benefits. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the antioxidant peptides derived from the soluble protein fractions of egg yolk. Lipids and lipoproteins were removed with activated carbon and centrifugation after water dilution at acidic pH. Materials and Methods: Compared with 3.6 grams of protein in egg white, egg yolk contains 2.7 grams of protein in a single large egg. The egg yolk soluble protein (EYsP) was digested with pepsin for 2h at pH 3.0 (P-EYsP), followed by digestion with trypsin (P-EYsP-T), α-chymotrypsin (P-EYsP-α), or both enzymes (P-EYsP-T/α). The most active digest was fractionated using sephacryl S-100 gel filtration, followed by reversed phase-HPLC of the most active fraction. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using a superoxide anion-generating system of xanthine oxidase, DPPH-scavenging assay, and yeast cells as an oxidative-stress tolerance cellular model. Results: The intact proteins (EYsP) showed antioxidant activity, but pepsin hydrolysate (P-EYsP) exhibited greater superoxide-scavenging activities than EYsP, while P-EYsP-T, P-EYsP-α and P-EYsP-T/α lacked activities. The P-EYsP and its subsequent proteases (P-EYsP-T, P-EYsP-α and P-EYsP-T/α) exhibited significant DPPH reduction, but P-EYsP-T, P-EYsP-α and P-EYsP-T/α exhibited the strongest DPPH reduction activities. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis revealed five major antioxidant peptides, two derived from yolk glycoprotein 40 (859 Da, 883Da), two from lipovitelline (901Da, 945 Da), and one from livetin (1089 Da). The peptides exhibited potent superoxide anion as well as DPPH scavenging activities and markedly enhanced the tolerance of yeast cells against peroxide-induced oxidative stress.Conclusion: The results show that these bioactive peptides hold a fascinating opportunity for their potential as nutraceuticals in prevention and combating oxidative stress-associated diseases.Keywords: Egg yolk proteins; bioactive peptides; antioxidant; superoxide-scavenging; DPPH-reduction; yeast tolerance

Anti-arthritic effect of Pisonia grandis R. Br. leaves on Formaldehyde Induced Arthritis in rats

Uses of herbal drugs play a vital role in the treatment of various diseases. There is evidence that the constituents of a local plant Pisonia grandis R.Br. have several medicinal properties. Recently much attention has been paid on the anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-rheumatic activity of plant leaf extract constituents. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Pisonia grandis R.Br. leaf extract was tested for its antioxidant activities such as Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione –S- transferase, Polyphenol oxidase, DPPH, Superoxide scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidase, Catalase and Ferric reducing power. The extract was allowed for evaluating Anti- arthritic activity on formaldehyde induced albino rats and they were compared with control and standard. Significant antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Pisonia grandis R.Br. leaf was found which may be due to the presence of phytochemicals present in the extract. From the results of pharmacological studies, we were observed that the ethanolic extracts of Pisonia grandis R.Br. showed dose dependent and significant for Anti – arthritic activity in albino rats. The Anti–arthritic activity of the plant extracts of Pisonia grandis R.Br were owing to the presence of its one or more phytoconstituents which may reduce the Rheumatism (particularly allantoin compound).These results after pharmacological evidence and support on the folkloric use of Pisonia grandis R.Br leaves as an Anti – arthritic agent.

Lactic acid bacteria with a strong antioxidant function isolated from "Jiangshui," pickles, and feces.

Excessive free radicals and iron death lead to oxidative damage, which is one of the main causes of aging and diseases. In this field of antioxidation, developing new, safe, and efficient antioxidants is the main research focus. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are natural antioxidants with good antioxidant activity and can regulate gastrointestinal microecological balance and immunity. In this study, 15 LAB strains from fermented foods ("Jiangshui" and pickles) or feces were evaluated in terms of their antioxidant attributes. Strains with strong antioxidant capacity were preliminarily screened by the following tests: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity; ferrous ion chelating assay; hydrogen peroxide tolerance capacity. Then, the adhesion of the screened strains to the intestinal tract was examined using hydrophobic and auto-aggregation tests. The safety of the strains was analyzed based on their minimum inhibitory concentration and hemolysis, and 16S rRNA was used for molecular biological identification. Antimicrobial activity tests showed them probiotic function. The cell-free supernatant of selected strains were used to explore the protective effect against oxidative damage cells. The scavenging rate of DPPH, hydroxyl radicals, and ferrous ion-chelating of 15 strains ranged from 28.81-82.75%, 6.54-68.52%, and 9.46-17.92%, respectively, the scavenging superoxide anion scavenging activity all exceeded 10%. According to all the antioxidant-related tests, strains possessing high antioxidant activities J2-4, J2-5, J2-9, YP-1, and W-4 were screened, these five strains demonstrated tolerance to 2 mM hydrogen peroxide. J2-4, J2-5, and J2-9 were Lactobacillus fermentans and γ-hemolytic (non-hemolytic). YP-1 and W-4 were Lactobacillus paracasei and α-hemolytic (grass-green hemolytic). Although L. paracasei has been proven as a safe probiotic without hemolytic characteristics, the hemolytic characteristics of YP-1 and W-4 should be further studied. Due to the weak hydrophobicity and antimicrobial activity of J2-4, finally, we selected J2-5, J2-9 for cell experiment, J2-5 and J2-9 showed an excellent ability that resistant to oxidative damage by increasing SOD, CAT, T-AOC activity of 293T cells. Therefore, J2-5, and J2-9 strains from fermented foods "Jiangshui" could be used as potential antioxidants for functional food, health care, and skincare.

Characterization of Cetobacterium somerae CPU-CS01 isolated from the intestine of healthy crucian carp (Carassius auratus) as potential probiotics against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Cetobacterium somerae is a commensal bacterium for many fish species. However, research on C. somerae has been limited so far, and its function and beneficial potential require to be further investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the probiotic properties of C. somerae CPU-CS01 isolated from the intestinal contents of crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Hemolytic activity, antibiotic susceptibility, acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, free radical scavenging, and enzyme production properties were tested for in vitro. Caenorhabditis elegans and zebrafish (Danio rerio) model were used to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-infective effects of C. somerae CPU-CS01 in vivo. Our results showed that C. somerae CPU-CS01 had no hemolytic activity, it produced cellulase, amylase, and survived at low pH (2.0–3.0) and in the presence of bile salts. The cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of C. somerae CPU-CS01 possessed DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activity. C. elegans fed with C. somerae CPU-CS01 were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. In addition, zebrafish-fed diets containing C. somerae CPU-CS01 showed improved survival after A. hydrophila infection. Based on these results, the positive probiotic properties of C. somerae CPU-CS01 isolated from the intestinal contents of crucian carp make it a potential candidate for probiotic.

Biological Selenite Reduction, Characterization and Bioactivities of Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesised by Pediococcus acidilactici DSM20284.

Selenium (Se) is in great demand as a health supplement due to its superior reactivity and excellent bioavailability, despite selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) having signs of minor toxicity. At present, the efficiency of preparing SeNPs using lactic acid bacteria is unsatisfactory. Therefore, a probiotic bacterial strain that is highly efficient at converting selenite to elemental selenium is needed. In our work, four selenite-reducing bacteria were isolated from soil samples. Strain LAB-Se2, identified as Pediococcus acidilactici DSM20284, had a reduction rate of up to 98% at ambient temperature. This strain could reduce 100 mg L-1 of selenite to elemental Se within 48 h at pH 4.5-6.0, a temperature of 30-40 °C, and a salinity of 1.0-6.5%. The produced SeNPs were purified, freeze-dried, and subsequently systematically characterised using FTIR, DSL, SEM-EDS, and TEM techniques. SEM-EDS analysis proved the presence of selenium as the foremost constituent of SeNPs. The strain was able to form spherical SeNPs, as determined by TEM. In addition, DLS analysis confirmed that SeNPs were negatively charged (-26.9 mV) with an average particle size of 239.6 nm. FTIR analysis of the SeNPs indicated proteins and polysaccharides as capping agents on the SeNPs. The SeNPs synthesised by P. acidilactici showed remarkable antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae with inhibition zones of 17.5 mm, 13.4 mm, 27.9 mm, and 16.2 mm, respectively; they also showed varied MIC values in the range of 15-120 μg mL-1. The DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl, and superoxide scavenging activities of the SeNPs were 70.3%, 72.8%, 95.2%, and 85.7%, respectively. The SeNPs synthesised by the probiotic Lactococcus lactis have the potential for safe use in biomedical and nutritional applications.

Structural and Biological Properties of Heteroligand Copper Complexes with Diethylnicotinamide and Various Fenamates: Preparation, Structure, Spectral Properties and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis

Herein, we discuss the synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization, and biological activity of five heteroligand copper(II) complexes with diethylnicotinamide and various fenamates, as follows: flufenamate (fluf), niflumate (nifl), tolfenamate (tolf), clonixinate (clon), mefenamate (mef) and N, N-diethylnicotinamide (dena). The complexes of composition: [Cu(fluf)2(dena)2(H2O)2] (1), [Cu(nifl)2(dena)2] (2), [Cu(tolf)2(dena)2(H2O)2] (3), [Cu(clon)2(dena)2] (4) and [Cu(mef)2(dena)2(H2O)2] (5), were synthesized, structurally (single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and spectroscopically characterized (IR, EA, UV-Vis and EPR). The studied complexes are monomeric, forming a distorted tetragonal bipyramidal stereochemistry around the central copper ion. The crystal structures of all five complexes were determined and refined with an aspheric model using the Hirshfeld atom refinement method. Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plots were used to investigate the intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state. The redox properties of the complexes were studied and evaluated via cyclic voltammetry. The complexes exhibited good superoxide scavenging activity as determined by an NBT assay along with a copper-based redox-cycling mechanism, resulting in the formation of ROS, which, in turn, predisposed the studied complexes for their anticancer activity. The ability of complexes 1–4 to interact with calf thymus DNA was investigated using absorption titrations, viscosity measurements and an ethidium-bromide-displacement-fluorescence-based method, suggesting mainly the intercalative binding of the complexes to DNA. The affinity of complexes 1–4 for bovine serum albumin was determined via fluorescence emission spectroscopy and was quantitatively characterized with the corresponding binding constants. The cytotoxic properties of complexes 1–4 were studied using the cancer cell lines A549, MCF-7 and U-118MG, as well as healthy MRC-5 cells. Complex 4 exhibited moderate anticancer activity on the MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 = 57 μM.