Kidney Superoxide Dismutase Research Articles

Potential roles for eNOS and NrF₂ /HO-1 signaling in the ameliorative effect of lixisenatide on diabetes-induced kidney injury in rats and its amplification by ticagrelor co-administration.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of lixisenatide (LX) and ticagrelor (TC) have been previously identified in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major complications of T2DM. In the current study, we examined the potential protective effects of LX and TC on experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy in T2DM rats and their possible molecular mechanisms. To examine this possibility, rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, followed by a single injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) to induce T2DM. 10 μg/kg LX and 25 mg/kg TC were given alone or in combination to T2DM rats for 4 weeks. The kidney examination of T2DM rats showed clear deterioration. T2DM rats exhibited significantly higher body weight, blood glucose, hemostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, kidney reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κ B), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β ), and significantly lower serum insulin, urine creatinine, creatinine clearance (CRCL), kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reduced (GSH), nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NrF₂ ), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) when compared to control rats. Single treatment with LX or TC showed obvious ameliorative effects on kidney complications in T2DM rats, with more ameliorative effects with the combined administration of both drugs. Conclusion: Our investigation found that both LX and TC could significantly ameliorate the development of diabetic nephropathy via stimulating NrF₂ /HO-1 antioxidant pathway in addition to increasing eNOS and decreasing NF-κ B renal tissue concentrations, and these effects were markedly augmented by their combined administration.

Ameliorating and Therapeutic Impact of Curcumin Nanoparticles Against Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Kidney Toxicity, DNA Damage, Oxidative Stress, PCNA and TNFα Alteration in Male Rats.

Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) are among the most extensively utilized nanoparticles in nanotechnology and that have negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, the intention of this work is to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of curcumin in nanoform (Cur NPs) against Al2O3 NPs induced kidney toxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and changes in necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expressions in male rats. Fifty healthy adult male were divided into five groups [G1, control; G2, received 50 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks of Cur NPs orally; G3, received 6 mg/kg BW orally for 4 weeks of Al2O3 NPs; G4, (Cur NPs + Al2O3 NPs) received Cur NPs and Al2O3 NPs at a dose similar to G2 and G3, respectively for 4 weeks; G5, (Al2O3 NPs + Cur NPs) received Al2O3 NPs at a dose similar to G3 for 4 weeks then received Cur NPs at a dose similar to G2 for another 4 weeks]. Current results revealed that Al2O3 NPs induced a significant elevation in serum urea, creatinine, chloride, calcium, kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), DNA damage, injury, TNFα and PCNA expressions and a significant depletion in serum potassium, kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) as compared to control. On the other hand, treatments of Al2O3 NPs with Cur NPs induced modulation in all altered parameters and improved kidney functions and structure, with best results for the Al2O3 NPs + Cur NPs than Cur NPs + Al2O3 NPs. In conclusion, Cur NPs has the capacity to mitigate the renal toxicity induced by Al2O3 NPs in male albino rats.

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) swingle extract ameliorates oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in galactose-induced aging in female rats

Aging is linked with pathological conditions that can be managed with diet. Citrus, which belongs to the family Rutaceae, are used for several medicinal purposes. This study evaluated the modulatory effect of Citrus aurantifolia (lime) on some pathological conditions associated with aging. Twenty female albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (water), the model (D-galactose), the treatment group (D-galactose and lime), and the standard (D-galactose and quercetin). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid profile were monitored in the heart, liver, kidney, and the brain. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10), and reproductive hormones were analyzed in the blood using the ELISA kits. CAT increased in the treated and standard groups (14.03 and 13.60 U/mg respectively) compared with the model (9.18 U/mg). There was a decrease in liver SOD, but an increase in brain and kidney SOD. The level of IL-6 was reduced in treated and standard groups compared to the model. LDL-C was reduced in the treated and standard groups while the level of HDL-C increased in the treated groups. Luteinizing hormone (LH) increased while the follicle-stimulating hormone reduced. C. aurantifolia extract ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia associated with aging and its processes.

Effects of naringenin on oxidative damage and apoptosis in liver and kidney in rats subjected to chronic mercury chloride.

Mercury chloride is a type of heavy metal that causes the formation of free radicals, causing hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and apoptosis. In this study, the effects of naringenin on oxidative stress and apoptosis in the liver and kidney of rats exposed to mercury chloride were investigated. In the study, 41 2-month-old male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into five groups. Accordingly, group 1 was set as control group, group 2 as naringenin-100, group 3 as mercury chloride, group 4 as mercury chloride + naringenin-50, and group 5 as mercury chloride + naringenin-100. For the interventions, 1 mL/kg saline was administered to the control, 0.4 mg/kg/day mercury (II) chloride to the mercury chloride groups by i.p., and 50 and 100 mg/kg/day naringenin prepared in corn oil to the naringenin groups by gavage. All the interventions lasted for 20 days. Mercury chloride administration was initiated 1 h following the administration of naringenin. When mercury chloride and the control group were compared, a significant increase in plasma urea, liver and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, in kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities (p < .001), and a significant decrease in liver and kidney glutathione (GSH) levels (p < .001), in liver catalase (CAT) activity (p < .01) were observed. In addition, histopathological changes and a significant increase in caspase-3 levels were detected (p < .05). When mercury chloride and treatment groups were compared, the administration of naringenin caused a decrease aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p < .01), urea, creatinine levels (p < .001) in plasma, MDA levels in liver and kidney, SOD, GSH-Px, GST activities in kidney (p < .001), and increased GSH levels in liver and kidney. The addition of naringenin-100 increased GSH levels above the control (p < .001). The administration of naringenin was also decreased histopathological changes and caspase-3 levels (p < .05). Accordingly, it was determined that naringenin is protective and therapeutic against mercury chloride-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in the liver and kidney, and 100 mg/kg naringenin is more effective in preventing histopathological changes and apoptosis.

Antioxidant and Protective Effect of Ocimum basilicum Seeds Extract on Renal Toxicity Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is distributed worldwide and used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Most applications are for the herb basil, recently the basil seeds have also been used commercially; however, little is known about the nutritional and functional properties of the seeds. The present study aimed to investigate a possible protective effect of the methanol extract of O. basilicum seeds (MEOB), based on its phytochemical content, against kidney toxicity induced by CCl4 in adult rats. A single dose of CCl4 was used to induce oxidative stress in rats, which was demonstrated by a significant rise of serum enzyme markers. MEOB was administrated for 15 consecutive days (200 mg/kg body weight) to Wistar rats before CCl4 treatment and the effects on serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as the kidney superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyl (PCO) levels were evaluated. In addition, histopathological examinations of kidneys were performed. In the positive control group, CCl4 induced an increase in serum biochemical parameters and triggered oxidative stress in the kidney. MEOB (200 mg/kg BW) resulted in significant reduction of CCl4-elevated levels of kidney markers, urea and creatinine, and a significant increase of uric acid compared with the CCl4-only group. In addition, MEOB pretreatment resulted in a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and PCO levels in renal tissue compared with CCl4-exposed group. MEOB definitely could prevent the development of pathological changes in the kidneys. Overall, we conclude that MEOB is effective in protecting renal function from CCl4 toxicity.

Functional development of porcine spleen as a by-product of pig slaughterhouse: Preparation, identification and bioactive activities of a novel peptide

Porcine spleen, by-product of pig slaughterhouses, was often threw away due to underutilization, resulting in the neglect of the development of high-quality active materials. In this study, water-soluble porcine spleen peptide (w-PSP) was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis. It was a mixed peptide with a molecular weight of less than 3000 Da and contained 7097 short peptides consisting of 5–15 amino acids residues. The w-PSP contained 65.33% hydrophilic amino acids. β-sheet was the main secondary structure conformation in w-PSP. The activity verification experiments confirmed that w-PSP presented no antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. But it exhibited conspicuous antioxidant properties. The maximum scavenging rates of w-PSP to 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were 78.19% and 75.53%, respectively. Anti-superoxide anion (O2-) radical activity and anti-hydroxyl (OH) radical activity of w-PSP reached 94.19 U/L and 396.40 U/mL. Besides, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in liver, spleen, kidney and serum of w-PSP treated mice were significantly increased to 266.82 mgGSH/gprot, 226.37 mgGSH/gprot, 239.03 mgGSH/gprot and 1376.38 mgGSH/L. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver, spleen, kidney and serum of w-PSP treated mice were increased to 1614.66 U/mgprot, 1614.51 U/mgprot, 677.11 U/mgprot and 156.91 U/mL. The malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in w-PSP treatment groups were obviously decreased. De novo sequencing and bioinformatics prediction were used to identify and analyze peptides in w-PSP. Good molecular docking results suggested the antioxidant mechanism of w-PSP might be related to the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Toxicological effects of meloxicam on physiological and antioxidant status of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Fish in aquatic environments are end consumers of the food chain and are widely used for the evolution effects of environmental pollution and their interactions in aquatic ecosystem. In the present study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings were selected to assess the potential risk and aquatic toxicity of meloxicam as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and a commonly used pharmaceutical drug. In order to evaluate meloxicam toxicological effect on haematological, antioxidant status, enzymological and histological parameters, based on its LC50 24h acute toxicity (10.05mgL-1 ), fish fingerlings were exposed to four doses of meloxicam including; 0 (control), 0.1 (low), 1 (medium) and 2mgL-1 (high) under static bioassay method for 28 days. The results showed that sublethal doses of meloxicam significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels in comparison with the control group after 28 days (p<0.05). However, red blood cell, haematocrit, haemoglobin and malondialdehyde values in fish exposed to meloxicam significantly increased alongside its concentration (p<0.05) more than the control group after 28 days. SOD, CAT and GPX mRNA expression levels in gill, liver, kidney and brain organ of fish under meloxicam treatment were significantly down-regulated compared to the control group (p<0.05). Histopathological assessment showed the increased vacuolation in hepatocytes in liver of fish exposure to medium and high doses of meloxicam. In conclusion, meloxicam induces oxidative stress in common carp which results a disruption of physiological and health status of this species based on our current findings.

Weissella confusa MW051433 and Levilactobacillus brevis MW362788 of human milk origin possess antioxidant competency: In vivo evidence

Consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) is directly associated with oxidative stress (OS), a root cause of metabolic disorders while probiotics have been recently recognized to play important role in OS management. The current study describes the antioxidant potential of well characterized and least explored probiotics, Levilactobacillus brevis MW362788 and Weissella confusa MW051433 isolated from human milk. Wistar rats were exposed to HFD to induce OS and treated with W. confusa MW051433, L. brevis MW 362788 and their mixture. W. confusa MW051433 treatment led to amelioration of OS as depicted by improvement in Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total oxidant status (TOS), Total antioxidant status (TAS), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and Glutathione (GSH) in serum, liver, kidney, and brain. The L. brevis MW362788 administration restored MDA, SOD (serum, liver, kidney), TOS (serum, kidney), TAS (serum, liver, kidney, brain), GST (liver), GSH (kidney, brain) but could not influence CAT activity in any organ. While administration of their mixture could customize MDA, TAS (serum, liver, kidney, brain), TOS, SOD, CAT (serum, liver, kidney), GST (serum, liver), and GSH (serum, kidney, brain). The OS modulation was strain specific and the promising antioxidant behavior of W. confusa MW051433 signatures its bio therapeutic potential.

Effect of Salvia officinalis aqueous infusion on copper sulfate-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress imbalance in mice liver and kidney

Extracts of Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) have been described to have many therapeutic properties. However, the effect of S. officinalis on copper sulfate toxicity has not been previously reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of copper sulfate and the potential beneficial effects of S. officinalis aqueous infusion on proinflammatory response and antioxidant status. 56 male mice were used and equally divided into 6 groups: control group, copper sulfate treated group (40 mg/kg), S. officinalis aqueous infusion treated groups (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) separately or in combination with copper. IL-6 (interleukine-6) and TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor alpha) were assessed by Elisa. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxygen peroxide levels were determined. Serum biochemical parameters were analyzed. Copper enhanced aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p < 0.05). Copper enhances significantly IL-6, TNF-α and MDA levels in liver and kidney and reduced CAT, SOD and AChE activities (p < 0.05). Aqueous infusion of S. officinalis at 400 mg/kg abolished copper-induced changes in AST and ALT activity. S. officinalis aqueous infusion at 200 mg/kg reversed copper-induced IL-6 in kidney and TNF-α in liver at both doses. S. officinalis aqueous infusion at 400 mg/kg restored SOD in kidney and CAT and AChE activities in both liver and kidney. S. officinalis aqueous infusion may be useful in partially ameliorating tissue disorders induced by copper exposure such as inflammatory response, oxidative stress imbalance and organ dysfunction through its phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant capacity.

Oxidative stress in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) after different periods of air exposure

This study evaluated the response of juvenile Colossoma macropomum to oxidative stress when exposed to air for different periods of time. Fifty-four juveniles weighing 74.8 ± 17.4 g were randomly transferred to nine 30-L tanks in a recirculating aquaculture system and acclimatized to experimental conditions for 15 days. The fish were subsequently fasted for 24 h, after which a group of animals (n = 6) was sampled immediately at the beginning of the experiment to determine baseline levels (without air exposure). Another group (n = 24) was exposed to air for 30 min (30E) and the rest of the fish (n = 24) were exposed to air for 60 min (60E). Oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses were determined immediately after air exposure (IAE; n = 6) and at 1, 24 and 48 h after air exposure (1hAE, 24hAE, and 48hAE; n = 6 animals/per exposure time) by euthanizing fish and immediately removing the gills, liver, kidney, and brain. The interaction between factors (air exposure time x collection time) had an effect on reduced glutathione in the liver (P < 0.0001) and kidney (P = 0.0252). The highest concentrations for reduced glutathione in the gills was for treatment 60E (P = 0.0294), while that for the brain was for treatment 30E (P = 0.0012). Air exposure time had an effect on liver (P < 0.0001) and kidney (P < 0.0001) superoxide dismutase, with the highest values for 60E and 30E, respectively. The interaction between factors had an effect on liver protein levels (P = 0.0029), with the highest value for 30E at 24hAE. Treatment 60E had higher protein degradation in the gills, kidneys and brain than treatment 30E (P < 0.05). Treatment 30E had lower TBARS concentrations in the liver (P = 0.0284) and gills (P = 0.0012), but without damage to the kidney (P = 0.9396) and brain (P = 0.5277). Therefore, air exposure caused changes in antioxidant defenses in the liver, kidney, brain, and gills of C. macropomum juveniles.

Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in Various Tissues of Male Fischer 344 Rats Are Altered by Food Restriction

The objective of this study was to determine how food restriction (40% restriction of food intake) altered the age-related changes in the activities of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in liver, brain cortex, heart, kidney and intestinal mucosa obtained from 6-, 16- and 26-mo-old male Fischer 344 rats. Food restriction increased the activity of one or more of the antioxidant enzymes in the liver, brain cortex, heart and kidney of the rats. However, the magnitude of the effect and the antioxidant enzyme(s) affected by food restriction varied from tissue to tissue, and food restriction had no significant effect on the activities of these enzymes in intestinal mucosa. Interestingly, the four tissues in which food restriction increased the activity of one or more of the antioxidant enzymes showed reduced lipid peroxidation as measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive material. These data suggest that food restriction might enhance the survival of rodents by altering the levels of the antioxidant enzymes and hence reducing free radical damage.

Intervention effects of drugs on GSH and SOD enzyme activity of rats kidney acutely poisoned by nickel carbonyl

Objective: To evaluate the intervention effect of various drugs on glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity of rats kidney with acute nickel carbonyl poisoning. Methods: In January 2019, The 250 SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=10) , poisoned group (n=40) and treatment groups (n=200) according to the random number table method. And the treatment groups were divided into methylprednisolone group (20 mg/kg) , DDC group (100 mg/kg) , sodium selenite group (10 μmol/kg) , Shenfu huiyang decoction group (0.25 ml) and methylprednisolone combined with DDC group (100 mg/kg) , with 40 mice in each group. Except for the normal control group, rats in the other groups were exposed to nickel carbonyl for 30 min, at 4 h and 30 h after exposure, the rats in each treatment group were intraperitoneally injected with corresponding drugs, and kidney tissues were collected 3 d and 7 d after administration, with 10 mice in each group. The activities of GSH and SOD in kidney were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and using electron microscopy observe ultrastructure changes. Results: Compared to the control group, the activities of GSH and SOD enzyme of poisoned group were significantly decreased at 3 d or 7 d after 4 h or 30 h exposure, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.000, 0.031, 0.001, 0.033) , the epithelial nuclei of proximal convoluted tubules were pyknosis and lysosome hyperplasia in the cytoplasm. And compared to poisoned group, the activities of GSH and SOD enzyme of methylprednisolone+DDC group were significantly increased at treatment with 7 d after 4 h exposure, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.022, 0.000) , and the activities of GSH and SOD enzyme of methylprednisolone and enzyme of methylprednisolone+DDC group were significantly higher at 7 days than at 3 days, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.020, 0.017, 0.018, 0.033) . The results of electron microscopy showed that the cell nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles of proximal convolute tubule were almost restored to normal tissue level of both methylprednisolone group and methylprednisolone+DDC group. Conclusion: The methylprednisolone and methylprednisolone+DDC have obvious repair effect on renal enzyme activity level of rats with acute nickel carbonyl poisoning, and the treatment effect is better for a long time of medication.

Protective Effects ofKefirAgainst Unpredictable Chronic Stress Alterations in Mice Central Nervous System, Heart, and Kidney.

Kefir is a probiotic mixture with anxiolytic and antioxidant properties. Chronic stress can lead to anxiety disorders and increase oxidative damage in organs such as the heart and kidney. In this study, we examined whether kefir ameliorates the anxiety-like behavior of mice submitted to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) by modulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and corticosterone levels and whether kefir modifies the oxidative parameters in the heart and kidney of mice. Male Swiss mice received kefir (0.3mL/100g/day) or milk for 30days (gavage). On the 10th day, the mice were submitted to CUS. Behavioral analysis was performed using the elevated plus maze and forced swimming tests. BDNF levels were analyzed in brain tissues. Heart and kidney superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 3-nitrotyrosine, metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and plasma corticosterone were evaluated. Kefir reverted the CUS-induced decrease in the time spent in the open arms, the increase in grooming frequency, and decrease in the head dipping frequency, but not the reduced immobility time. CUS decreased the cerebellum BDNF levels and increased corticosterone levels, which were restored by Kefir. Neither catalase and SOD activities nor GSH, TBARS, 3-nitrotyrosine, and MMP-2 were modified by CUS in the heart. In the kidney, CUS increased 3-nitrotyrosine and MMP-2. Kefir increased the antioxidant defense in the heart and kidney of control and CUS mice. These results suggest that kefir ameliorated CUS-induced anxiety-like behavior by modulating brain BDNF and corticosterone levels. Kefir also increased the antioxidant defense of mice heart and kidney.

The Effect of Salinity Stress on Enzyme Activities, Histology, and Transcriptome of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix).

A 56-day study was performed to examine the effect of freshwater (FW) and brackish water (BW 6‱ salinity) on the antioxidant ability, Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activities, histology, and transcriptome of the gill and kidney tissue in juvenile silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). The results show that when juvenile silver carp were exposed to 6‱ salinity, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were shown to be substantially increased (p &lt; 0.05), while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities in gill were not significantly affected (p &lt; 0.05). In kidney tissue, SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX, enzyme activities peaked at 24, 8, and 4 h, respectively, but were not significantly different compared with the control group (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, significant effects of salinity were observed for the NKA level in both the gills and kidney tissues (p &lt; 0.05). The gill filaments of juvenile silver carp under the BW group all underwent adverse changes within 72 h, such as cracks and ruptures in the main part of the gill filaments, bending of the gill lamellae and enlargement of the gaps, and an increase in the number of mucus and chloride-secreting cells. Transcriptome sequencing showed 171 and 261 genes in the gill and kidney tissues of juvenile silver carp compared to the BW group, respectively. Based on their gene ontology annotations, transcripts were sorted into four functional gene groups, each of which may play a role in salt tolerance. Systems involved in these processes include metabolism, signal transduction, immunoinflammatory response, and ion transport. The above findings indicate that the regulation processes in juvenile silver carp under brackish water conditions are complex and multifaceted. These processes and mechanisms shed light on the regulatory mechanism of silver carp osmolarity and provide a theoretical foundation for future research into silver carp growth in brackish water aquaculture area.

Electroacupuncture preconditioning alleviates renal injury and oxidative stress through Sirt3/MnSOD pathway in type 2 diabetic rats

To explore the protective effect and molecular mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) preconditioning on renal injury in type 2 diabetic rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, model, EA, EA+inhibitor, and inhibitor groups, with 10 rats in each group. Diabetes model was established by high fat and high glucose diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg). EA (2 Hz, 1 mA) preconditioning was applied to "Guanyuan" (CV4), "Zhongwan" (CV12), bilateral "Zusanli" (ST36) and "Fenglong" (ST40) for 15 min, once every other day for 8 weeks. Rats of the inhibitor and EA+inhibitor groups were given intraperitoneal injection of 3-TYP (50 mg/kg) once every other day for a total of 3 times. The body weight, kidney mass, and renal index were recorded. The contents of urine microalbumin (ALB), 24 h urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione glycine peroxidase (GSH-Px) in kidney were detected by ELISA. The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme complex (RCCⅠ-RCCⅣ) in kidney were detected using spectrophotometric method. HE staining, Masson staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the changes of renal structure. The protein and mRNA expressions of silent information regulator 3 (Sirt3), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in kidney were detected by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. After modeling and compared with the control group, the contents of ALB, the renal index, activity of ROS and content of 8-OHdG, and the renal collagen volume fraction (CVF) were increased (P<0.01), while the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px, RCCⅠ-RCCⅣ, and the mRNA and protein expressions of Sirt3 and MnSOD were decreased (P<0.01). After the treatment and compared with the model group, the contents of ALB, the renal index, ROS, 8-OHdG, and the CVF were decreased in the EA group(P<0.01, P<0.05), while the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, RCCⅠ-RCCⅣ, and Sirt3 and MnSOD expression levels were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05)；the RCCⅡ activity and the expression level of MnSOD mRNA were increased (P<0.05) in the EA+inhibitor group; the ALB and 8-OHdG contents and the CVF in the inhibitor group were increased (P<0.05), while the activity of SOD, and Sirt3 and MnSOD expression levels were decreased (P<0.05). In comparison with the EA group, the contents of ALB, the renal index, activities of ROS and 8-OHdG contents, and the CVF were increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and RCCⅠ and RCCⅡ, and the mRNA and protein expressions of Sirt3 and MnSOD were decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01) in both EA+inhibitor group and inhibitor group, whereas the activities of RCCⅢ and RCCⅣ were decreased in the inhibitor group (P<0.05). The therapeutic effect of inhibitor was notably inferior to that of EA+inhibitor in decreasing ALB and 8-OHdG contents, and CVF (P<0.01), and in up-regulating SOD and RCCⅡ activities, Sirt3 and MnSOD expression levels (P<0.01, P<0.05). EA preconditioning can increase the expressions of renal Sirt3 and MnSOD in type 2 diabetic rats, thereby reducing the oxidative stress response and protecting the kidneys.

Methanol leaf extract of Simarouba glauca induced dyslipidemia-linked cardiovascular disease indicators and its effect on antioxidant proteins

The study focused on the effect of methanol leaf extract of Simarouba glauca (MESG) on lipoproteins cholesterols and oxidative stress biomarkers in male Wistar rat. Toxicological inquest of MESG was evaluated as prescribed in the guidelines of organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD), No. 425. A total of twenty-four male Wistar rats were used; divided into four groups of six rats each, including the control. Test rats were given MESG 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight respectively, daily for thirty (30) days. At the end of the study, the rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed and biochemical indicators were evaluated. Results showed marked increase (p ˂ 0.05) in Total Cholesterol at MESG 2000 mg/kg; a reduction and increase (p ˂ 0.05) in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglycerides respectively, at all doses; an increase (p ˂ 0.05) in Low- Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol at MESG 2000 mg/kg. Additional data indicated no changes (p ˃ 0.05) in Malondialdehyde levels; liver Catalase was significantly (p ˂ 0.05) expressed at MESG 500 and 2000 mg/kg, kidney CAT was significantly (P ˂ 0.05) expressed at all doses. The liver Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) was significantly (p ˂ 0.05) expressed at MESG 1000 and 2000 mg/kg; the kidney and heart SOD were also significantly (P ˂ 0.05) expressed at MESG 500 and 2000 mg/kg respectively. The plasma GSH-PX was significantly (P ˂ 0.05) expressed at MESG 1000 mg/kg; while the liver and heart GSH-PX were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) expressed and repressed at 500 mg/kg respectively. Conclusively, MESG elicited obvious dyslipidemia; accompanied by marked alterations in selected endogenous oxidative stress biomarkers.

Etiveria alliaceae EXTRACT HAD A PROTECTIVE IMPACT ON OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS IN MALE RATS WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED ENDOTOXICITY

Introduction: An imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants causes oxidative stress, which has detrimental consequences for a variety of health issues. Petiveria alliaceae (P. alliaceae) is a global plant having a variety of bioactive chemicals that have a variety of therapeutic uses. Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of P. alliaceae leaf aqueous extract on oxidative stress biomarkers in male rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced-endotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five (25) male albino rats were divided into five (n = 5) groups at random. Group 1 was used as a control, Group 2 was given P. alliaceae aqueous extract (1000 mg/kg body weight), Group 3 was given LPS, a single intraperitoneal dose (4 ml/kg body weight), and was observed for 4 hours before being sacrificed, Group 4 was given LPS (observed for 4 hours) and treated with P. alliaceae for 7 days, Group 5 was given P. alliaceae extract for 7 days, then Spectrophotometric analysis was used to evaluate the activities of oxidative stress biomarkers (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma, erythrocytes, brain, liver, kidney, and heart. Results: As seen in this work, oxidative stress is a characteristic of LPS-induced endotoxicity. Following LPS injection, P. alliaceae leaf aqueous extract significantly (p 0.05) increased CAT and SOD activities. Conclusion The aqueous extract of P. alliaceae leaf reduced the effect of endotoxins in the body by mopping up free radicals, according to the findings

Physicochemical property and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from the seed cakes of Camellia oleifera Abel.

Seed cake refers to the food by‐product of Camellia oleifera Abel, and its insufficient utilization can cause serious environment pollution and resource waste. This study aimed to investigate antioxidant activities of the polysaccharide from the seed cakes of Camellia oleifera Abel (COCP) in vitro and in vivo. The physicochemical property of COCP was also determined. COCP was characterized to be an acidic glycoprotein and mainly consisted of rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), xylose (Xyl), mannose (Man), and galacturonic acid (Gal‐UA). COCP exhibited the polysaccharide's characteristic absorption in the Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and showed as sheet‐like structures with a smooth surface under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). COCP exerted good scavenging activities on ABTS, DPPH, and OH radicals, with IC50 values of 2.94, 2.24, and 5.09 mg/ml, respectively. COCP treatment improved learning and memory abilities of D‐galactose‐induced aging mice. Significant decreases were found in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum, as aging mice were supplemented with COCP. Aging mice showed obviously higher malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities in serum, brain, liver, kidney, and heart. The phenomena were noticeably reversed when mice were treated with COCP. Results indicated that COCP exerted excellent antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo, which support its potential application as a natural antioxidant in food and medicine industries.

Protective efficacy of rutin against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, biochemical alterations and histopathological lesions in rats.

Acrylamide is a well-known neurotoxicant and carcinogen. Apart from industrial exposure, acrylamide is also found in different food products. The present study deals with in vivo experiment to test the protective effect of rutin against acrylamide induced toxicity in rats. The study was carried out on female rats with exposure of acrylamide at the dose of 38.27mg/kg body weight, orally for 10days followed by the therapy of rutin (05, 10, 20 and 40mg/kg orally), for three consecutive days. All animals were sacrificed after 24h of last treatment and various biochemical parameters in blood and tissue were investigated. Histopathology of liver, kidney and brain was also done. On administration of acrylamide for 10days, neurotoxicity was observed in terms of decreased acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress was observed in terms of increased lipid peroxidation, declined level of reduced glutathione, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in liver, kidney and brain. Acrylamide exposure increased the activities of serum transaminases, lipid profile, bilirubin, urea, uric acid and creatinine in serum indicating damage. Our experimental results conclude that rutin showed remarkable protection against oxidative DNA damage induced by acrylamide, which may be due to its antioxidant potential.

Curcumin Supplementation Protects Broiler Chickens Against the Renal Oxidative Stress Induced by the Dietary Exposure to Low Levels of Aflatoxin B1.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) causes hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and kidney damage, and it is included in group I of human carcinogens. The European Commission has established maximum limits of AFB1 in feed, ranging from 5 to 20 μg/kg. Chicken is moderately sensitive to AFB1, which results in reduced growth performance and economic losses. Oxidative stress triggered by AFB1 plays a crucial role in kidney damage and the antioxidant activity of Curcumin (CURC) could help in preventing such adverse effect. Twenty-days-old broilers were treated for 10 days with AFB1 (0.02 mg/kg feed), alone or in combination with CURC (400 mg/kg feed), to explore the effects on the renal tissue. Animals exposed to AFB1 alone displayed alterations of the oxidative stress parameters compared with controls: serum antioxidant capacity, and enzymatic activity of kidney superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased, while renal malondialdehyde levels and NADPH oxidase complex expression were increased. The administration of CURC attenuates all the oxidative stress parameters modified by AFB1 in the chicken kidney, opening new perspectives in the management of aflatoxicosis.