Superior Breeding Research Articles

Seasonal and inter-species variations in nutrient components and taste characteristics of farmed scallops from Northern China

Scallops are considered a healthy seafood due to their abundant nutrition and pleasant taste. However, the biochemical composition of scallops harvested in different seasons varies, which affect their quality. To identify the superior breeding species and optimal harvesting time, the seasonal- and species-specific variations in nutrient and flavor components were investigated for two species of scallops (Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis) using accredited methods. Regarding seasonality, the levels of proteins, fat, fatty acids, and water-soluble vitamins were significantly higher in summer. Both species of scallop had superior taste in summer and spring. Conversely, winter scallops had a healthier proportion of unsaturated fatty acids for humans, as well as richer fat-soluble vitamins. As for species differences, C. farreri exhibited higher protein proportion and vitamin B5 content, while P. yessoensis exhibited more fat and essential amino acids. Flavor indexes suggested that P. yessoensis was more delicious than C. farreri in the same season. Overall, a comprehensive assessment of the nutritional quality of scallops, using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index, revealed that marketable scallops in early summer and late spring exhibited better quality, and P. yessoensis scored higher than C.farreri in terms of nutrition and taste.

A phenology-based linear spectral unmixing method for rice varieties identification from Landsat 8 Satellite Image in Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Cipta IM, Jaelani LM, Sanjaya H. 2024. A phenology-based linear spectral unmixing method for rice varieties identification from Landsat 8 Satellite Image in Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1691-1702. Ngawi District is a prominent rice-producing district in East Java, Indonesia. Based on the BPS data from 2021, Ngawi District yielded a total of 786.49 thousand tons of paddy. Multiple strategies to enhance rice production include enhancing rice productivity, increasing paddy fields, and using effective land management techniques. Utilizing a superior breed of seeds can augment productivity. Remote sensing can be utilized to obtain such data, one of which is the Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) technique. The LSU approach is used to determine the proportion of a pure object's presence in a pixel. The Inpari 32 rice variety is the predominant type identified from the analysis of the processing outcomes utilizing satellite imagery. In addition, validation was performed by utilizing many sample locations distributed around Ploso Lor and Rejuno Villages, resulting in consistent findings between the data analysis and the actual conditions observed in the field. The RMSE calculation was conducted on both sets of processing results, and the most optimal RMSE value was achieved when processing was performed using Landsat 8 image data, yielding an RMSE value of roughly ±1.2%. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using a confusion matrix, which yielded an overall accuracy rate of 86.67%.

Identification of Disease Case on Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) Chicken on Farmers’ Henhouse in Central Java

The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development developed the Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) Chicken, a superior breed of native chicken. The KUB chicken exhibited resistance to diseases, boasted lower mortality rates, and yielded more eggs compared to conventional free-range chickens. However, the KUB chickens were not immune to certain prevalent avian diseases, leading to substantial mortality and subsequent economic losses in Indonesia. This study, conducted from October to December 2021 in Central Java, aimed to determine the prevalence of various diseases in KUB chickens housed in farmer’s henhouse. Data were collected from 30 KUB chicken farmers. The results indicated the following prevalence rates for various infections: Snot at 44%, Coccidiosis at 9%, Salmonellosis at 9%, Infectious Bursal Disease at 9%, Newcastle Disease at 4%, and Helminthiosis at 4% across all sampled coops. Snot infection was notably higher in KUB Chickens, largely attributed to inadequate management, followed by Coccidiosis, Salmonellosis, and Infectious Bursal Disease. Clearly, disease prevalence in KUB chickens within a farmer’s coop can be mitigated by improved management practices and appropriate vaccination.

Ppomicsdb: A Multi‐Omics Database for Genetic and Molecular Breeding Applications in Pigeonpea

ABSTRACTCajanus cajan, commonly known as Arhar or tur in India, is a highly treasured plant species belonging to the Fabaceae family. Pigeonpea is a drought‐tolerant legume crop produced in the world's tropics and subtropics areas, rich source of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, and minerals. It is considered as “meat for vegetarian people” and addresses malnutrition issues globally. Despite its nutritional and economic importance, the lack of comprehensive knowledge about its genomic resources prevents it from being used wisely through molecular breeding programs and biotechnological intervention. Several genomic repositories on pigeonpea are available; however, there is no cohesive integrated multi‐omics database available for C. cajan. Here, we present a first report on comprehensive pigeonpea omics database, named as Ppomics database (db) available at https://ppomics.multiwebx.com/, which provides up‐to‐date various aspects of multi‐omics information devoted to the catalogs phenomics (both qualitative and quantitative), genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics data. Ppomics db is an integrated multi‐omics platform for discovering important regulators of several qualitative and quantitative traits in pigeonpea, which can be utilized for superior breed development. Ppomics db has been made available to researchers to acquire the related omics information and perform multi‐omics data analysis.

Evaluation of some reproductive indices of the White Fulani indigenous bulls in Kwara State, Nigeria

This study was designed to evaluate some reproductive indices of the White Fulani Indigenous cattle bulls in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Forty apparently healthy bulls of age one to five years were used for this study. The parameters studied included scrotal circumference, scrotal length, chest girth and body weight. These parameters were taken using measuring tapes. The result obtained showed that there was significant (p < 0.05) differences in the scrotal circumference and scrotal length between bulls in the age groups 1, 2 and 3 years old while 4 and 5 years old showed no significant (p > 0.05) difference. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in the chest girth and body weight of bulls in all the five age groups (1 – 5 years old). This suggests that the age of puberty in the indigenous white Fulani bulls is three years. Veterinarians and farmers can leverage on these reproductive indices (scrotal circumference, scrotal length, chest girth, and body weight) to select bulls with superior breeding potential, ultimately improving herd health and productivity.

Dairy village: the role of veterinary services in unlocking dairy industry potential through assisted reproductive technologies

The “Dairy Village” concept was designed to overcome the constraints of estrus synchronization and AI particularly associated with eletion of the breeding animals and subsequent management of estrous cows in Ethiopia. All necessary inputs, including sexed semen, were acquired before the fieldwork. The knowledge and skill gaps were identified and addressed with the active involvement of veterinarians and AI technicians who underwent specialized training to ensure proper physical and gynecological examinations during the selection of cows and heifers. Accordingly, a refresher training was delivered on topics of reproductive anatomy and physiology, assessment of ovarian status, semen handling, and insemination at the optimal time to establish pregnancy. Besides, awareness creation seminars were held every year on topics of benefits of reproductive technologies and management of breeding cows to 99 smallholder dairy farmers. Only 578 cows/heifers were found fit for breeding out of the 1262 cows/heifers that were brought for evaluation; including 81 animals that spontaneously showed estrus. A total of 497 cows/heifers were synchronized using a single IM injection of Lutalyse. Animals responding to the treatment (404 cow/heifers) and those spontaneously in estrus (81cows/ heifers) were inseminated using sex- sorted HF semen 18-24hrs into the standing estrus. Pregnancy rate was 80% (388/485) and 287 calves were born (96% female). Results of this project indicate that rigorous gynecological examination during the selection of cows prior to estrus synchronization and judicious application of hormonal treatments can yield improve the success of ES/AI projects under field conditions. Furthermore, the dairy village approach to enhanced milk production through efficient use of sex-sorted semen has generated replacement heifers from superior breed that will substantially improve the livelihoods of village farmers.

Research and Innovation in Malaysian Mahseer, Tor sp., Broodstock Development Programme

Malaysian Mahseer (Tor spp.) is a highly priced native freshwater fish in Malaysia and much sought after as food, ornamental and recreational fish. However, the production of mahseer is still insignificant. Due to the decline in the wild stock population of mahseer, farmers are compelled to rely heavily on imported broodstock or hatchery-produced fingerlings. The R&D on mahseer is also limited with only several reports on breeding techniques, feed requirement and genetic distance between populations. The availability of superior breeding stocks, efficient hatcheries management and formulation of maturation diet that could expedite the maturation process could greatly assist in increasing mahseer aquaculture productivity. This paper presents the R&D carried out by the Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries Malaysia starting from the 11th Malaysia Plan (2016 to 2020), particularly on the broodstock development, breeding, disease, seed management, formulation and validation of maturation diet. In this programme, broodstocks obtained from five different states namely Pahang, Johor, Sarawak, Perak and Terengganu, Malaysia were used as a base population and mated using full diallel method to produce a total of 75 families. The maturation diet enhanced the breeding capacity and shortened the maturation period of mahseer from 3.0 years to only 1.8–2.0 years. Three innovations, hatching system, nursing system and maturation diet were produced from this programme were also registered innovations. This paper also deliberates the challenges faced in broodstock development programme and the way forward.

Kualitas internal dan eksternal telur ayam lokal yang di inseminasi buatan menggunakan mikropipet

Native chicken is a species of fowl that is usually consumed by people in Indonesia. Most various of native chicken bred are new strains, i.e Merawang chicken, Kampung Unggul Balitbang (KUB) chicken and IPB D-1 chicken. High-quality chicken shall be produced from superior breed through artificial insemination by micropipette. A micropipette is a pipette tool with high accuracy and precision to collect cement when performing an artificial insemination. This research is performed to test the internal and external quality of egg which involves egg yolk index (IKT), haugh unit (HU), eggshell weight and egg weight of 3 types of native chickens that artificially inseminated by a micropipette of various doses using 108 female native chickens aged 50 weeks and 6 males native chickens aged 24 months. The treatment was applied to the object with details of 36 female KUB and 2 males KUB, 36 females Merawang and 2 males Merawang, and 36 females IPB D-1 and 2 males IPB-D1. The quality test of eggs used 72 eggs which consists of total each type of chicken are 24 eggs. Data were analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Factors that affect internal and external quality are age, genetics, health, environment, storage time, and feed. Research could be followed to conduct hatchability tests on the eggs produced from this study to trace an effect on egg hatchability in various types of native chickens.

Molecular Characteristics and Evolutionary Relationships of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR21) of Indonesian KUB-1 Chicken

In vertebrates, the immune system has several Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In aves, TLR21 is known to be a functional homolog of TLR9 in mammals. This study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics of TLR21 in KUB-1 chicken, a superior breed of Indonesian local chicken, and their evolutionary relationship. The TLR21 gene was obtained from the ovarian RNA extraction and synthesized into cDNA by reverse transcription. We found that the cDNA sequence of the TLR21 of KUB-1 chicken has a length of 3504 bp, including a 2823 bp open reading frame (ORF), which encodes a putative protein of 940 amino acids (aa). The deduced KUB-1 chicken TLR21 protein consisted of 720 aa in the extracellular domain containing 20 LRRs, 23 aa in the transmembrane region, and 141 aa of Toll‐IL‐1 receptor in the intracellular domain, and had a molecular weight of 107 kDa. The KUB-1 chicken TLR21 had homology of about 99%, 76%, and 43% with other TLR21 from other breeds of chicken, non-chicken poultry, and fish, respectively. Its molecular character was conserved throughout the evolution of TLR21 in chicken, so the KUB-1 chicken was not much different from the broiler. However, there has been an evolution in duck and goose, although the function is still the same. Evolutionarily, Gallus gallus_KUB-1 TLR21, which belongs to the TLR11 Family, has differentiated from fish TLR21 and formed a paraphyletic relationship with TLR21 in Anser cygnoides and Anas platyrhynchos.

Validation of yield associated molecular markers in a groundnut minicore collection

Groundnut is one of the world's most significant commercial oilseed crops. Previously, superior breeding lines and cultivars were primarily employed in most of the groundnut breeding programmes, resulting in a limited genetic base. A thorough evaluation of core collections makes it possible to access germplasm for crop development. A total of 184 mini core genotypes of groundnut were used for validating already reported 55 AhTE molecular markers (Arachis hypogaea transposable element) in the present study (6 AhTE markers for number of primary branches, 5 for plant height, 7 for pod yield per plant, 12 for number of pods per plant, 2 for shelling percentage, 12 for test weight, 9 for sound mature kernel weight percentage and 2 for oil content). Phenotyping was done during kharif 2018 (June to October) and twelve yield related parameters were recorded across 184 genotypes. Single marker analysis indicated a significant association of 40 markers (48 MTAs) at 5% probability level. Amongst these 48 MTAs, 39 MTAs exhibited utmost marker-trait associations with PVE estimate greater than 10%. Yield related AhTE markers validated in the present study might be used as viable tools for marker aided groundnut breeding for yield and yield-related parameters.

THE COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ETTAWA CROSSBREED (PE) GOAT IN JEMBRANA REGENCY, BALI PROVINCE


 
 
 The selection program is an effective effort to improve the genetic quality of livestock, if the population of the selected livestock has a trait with high phenotypic diversity. The amount of phenotypic diversity of the population is measured by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV). A population is said to be diverse if the CV value is >15%. This study aims to examine the performance and coefficient of variability of PE goat production traits in Jembra- na Regency, Bali Province. The study was conducted for 6 months on livestock groups in Jembrana Regency, Bali Province, by measuring the performance of production characteristics (shoulder height, body length, chest circum- ference, ear length, and body weight) of female PE goats. Furthermore, the measurement results were grouped by tooth (I0; I1; and I2). Data analysis was carried out descriptively to obtain the average characteristics of PE goat production and calculate the CV value. The results showed that the performance of female PE goats in the age group I0; I1; and I2 is higher than the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7352.1:2015), regarding Ettawa Crossbreed go- ats. The CV values for the production characteristics of female PE goats in the I0 age group were more diverse than those in the I1 and I2 age groups. It can be concluded that to obtain superior breeds of PE goats according to SNI 7352.1:2015 concerning Ettawa Crossbreed goats, the selection can be made starting at the age group I0.
 
 

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EMS-MUTAGENIZED POPULATION FOR SELECTING HIGH-YIELDING AND GLUTENENRICHED INDUSTRIAL WHEAT

A mutant population was generated using a popular wheat cultivar of Bangladesh; BARI GOM-28, with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to create diversity in terms of different agronomic characteristics and grain quality parameters. An EMS concentration ranging from 0.2% to 1.2% was used and the optimum was found to be 0.8%. This study was initiated with 16,000 seeds, where 1,581 lines survived under greenhouse conditions up to M4 generation. Through 3 subsequent field trials, 3 promising lines, namely, 0037/17, 0020/17 and 0023/17 were selected with enhanced spike length, number of spikes per plant, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grains weight per plant and 1000-grain weight. Such improved agronomic traits contributed towards a greater yield potential of 0037/17 (5.94-6.10 t ha-1), 0020/17 (5.47-5.54 t ha-1) and 0023/17 (4.97-5.20 t ha-1) than BARI GOM-28 (3.63-3.69 t ha-1) in the multi-location trial. Improvement in certain bread-making qualities like wet gluten content (>28%) and total protein content (~13%) was also observed and compared to BARI GOM-28 which had 22% wet gluten and 11% total protein. Therefore, these mutant lines could be used as a valuable resource for genetic studies to dissect the function of the genes controlling such desired parameters as well as superior breeding lines.

High‐throughput genotyping in estimating genetic resources and detecting pathogens in aquaculture

High‐throughput genotyping in estimating genetic resources and detecting pathogens in aquaculture

Performance Analysis in Quantitative Traits of Local Chickens (Gallus gallus sp.) In Kediri Regency East Java

This study aimed to determine the phenotypic diversity of the quantitative characteristics and the results of the analysis of kinship relationships of local chickens in Kediri by using 60 adult male local chickens. Data were obtained by directly observing the quantitative characteristics according to the variables: head length, chest-length, wing length from right to left, shank length, back length, neck circumference, and chest circumference. The results showed that the majority of phenotypes were from local chickens in Kediri, consisting; of a wing length of 52.1cm, head length of 8.58cm, chest length of 28.8cm, shank length of 12.4cm, a back length of 25.35cm, neck circumference 13.98cm, and chest circumference 40.4cm. It can be concluded that local chickens in Kediri have a variety of quantitative characteristics, and the average results for each sub-district are not much different from the others. It is hoped that the results of this study can be used as primary data for further research to determine the quality and superior breeding selection.

Farmers’ Perceptions and Behavior which Affecting the Adoption Rate of KUB Chickens

KUB chicken as a superior breed produced by Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Instrument Standardization (IAAIS) becomes one of the solutions in an effort to increase the need for animal protein. KUB chicken breeds have been successfully disseminated to all provinces in Indonesia. Thus the rate of adoption and behavior of breeders in maintaining the sustainability of KUB chicken rearing needs to be analyzed  because the breeds that are disseminated may not be successfully developed in a certain area. This research will collaborate between the two theories; "Theory of Planned Behavior" (TPB) and "Technology Acceptance Model" (TAM). It was conducted in June 2022 in the City of Salatiga, Semarang and Magelang, Central Java Province. The determination of the research location was based on the consideration that there was a KUB chicken breeders group that already had a KUB chicken breeder association called AnaKUB (KUB Chicken Breeders Association) and a breeding population that met the sampling requirements. The purpose of this research was to analyze the perception factors and breeders behavior that affect the adoption rate of KUB Chicken Technology in Central Java Province, Indonesia. ). The combined results of path analysis (path) and regression analysis on the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique, it can be concluded that perceived benefits (25.3%), ease of raising KUB chickens (23.9%), attitudes (21.2%), subjective norms (16.7%) and perceptions of control behavior (17.3%) have a positive effect on the intention to adopt KUB chickens. The perceived benefits (45.8%) and the perceived ease of raising KUB chickens (50.1%) have a very positive effect on the attitude variable of the farmer. Important people including family members have an important role in supporting the maintenance of KUB chickens, while extension workers have not contributed much in supporting breeders to adopt KUB chickens. Collaboration of two theories has a mutually influencing relationship, especially towards attitudes and intentions to adopt KUB chickens which have a positive effect on the adoption rate. The adoption rate of KUB chicken is 3.32 (66.40%), this shows that the adoption rate of breeders in the Central Java region, is classified as high adoption.

Estimation of Genetic Divergence and Character Association Studies in Local and Exotic Diversity Panels of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Genotypes

The availability of favorable genetic diversity is a thriving vitality for the success of a breeding program. It provides a firm basis of selecting superior breeding lines for the development of high yielding crop genotypes. In this context, present investigation aimed to generate information on genetic divergence and character association in a diversity panel of 123 local and exotic soybean genotypes. Analysis of variance revealed significant response of the evaluated genotypes based on studied attributes. It depicted the probability of selecting desirable soybean genotypes by focusing on character association studies and genetic diversity analysis. Correlation analysis revealed that seed yield per plant showed high positive correlation with 100-seed weight followed by pods per plant and plant height. Furthermore, path coefficient analysis exposed that pods per plant had maximum direct contribution in seed yield per plant followed by 100-seed weight, days to flowering and SPAD measurement. Genotype named “G-10” showed maximum yield per plant followed by 24607, G-52, 24593, Arisoy, 24566, 17426, A-3127, 24570 and 24567. Genetic diversity analysis grouped the evaluated germplasm into 17 clusters. All clusters showed zero intra-cluster variability; while inter-cluster divergence ranged from 9.00 to 91.11. Cluster V showed maximum inter-cluster distance with cluster XII followed by that of between V and VIII. Moreover, cluster IV with superior genotypes (G-10, 24607, 24593 and 24566), VI (17426 and 24567), XIII (24570) and X (Arisoy and G-52) showed above mean values for most of the studied characters. Overall, the results of hybridization between the superior genotypes of these cluster pairs might be useful for soybean breeding with improving agronomic traits and adaptability.

Formation of exterior features in technological conditions of traditional keeping and feeding of Chinese Holstein cows

By importing superior breeds, strengthening the breeding foundation, and showcasing the breeding and productivity potential, it is crucial to expand the output of animal products. Strengthening the foundation for cattle breeding and boosting cow output are crucial now in Uzbekistan. In the article, the appearance, development of characteristics, productivity and biological characteristics of Chinese Holstein cows in traditional technological storage and feeding conditions were studied. Farm storage methods, feeding types and standards, and Chinese Holstein cows were taken as an experimental object. Experiments were conducted on bulls with genotypes characteristic of different bull systems and cows of II-genetic-ecological generation. he feeding of Chinese Holstein cows during lactation consisted of 57.1-57.5% juicy feeds, 32.4% concentrate feeds, and 10.1-10.4% coarse feeds, which positively impacted their productivity. The importation of improved breeds to new habitats involves adaptation to varying natural-climatic, storage, and feeding conditions, which ultimately reveals their potential for productivity and breeding.

Analyzing rice (Oryza sativa L.) panicle structure of 122 RILs using P-TRAP software for spikelet related traits

Panicle architecture is shown to have a direct impact on rice grain yield, making it an important characteristic for rice varietal improvement. In this study, we focus on the Panicle Trait Phenotyping Tool (P-TRAP), freely accessible, platform-independent software for analyzing rice panicle architecture, as one of the ways for generating comprehensive and reproducible panicle structure data and identifying superior breeding lines. In this analysis, the rice panicle structures of 122 RILs along with their parents were analyzed using P-TRAP software. P-TRAP assesses nine spikelet characteristics and its impact on grain yield. All traits had positive and significant associations and have a direct influence on grain yield. The findings indicate that most characteristics’ coefficients of variation had lower values, with the exception of the characteristics spikelet number, spikelet area and grain yield. In comparison to other traits, the standard error for the traits spikelet number and grain yield had a larger value. To better understand their genetic basis, these quantitative traits can be exploited in genome-wide association analyses. Hence, analyzing these traits is crucial. The P-TRAP tool is preferred because it reduces human effort and provides data in a shorter time span when compared to the traditional method. Keywords: Rice, spikelet, p-trap, grain yield

Performance and breeding value of male buffalo production traits as a basis for selection in Jembrana Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia

Efforts to increase the buffalo population must also be balanced with efforts to improve their genetic quality, so that there are many superior breeds available as a substitute for livestock that are no longer productive. The aims of this study were to determine the performance of the production traits of the young bull population and to determine the breeding value of the production traits of the young bull in Jembrana District, Bali Province, Indonesia. The data were analyzed descriptively to obtain the average production traits of young bull, and to calculate the breeding value of the measured production traits. The results showed that the average production characteristics obtained in this study were higher than the standards set by SNI 7706.1:2011, regarding young bull of mud buffalo breeds, for the minimum requirements for quantitative body dimensions (chest girth, shoulder height and body length), as a candidate for sire, especially for age group I-1. The highest breeding value was owned by young bull with code 12 and code 9.The conclusions of the study were: (i) the performance of young bull in Jembrana Regency, Bali Province was very good, because it was higher than the quantitative minimum requirements stipulated by SNI 7706.1: 2011, concerning young bull buffalo breeds and (ii) the highest breeding values ​​are owned by young bulls with code 12 and code 9, so that these two young bull are the best candidate as a sire.

ALGORITHM COMPARISON AND FEATURE SELECTION FOR CLASSIFICATION OF BROILER CHICKEN HARVEST

Broiler chickens are the result of superior breeds that produce a lot of meat. In practice, however, many breeders experience crop failure, which has a serious impact on the economy and can also affect farmer quality, resulting in sanctions. The value of the performance index produced at harvest indicates the success rate of harvesting broiler chickens. Broiler crop yield data can be used to help classify broiler crop yield data using an approach method. The CRISP-DM (Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining) method was used in this study's data mining technique. This study compares 3 classification algorithms to determine the best algorithm and 3 feature selection methods to determine the best method for improving algorithm performance. According to the findings of this study, the Random Forest algorithm is the best algorithm for classifying harvest data, with an accuracy rate of 89.14 percent. The best way to improve the algorithm's performance is to use the Backward Elimination method, which can increase the accuracy by 7.53 percent. As a result, the Random Forest + Backward Elimination algorithm yields an accuracy value of 96.67 percent. According to this study, the factors that influence crop yield increase are FCR, number of harvests, and body weight.