Super Tankers Research Articles

‘Changing the Course of a Super Tanker’: A Study of Senior and Junior Managers’ Enactments of a Transition Narrative

ABSTRACT This paper investigates how a mnemonic community of a senior and junior generation of frontline managers, respectively with first-hand and second-hand memories of the organizational past, enact a shared historical transition narrative as part of their everyday practice of change management in a Scandinavian telecommunications company. The study shows the importance of actors’ individual trajectories and generational memberships for the understanding of collective memory in organizations. Based on the construct narrative habitus, the paper offers, as its primary theoretical contribution, a practice-theoretical framework for the study of mnemonic socialization and cross-generational dynamics of organizational mnemonic communities. MAD statement This article aims to Make A Difference (MAD) by providing an analysis of junior and senior managers' use of a historical transition narrative during temporally prolonged organizational change. The article offers new perspectives on the use of historical narratives and collective memory to manage change by showing that junior and senior generations of managers are habitually dispositioned to enact shared narratives in different ways. While extant research has shown collective memory to be an effective change management tool, our analysis draws attention to cross–generational dynamics as a particularly influential yet overlooked factor in shaping managerial enactments of shared historical narratives.

A “Ticking Bomb” Named FSO Safer: Environmental Impact and State Responsibility under the View of International Law of the Sea

Oil spill is known as one of many common environmental disasters. Many oil spill disasters have cost countries and companies around the world huge amount of losses, and most importantly severe environmental damage which is not recoverable. Currently, one of Yemeni ships named FSO Safer is trapped and stranded around 5 miles from the outer coast of Yemen. The ship is carrying around 1 million barrels of crude oil in its storage, unfortunately the ship is currently in a poor condition and unstable, which may cause the largest super tanker oil spill disaster in the history, even worse than the Exxon Valdez disaster. Countries around the world including UN Members are looking for an immediate alternative to mitigate the disaster, as the Yemeni Government is currently in an armed conflict with the Houthi and have a very limited resource. This paper will analyze, which country will be affected by this imminent peril, who shall be responsible for the disaster and whether an exceptional circumstance that surrounds Yemen Government may discharge them for their responsibility as a state. This paper found that, this imminent disaster, will affect most of the countries located in the area of Red Sea, and the responsibility to deal with this imminent disaster are attached to all the affected countries under the UNCLOS 1982, including Yemen without any exception. An international movement initiated by the UN and Yemen Government itself must act immediately to prevent the disaster.

Our Shared Future: Common Security 2022 and beyond+

The year 2022 marks the 40th anniversary of Olof Palme’s Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues. The Commission presented its report in 1982, at the height of the Cold War. It developed the concept of common security – the idea that nations and peoples can only feel safe when their counterparts feel safe. By taking the concept of common security as its starting point, the Common Security 2022 initiative has analysed the world we live in and some of the great challenges facing humanity on the planet earth. At the time of 50th anniversary of the 1972 Stockholm Conference (Stockholm+50), the Common Security 2022 recommendations are indications, or steps forward for our shared future that would include addressing the climate change, a process of removing the threat of nuclear annihilation and turning around the ‘super tanker’ of war.

Challenges Facing Myanmar in Developing a National Contingency Plan for Marine Pollution

ABSTRACT Myanmar became signatory to the OPRC 1990 in December 2016 and hence requires applicable vessels, ports and offshore facility operators to develop and maintain oil spill contingency plans coordinated with the National Contingency Plan. At about the same time, a super tanker terminal was constructed at Kyaukpyu deep-seaport on the west coast of Myanmar. This project made Myanmar an oil receiver country thus raising the risk of significant oil pollution incidents. To mitigate the risk, Myanmar developed its National Contingency Plan for Marine Pollution (NCP) in order to establish a coordinated oil spill preparedness and response policy and to align with the Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plan (ROSCP) developed under the ASEAN MOU for Joint Oil Spill Preparedness and Response (ASEAN, 2014). Even with the NCP, Myanmar is still encountering a number of challenges to be fully prepared for severe and disastrous pollution incidents. Chief among these is the establishment of a proper spill response capability including trained personnel and a stockpile of appropriate response equipment. Many options are being considered: government funding; establishing a mutual aid program led by industry; contract bases; or some combination of these. This paper looks at the actions Myanmar is taking to develop a state of the art NCP that is appropriate for Myanmar and the Region. The paper also discusses some of the key challenges Myanmar is facing, including transboundary issues and the solutions being considered and/or adopted to address such challenges.

Basic aspects and contributions to the optimization of energy systems exploitation of a super tanker ship

Today, the concept of energy efficiency or energy optimization in ships has become one of the main problems of engineers in the whole world. To increase the fiability of a crude oil super tanker ship it means, among other things, to improve the energy performance and optimize the fuel consumption of ship through the development of engines and propulsion system or using alternative energies. Also, the importance of having an effective and reliable Power Management System (PMS) in a vessel operating system means to reduce operational costs and maintain power system of machine parts working in minimum stress in all operating conditions. Studying the Energy Efficiency Design Index and Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator for a crude oil super tanker ship, it allows us to study the reconfiguration of ship power system introducing new generation systems.

The Grand Challenges in Researching Marine Noise Pollution from Vessels: A Horizon Scan for 2017

Chronic anthropogenic underwater noise, such as vessel noise, is now recognized as a world-wide problem. Marine noise from vessels, ranging from super tankers to small motorboats is increasingly recognized as being both a persistent and pervasive pollutant. Furthermore, due to its spatial and temporal variability, vessel noise pollution represents a particular challenge for marine conservation, management and planning. This paper presents the outputs of a horizon scanning exercise that brought together a group of 40 individuals from across Canada, including: researchers, policy makers, NGOs and other end-users who work in the field of marine acoustics. The goal was to identify priority information needs, related to marine vessel acoustics, to inform new research and address policy needs. Via an iterative Delphi style process, participants identified ten priority research questions related to marine vessel acoustic science; for example, How important is it to identify and maintain acoustic refugia? What attributes of marine vessels are the most effective indicators of marine noise? The questions were then further considered in terms of extent of current knowledge, time scale by which they can be achieved, the financial resources required and the importance of answering the question. Subsequently, the authors conducted a search of the peer-reviewed literature to situate the challenges highlighted by the horizon scanning exercise within the broader global research. Results show that investigating the attributes of marine vessels that are the most effective indicators of marine noise is a viable research question to tackle first. In addition, underpinning many of these questions is the need of long-term data collection and monitoring of both vessel traffic and marine mammal populations.

A new approach on the upgrade of energetic system based on green energy. A complex comparative analysis of the EEDI and EEOI

In recent years, many environmental organizations was interested to optimize the energy consumption which has become, today, one of the main concerns to the whole world. From this point of view, the maritime industry, has strove to optimize the fuel consumption of ship through the development of engines and propulsion system, improve the hull design, or using alternative energies, this way making a reduction in the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere. The main idea of this paper is to realize a complex comparative analysis of Energy Efficiency Design Index and Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator which are calculated in two cases: first, in a classical approach for a crude oil super tanker ship and second, after the energy performance of this ship has been improved by introducing alternative energy sources on board.

Beyond IPCC, Research for Paris 2015 and Beyond

TheClimate conference in Paris December 2015 is described as “last chance” or “5 to twelve” but in the climate arena there is a risk that we have over-utilized the doomsday vocabulary already in the run-up to Copenhagen, 2009 the better part of a decade ago. For those who have worked on climate issues for several decades it poses a special challenge to calibrate language. Words like “immediate” need careful explanation. Think of a super tanker with so much inertia that it takes a full hour to stop in an emergency—and in our case it is not an hour but decades—damage is probably quite gradual and yet there is literally no time to delay. Activists feel that we have to use every opportunity to further climate change policy because not much has been achieved to date and December 2015 does represent a special opportunity but clearly it is an illusion that any one particular meeting will cut the Gordian knot and result in a full international treatywith appropriate policies for all the countries of the world. The UNFCCC has yearly conferences of the parties (COP) but the expectations have not been this high since Copenhagen which was later described as a big failure. Politicians are keen to avoid a repeat and so expectations have been lowered. We are no longer seeking a grand agreement but a set of “Intended, Nationally Determined Contributions”, INDCs. Both the qualifiers “intended” and “nationally determined” raise issues related to the design of a treaty intended to provide a global public good. Normally we need to make sure that commitments are verifiable, controllable, add up to a sufficient aggregate goal and that there are incentives to deliver on the commitment. The Kyoto Protocol has been severely criticized—not least in the USA. American observers have pointed at the asymmetry created by requiring virtually nothing of large and growing emitters such as China. This interpretation of the Rio principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” has effectively made it impossible to pass any effective

TURNING THE SUPER TANKER:BEYOND ETHNOGRAPHY AND INTO COLLABORATIVE LEARNING APPROACHES TO URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

This paper reflects on the place of ethnography in collaborative learning in the context of urban environmental management. The Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD) research programme is aimed at facilitating the uptake and implementation of low-impact principles, with a focus on improved approaches to storm-water management. Collaborative learning approaches include the use of case studies, learning groups and a web-based database. Place-based case studies are intended to showcase some examples of LIUDD and develop forums for refining research questions and developing innovative solutions. Ethnographic research approaches fit well with the process of collaborative learning, helping to understand how stakeholder groups think about, evaluate, control and manage land and other resources. Organising and presenting this information in accessible formats, providing opportunities for stakeholders to reflect on and learn from each others’ practices and experiences, and facilitating critical dialogue aimed at transformative change are key aspects of the approach.

Risk Analysis and Management for Marine Systems

ABSTRACTSources of risk to marine systems include equipment failure, external events, human error, and institutional error. Equipment failure, the most readily recognized hazard on ships, may be categorized as either independent failure, such as the loss of steering because of the failure of a power steering pump or common‐cause failure, such as the loss of propulsion and steering resulting from a total loss of electrical power to the ship. Risk from external events arises from hazards such as collision with other ships, sea state; wind, and ice or other weather factors. Humans provide another source of risk to marine systems when they lack skill, are excessively fatigued, or commit sabotage. Institutional failure creates risks from poor management including inadequate training, poor communications, and low morale.Risk studies may be classified according to whether they focus primarily on assessment, management, or communication; these aspects of risk studies are described to prepare users and readers of this paper for performing risk‐based analysis of marine systems. Methods are provided in the paper that can be used to develop risk‐based standards for system safety. The relationship between risk and standards is studied from a historical perspective. Great successes in controlling risk to health and safety are exemplified by the development of design methods for buildings, bridges, or super tankers that render them capable of withstanding extreme storms. Yet, familiar risks persist while less familiar ones escape attention and new ones appear. Ironically, management of some of the most difficult risks has led to improved standards of living. This paper provides background information, introduces fundamental concepts, and offers examples of risk methods applied to marine systems.

The Legal Environment of the Environment in the Gulf

(1) In 1978 (17 March) the super tanker Amoco Cadiz fully laden with 223,000 tons of crude oil ran aground off the coast of Brittany, Portsall, France, and lost its entire cargo, the largest spill in history caused by a vessel; (2) In Tschernobyl, Russia, a nuclear reactor got severely damaged causing casualties and increased radioactivity all over the region; (3) In 1989 tanker Exxon Valdez caused an oil spill of about 40,000 tons of crude oil in Alaska, Prince William Sound; (4) During the Iraq-Iran war oil wells leaked for a considerable period of time. The oil spill was tremendous; (5) In Bhopal, India, a chemical plant caught fire and caused casualties and huge damage; (6) In 1991 oil wells in Kuwait were set ablaze during the Iraqi invasion.

The Legal Environment of the Environment in the Gulf

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Turkey and the Middle East: Problems and Solutions

ABSTRACT Three types of solutions have been proposed regarding the intensifying problems generated by insufficient water in the Middle East: 1) increasing the amount of available water; 2) redistributing the existing supply of water; and 3) using the existing water supply more efficiently In the search for solutions, it is argued that the so-called water problem in the region should be disaggregated, and that each river system should be treated as a separate problem area since the needs and the political relations between the riparians are different in each case. Then, several plans to resolve water insufficiencies are discussed, such as transporting water from Turkey via a pipeline to the Gulf and via super tankers to any needy country in the region: reaching a regional agreement to pursue policies of water conservation, including the adoption of water-saving technologies and founding an international bank to support the adoption of these technologies; and, launching by riparian states of schemes to stud...

Application of Probability to the Design of Single-Point Moorings

HARING, R.E., MEMBER AIME, ESSO PRODUCTION RESEARCH CO., HOUSTON, TEX. ADAMS, R.B., ESSO STANDARD OIL (AUSTRALIA) LTD., SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA BEAZLEY, R.A., ESSO RESEARCH and ENGINEERING CO., LINDEN, N.J. KIPP, K.L., ESSO PRODUCTION RESEARCH CO., HOUSTON, TEX. Abstract A procedure has been developed to analyze mooring forces and to aid the selection of design parameters for single-point mooring systems. The parameters for single-point mooring systems. The results of a study indicate that a conventional SPM buoy could be used successfully to permanently moor a 52,000-dwt tanker in 260 ft of water under moderate sea conditions. The procedure utilizes scaled-model data and environmental observations to derive force-probability functions, which define The probability of exceeding any given force in the mooring system. Introduction There has been a steady increase in the application of monomoorings in loading terminals for exporting crude oil from shore storage and in discharging terminals for handling products and importing crude to refineries. Almost all the monomoorings have been single-point mooring buoys. Their general characteristics are illustrated in Fig. 1. The buoy itself is circular and of all-welded construction. It is subdivided into watertight compartments with provisions to handle the anchor chains, rotating manifold, and bow mooring hawser attachment. About 60 systems of this type have been installed or are under construction in the free world. Their main application has been in water depths less than 150 ft and in relatively calm, sheltered areas. Increased use of super tankers has stimulated further interest in loading buoys for deeper water. In at least two instances single-point mooring buoys have been used for floating, crude-oil storage vessels. As offshore oil fields are discovered in areas far from existing crude-oil markets or gathering systems, the use of single-point mooring systems for floating storage vessels will increase. The most important considerations in the design of single-point mooring systems for this application will be the continuous exposure to environmental forces, the more severe conditions typical of the open ocean, and water depths greater than are found at existing installations. A design procedure should allow the engineer to identify the probability of exceeding specified forces induced in the mooring system by the ocean environment. Mooring systems are usually designed well within the nominal strengths of their components to allow for fatigue, corrosion and short-duration high stresses. Therefore, even if the induced forces exceed the design forces, failure will not necessarily result. Rather, this condition alerts the marine operator to the need for corrective action or suspension of operations to prevent continued exposure of the system to excessive forces. SPEJ P. 219

On the Local Strength of a Super Tanker

As a general trend, the size of oil tankers is growing larger for economical reason. As a result, there have been arrived many technical problems involved in design of super tankers which must be solved. One of such problems is the local strength, and especially the buckling failure of web plates with slots for longitudinals of transverse rings is one of the most important items to study.In fact, in 1965, many super tankers suffered from damages of buckling failures. A most serious buckling failure occured at web plates with slots for longitudinals of transverse rings. These failures were recognized at tank tests or official trials. Then, ship designers increased the thickness of web plates and added suitable stiffeners or collar plates. Although actual failure of this kind has not been reported recently in Japan, there is still no sufficient support of theoretical investigation, except those by experiments.For theoretical analysis on buckling of web plates with slots, the authors developed a particular computer program based on the finite element method using triangular finite elements of conforming shape function. We also conducted several kinds of experiments and compared the results with those of the theoretical analysis. A quite good agreement was observed between them.

On the Non-Beam Vibration of Huge Vessels

Full-scale vibration measurements recently made on super tankers show that in the higher frequency range over 300 cpm, the ship side line vibrates in a different way from the vibration of side longitudinal bulkhead line. The old beam theory can no longer hold good in these vibration characteristics, and it should be needed to investigate them from different points of view and to establish a new method available for prediction of such hull vibrations.This paper presents results of a theoretical analysis which are made on hull vibrations of huge vessels under the assumption that ship's hull is composed of four beams (two side shells and two longitudinal bulkheads) connected by independent strong springs (transverse bulkheads) and distributed springs (beams and transverse rings). The obtained results are as follows : (1) There are two kinds of vibration profiles in hull vibration of super tankers : symmetrical and asymmetrical modes in athwartship direction.(2) Each mode can be divided in two types. One is similar to the beamlike vibration of longitudinal bulkhead and the other is similar to that of ship side shell.(3) Natural frequencies of the symmetrical modes similar to that of longitudinal bulkhead correspond to those obtained by the old theory.

On the Local Strength of a Super Tanker

In the previous report, the authors developed a particular computer program based on the finite element method for theoretical analyses on buckling of web plates with slots for longitudinals. The authors also conducted several kinds of experiments and compared the results with those analyzed by the computer program. Quite good agreement was recognized between them.Subsequent to the previous report, the authors carried out systematic calculations on the buckling strength of web plates with slots for longitudinals and investigated the effect of reinforcement with collar plates, face plates around slots, horizontal stiffeners on web plates or partially increased thickness of web plates on shear buckling of web plates with slots.As the results, sufficient informations were obtained on the buckling strength of web plates.Finally, many design charts of the buckling strength of web plates with slots for longitudinals were made and presented here; they are considered to be very valuable for the design of such web plates.Furthermore, analyses with the design charts were conducted on buckling failures of web plates of transverse rings in an oil tanker. In the study, loading conditions in which actual failures in web plates possibly occured were examined and theoretical conditions in which the failures occured were ascertained.

Statistical Amidship Bending Moment for Ships

The determination of the longitudinal strength of ships is one of the most important subject in the design of ships. Moreover this determination must be made in the early design stage, and accordingly the longitudinal bending moment, which is a predominant factor affecting the longitudinal strength, should also be calculated in the early design stage.There is still a dearth of knowledge at present as to the standpoint from which the longitudinal strength should be determined, but the most common concept prevailing at present may be that the degree of safety for the longitudinal strength should be kept constant for all sea-going ships. This idea that the degree of safety for longitudinal strength be kept constant has such suggestions that, when account is taken of the fact that ships will encounter rough seas of different severity in various loading conditions, the longitudinal bending moment having statistical significance rather than the one by precise calculation for specific conditions should be used as the longitudinal bending moment for the purpose of discussing the longitudinal strength of ships.From the above view-point, the author developed approximate formulas for the longitudinal bending moment which would be used in the early design stage with sufficient accuracy.The longitudinal bending moment of ships can be divided to (a) the still water bending moment produced as a result of difference in the distributions between the weight and buoyancy in still water, and (b) the wave bending moment produced as a result of the change of the pressure distribution of underwater surface of the hull when the ship proceeds among waves, as well as the inertia force due to the ship's motion.The paper deals with the still water bending moment in the Part I and with the wave bending moment based on the statistical method in the Part 2.The result of investigations in Part 2 indicate that the approximate formulae used up to the present may, in general, result in the over-estimation of the bending moment in the case of super tankers in comparison with ships of moderate size. This conclusion will give usefull suggestion to the possibility of reducing the standard of longitudinal strength for super tankers.

On the Study of Characteristics of Ship Motions by a Forced Oscillation Method (Part 1)

In this report, the authors state about the results of a forced oscillation test and its measuring device.A method of determining the coefficients of equations of ship motions is presented when the equations for heave and pitch are given in eqs. (1) and (2).As an example, virtual mass coefficients, damping coefficients, coefficients of restoring functions, coupling factors and non-linear factors were determined for a 2·5 m model of super tanker. The exciting forces and moments of waves acting on the ship model were also measured.The authors made clear the phenomena in the neighbourhood of the critical frequency of motion.

Turning Model Experiments on Optimum Rudder Area of Ships

In this paper the results of systematic steering experiments tested with self-propelled, free-running ship models are described. These three models, 2. 50 metres in length, are selected each corresponding to three representative normal types of present-day vessels, namely, a high speed liner, a cargo ship and a super tanker. Experiments are carried out mainly to get informations on basic design problem such as on optimum rudder area. Together with effects of hull form and relative rudder area, those of rudder angle, speed, trim, displacement, turning side, etc. are also investigated.