Features Of Superstructure Research Articles

Assessment and theoretical interpretation of spoken discourse and cognitive skills in two adolescents with acquired brain injury

Purpose Although discourse assessment is recommended, few tools exist for adolescent acquired brain injury (ABI) and few theories describe the contribution of cognition to discourse impairment. This study explored whether a novel discourse protocol can identify difficulties following ABI and whether a discourse processing model provides a useful account of impairment. Method Using a case-control design, two adolescent males with moderate ABI (12 and 14 years) were compared to a neurotypical sample on a range of language and cognitive assessments. Patterns in performance were interpreted using a theoretical model. Participants completed a standardised omnibus language assessment, discourse assessment, and battery of cognitive tasks. Result Analyses revealed significant differences in discourse and cognition between adolescents with and without ABI. No impairment was detected on a standardised language assessment. Patterns in discourse and cognition aligned with a contemporary model of discourse processing. Conclusion Participants with ABI demonstrated discourse deficits relative to the neurotypical reference sample. The findings demonstrate the value of discourse sampling across multiple genres and analysis of microlinguistic to superstructural features. A structure-building framework (SBF) model, originating in schizophrenia, provides a promising theory with which to interpret discourse impairment and has the potential to inform intervention for discourse in ABI.

Flexible tungsten disulfide superstructure engineering for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution in anion exchange membrane water electrolysers

Anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis employing non-precious metal electrocatalysts is a promising strategy for achieving sustainable hydrogen production. However, it still suffers from many challenges, including sluggish alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics, insufficient activity and limited lifetime of non-precious metal electrocatalysts for ampere-level-current-density alkaline HER. Here, we report an efficient alkaline HER strategy at industrial-level current density wherein a flexible WS2 superstructure is designed to serve as the cathode catalyst for AEM water electrolysis. The superstructure features bond-free van der Waals interaction among the low Young’s modulus nanosheets to ensure excellent mechanical flexibility, as well as a stepped edge defect structure of nanosheets to realize high catalytic activity and a favorable reaction interface micro-environment. The unique flexible WS2 superstructure can effectively withstand the impact of high-density gas-liquid exchanges and facilitate mass transfer, endowing excellent long-term durability under industrial-scale current density. An AEM electrolyser containing this catalyst at the cathode exhibits a cell voltage of 1.70 V to deliver a constant catalytic current density of 1 A cm−2 over 1000 h with a negligible decay rate of 9.67 μV h−1.

Effect of Sulfur Deficiency on the Structural and Superstructural Features of Ga1.29In3.38S7

Effect of Sulfur Deficiency on the Structural and Superstructural Features of Ga1.29In3.38S7

Merchant ship classification in high-resolution SAR image based on joint superstructure scattering features

ABSTRACT Ship classification has long been a challenging task in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications. With the improvement of SAR resolution, it has gradually become possible based on high-resolution SAR images. This letter presents a joint feature representation method for characterizing the superstructure scattering features of merchant ships, and then a hierarchical scheme for classifying merchant ships in high-resolution SAR images based on integrated macro and detailed superstructure features is proposed. Comprehensive experiment on three types of high-resolution SAR samples demonstrates that the proposed features and method have the ability to improve the performance of merchant ship classification in SAR images.

Dynamic Analysis of Ballastless Rail Superstructure on a Track Switch

Proposed article presents design procedure and dynamic analysis of a ballastless rail superstructure used to decrease the vibration from the moving trains in underground tunnels located adjacent to residential and commercial buildings. The rail superstructure features a floating slab consisting of a reinforced concrete (RC) slab with direct fixation of railway fastenings and elastomeric bearings, that transfer the loads from the floating slab to the tunnel casing. A track switch is mounted on a FST. The aim of the design procedure is to select required static and dynamic properties of elastomeric bearings made of cellurar polyurethane as well as the amount of reinforcement taking into account deteriorating properties of both materials. FE-model created in MSC Patran/Nastran software package is used to get an insight on stress-strain state of this floating slab track structure. Proposed FE-model consists of switch track with direct fixation railway fastenings, RC track slab, elastomeric supports. Static analysis is performed to get the upper-track structure elements’ deflections as well as stress-strain state of RC slab under moving trains. Dynamic interaction of the ballastless rail superstructure is investigated using derived from FE-analysis transfer-function between the superstructure and tunnel invert. Vibration isolation efficiency under excitation frequencies of moving trains over different speed is obtained from the transfer function.

Profiling variability and development of spoken discourse in mainstream adolescents

ABSTRACT Competence in spoken discourse is an important consideration during assessment and intervention planning for adolescents with communication difficulties. Currently, a lack of age-appropriate protocols and reference data against which to interpret performance, are barriers when working with this population, particularly those that assess a range of genre and language features. Using a new assessment tool, the Curtin University Discourse Protocol-Adolescent (CUDP-A), this study aimed to collect and describe spoken discourse samples from a large group of adolescents (n = 160), aged 12 to 15 years, recruited to represent a mainstream academic cohort. For each participant, samples of recount (n = 3), expository (n = 3), persuasive (n = 3), and narrative (n = 2) discourse were described using theoretically supported measurements sensitive to micro-linguistic, micro-structural, macro-structural, and super-structural discourse features. Participants also completed a standardized assessment of oral language. Variability was found in micro-linguistic and micro-structural features, with stability seen in macro-structural and super-structural features. Few age- and gender-related differences were observed, while multiple significant correlations between spoken discourse and oral language variables were revealed across the sample. The CUDP-A was successful in eliciting spoken discourse across genres relevant to social and academic contexts, enabling an in-depth description of adolescent discourse. This tool, supported by the reference data, provides a new opportunity to assess spoken discourse skills in adolescents from clinical populations, e.g., acquired brain injury or developmental disorders. Further research is needed to examine factors influencing discourse ability, such as those that may be related to genre, or contextual factors related to the presence of communication partners, with novel tools such as the CUDP-A facilitating this.

Design and Analysis of State Transport Utility Vehicle-Bus

Passenger transport is an inseparable ingredient of public transport system for developing and developed nations. In present work design and analysis of state transport utility vehicle ~ bus is carried out. Present paper focuses on the design enhancements in structural features of sub and superstructure without any alterations on the chassis provided by OEMs. Limiting dimensions of bus as prescribed by automotive industry standard and central motor vehicle rules are the design constraints accounted in the present work. This work was commenced with the thorough study of sub and superstructure configurations, seat locations, passenger load patterns, locations of doors, windows and emergency exits and other relevant bus attributes. Hand calculations for evaluation gross section modulus of chassis and cross member combination are presented. Usage of shear force and bending moment diagrams to evaluate the stress and deflection for the proposed load patterns is made before proceeding for finite element analysis. Finite element modelling and analysis of the sub and super structure combination is carried using shell elements with the presumption that chassis of the bus is rigid. Roll-over analysis of bus for the present configuration is presented.

Quadruple superstructure with antiferroic ionic displacements in Bi1−xSmxFeO3

Crystallographic and morphologic features of quadruple and double superstructures in $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{i}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{m}}_{x}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ with $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.40$ were investigated by x-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of a quadruple superstructure accompanied by antiferroic ionic displacements was found near the morphotropic phase boundary between the $R3c$ phase ($0<x<0.10$) and the Pnma phase ($0.25\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.40$). The quadruple superlattice phase coexists with a ferroelectric $R3c$ phase at $x=0.15$. These superstructures were found to originate from the freezing of multiple phonon modes related to transverse wave ionic displacements. These findings provide further insight towards understanding the complexity of rare-earth-doped $\mathrm{BiFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.

Hierarchical assemblies of conjugated ultrathin COF nanosheets for high-sulfur-loading and long-lifespan lithium–sulfur batteries: Fully-exposed porphyrin matters

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising electrode materials for next-generation energy storage devices such as Li-S batteries. However, most existing COF materials are produced as microcrystalline powders with densely packed structure and microporous texture, which leads to sluggish ion diffusion, insufficient active site utilization or limited active material loading, constraining practical implementation. Herein, we report the first bottom-up synthesis of 3D hierarchical COF superstructures comprising porphyrin-rich conjugated ultrathin nanosheets, as a multiscale engineering solution to the above obstacles for fully demonstrating the potential of COFs in Li-S batteries. As-made superstructure features minimum nanosheet restacking, large accessible surface area with unique macro-meso-micro-porosity, which not only turns diffusion-dominated redox kinetics in conventional COFs into charge-transfer controlled process, but also renders sufficient utilization of inherent abundant active sites for maximizing the chemisorptions of polysulfides and boosting sulfur utilization. Importantly, COF superstructure can be used as an idea model to probe the specific role of active functional groups and fully exposed porphyrin is revealed to act as unique anchoring sites with strong chemical binding to polysulfides. Thus, COF superstructures, as a new polymeric host, endow Li-S battery with large capacity, excellent rate capability and superb cycling stability particularly at high sulfur content or loading.

Identification of Bridge Scour Depth by Tracing Dynamic Behaviors of Superstructures

A methodology to identify and analyze the bridge scour depth by tracing the dynamic behaviors of superstructures was developed. This proposed methodology basically relies upon the bridge scour-induced effects on the variations of two dynamic features of superstructures, i.e., the natural frequency of vibration and mode of vibration. Firstly a flexibility matrix incorporating the two dynamic features is deduced for bridges under scour conditions. Then, using the scour-induced variations of such flexibility matrix, a new parameter of “[D]-based deflection change” Δδ is defined as an important index for identifying the scour depth. Such an index Δδ is determined by both FEM (Finite Element Method) simulations and on-site measurements on the dynamic features of superstructures. By doing this, the scour depths corresponding to the measured Δδ are back-deduced based on a pre-simulated relationship between Δδ and scour depths. A case study based on the simulation and a demonstration based on actual field data are finally given to demonstrate the application procedure and qualitatively verify the feasibility of the proposed methodology. This methodology does not require any continuous and long-term bridge monitoring using underwater instrumentations and could be conveniently integrated to a routine assessment or structural monitoring system.

Foundation Differential Settlement Included Time-dependent Elevation Control for Super Tall Structures

Due to the time-dependent properties of materials, structures, and loads, accurate time-dependent effects analysis and precise construction controls are very significant for rational analysis and design and saving project cost. Elevation control is an important part of the time-dependent construction control in supertall structures. Since supertall structures have numerous floors, heavy loads, long construction times, demanding processes, and are typically located in the soft coastal soil areas, both the time-dependent features of superstructure and settlement are very obvious. By using the time-dependent coupling effect analysis method, this paper compares Shanghai Tower's vertical deformation calculation and elevation control scheme, considering foundation differential settlement. The results show that the foundation differential settlement cannot be ignored in vertical deformation calculations and elevation control for supertall structures. The impact of foundation differential settlement for elevation compensation and pre-adjustment length can be divided into direct and indirect effects. Meanwhile, in the engineering practice of elevation control for supertall structures, it is recommended to adopt the multi-level elevation control method with relative elevation control and design elevation control, without considering the overall settlement in the construction process.

Hierachical Ni@Fe2O3 superparticles through epitaxial growth of γ-Fe2O3 nanorods on in situ formed Ni nanoplates.

One endeavour of nanochemistry is the bottom-up synthesis of functional mesoscale structures from basic building blocks. We report a one-pot wet chemical synthesis of Ni@γ-Fe2O3 superparticles containing Ni cores densely covered with highly oriented γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) nanorods (NRs) by controlled reduction/decomposition of nickel acetate (Ni(ac)2) and Fe(CO)5. Automated diffraction tomography (ADT) of the Ni-Fe2O3 interface in combination with Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that selective and oriented growth of the γ-Fe2O3 nanorods on the Ni core is facilitated through the formation of a Fe0.05Ni0.95 alloy and the appearance of superstructure features that may reduce strain at the Ni-Fe2O3 interface. The common orientation of the maghemite nanorods on the Ni core of the superparticles leads to a greatly enhanced magnetization. After functionalization with a catechol-functional polyethylene glycol (C-PEG) ligand the Ni@γ-Fe2O3 superparticles were dispersible in water.

Coccolithophorids in polar waters: Calciarcus spp. revisited

The genus Calciarcus is revisited here with the purpose of providing, based on additional sampling from both polar regions, an update on species diversity and morphology that can serve as a reference for future work. The geographic realm of the genus is significantly widened and a case is built based on consistency in appearance in favour of adding Calciarcus spp. to the well-defined community of bipolar weakly calcified coccolithophorid genera. Despite the multitude of specimens available for analysis and the fact that the specimens examined distribute themselves within three clusters based on morphological features of coccolith superstructures, it has not been possible at this stage to define a robust framework for differentiation among species of Calciarcus . Circumstantial evidence exist linking species of Wigwamma with species of Calciarcus in haploid-diploid life cycles.

Rapid assessment of foundation scour using the dynamic features of bridge superstructure

The ability to ensure the resiliency and to predict the future performance of coastal bridges is very dependent on identifying damages in critical components of the bridge rapidly after an event. Traditional vibration based damage detection efforts focused mainly on the detection of fatigue cracking. Although detecting fatigue cracking is important, it does not contribute significantly to the total number of bridge failures in the United States. A critical review of the up-to-date literature showed that hydraulic loading, including scour, is responsible for about 50% of the failed bridges over the period of 1989–2000. To this end, the primary focus of this research is the development and evaluation of damage detection techniques capable of rapidly identifying and possibly quantifying the extent of deterioration of critical coastal bridges due to scour at submerged piers without underwater instrumentation. This paper illustrates, for the first time, the use of horizontally-displaced mode shapes and the calculated change in the dynamic flexibility features to identify scour from the response of the bridge superstructure.

Crystallographic superstructure inR2PdSi3compounds (R=heavyrare earth)

The $R$${}_{2}$PdSi${}_{3}$ intermetallic compounds have been reported to crystallize in a hexagonal AlB${}_{2}$-derived structure, with the rare earth atoms on the Al sites and Pd and Si atoms randomly distributed on the B sites. However, the intricate magnetic properties observed in the series of compounds have always suggested complications to the assumed structure. To clarify the situation, x-ray and neutron diffraction measurements were performed on the heavy rare earth compounds with $R=\text{Gd}$, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, which revealed the existence of a crystallographic superstructure. The superstructure features a doubled unit cell in the hexagonal basal plane and an octuplication along the perpendicular $\mathbf{c}$ direction with respect to the primitive cell. No structural transition was observed between 300 and 1.5 K. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations were utilized to investigate the local environments of the respective atoms. In this paper the various experimental results will be presented and it will be shown that the superstructure is mainly due to the Pd-Si order on the B sites. A structure model will be proposed to fully describe the superstructure of Pd-Si order in $R$${}_{2}$PdSi${}_{3}$. The connection between the crystallographic superstructure and the magnetic properties will be discussed in the framework of the presented model.

Características ultra-estruturais do nó sinoatrial de rato Wistar

The superstructural features of five Wistar strain male rats' sinoatrial node (SAN) at 3-mo-old were studied through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Small fragments with the regions containing the SAN were cut off, fixed in glutaraldehyde 2.5% and processed according to the conventional technique for TEM. The morphology of the sinoatrial node of the rats is similar as found in other mammals. The SAN is an independent anatomic structure of the atrial myocardial, constituted of typical cells (nodal myocytes, transition cells and nodal cells principally) immersed in the extra cellular matrix where collagen fibers, fibroblasts and nerve predominate

Effect of doping with iron on the charge ordering in La0.33Ca0.67Mn1−y Fe y O3 (y = 0, 0.05) manganites

The formation and specific features of the superstructure in La0.33Ca0.67Mn1−y Fe y O3 (y = 0, 0.05) manganites doped with iron are investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The electron diffraction patterns of the manganites are studied in the temperature range 90–300 K, and the high-resolution electron microscope images recorded at temperatures of 91–92 K are analyzed. In both manganites, the structural transition that is accompanied by the formation of the superstructure and which is directly observed from the appearance of additional peaks in the electron diffraction patterns occurs at a temperature that is in close agreement with the charge ordering temperature T CO determined from the temperature dependences of the magnetization M(T). In the temperature range 90 < T < 200 K, the undoped compound has a commensurate superstructure characterized by the vector q = 1/3a* and triple the unit cell «3a × b × c» (where a ≈ b ≈ √2a c , c ≈ 2a c , and a c ∼ 3.9 A is the lattice parameter of a simple perovskite). The doping with iron (5 at. %) brings about a decrease in the charge ordering temperature T CO by 50 K and the formation of an incommensurate structure for which the magnitude of the vector q is smaller by approximately 15%. The unit cell of the superstructure in the iron-doped compound is not triple the unit cell but involves defects of ordering, such as quadrupling of the unit cell, numerous translations by a c √2 along the a direction, and dislocation-type defects in the stripe structure of the charge ordering. These pseudoperiodic defects lead to a decrease in the magnitude of the vector q and are responsible for the incommensurability of the structure. A decrease in the charge ordering temperature T CO due to the doping with iron and the incommensurability of the superstructure correlate with the change in the concentration of Mn3+ Jahn-Teller ions as a result of their replacement by Fe3+ non-Jahn-Teller ions.

Supermolecular nanostructurization in natural colloids: scanning probe microscopy data

In this work, features of research of the supermolecular structures of native metacolloids by STM and AFM are presented. The features associated with metastable structures and the polyphasal nature of colloidal products of geological processes are considered. As a result of the researches carried out local and global of characteristics of their supermolecular structures are established. We show qualitative and quantitative superstructural data obtained using a combination of microscopic researches with diffractional and the structural-morphological analysis of received images. From the structural-transformation row of dependence of superstructural features obtained from findings of geological conditions, PT-parameters of processes of formation were established. The multilevel structure of shungite carbon (where supermolecular structure is formed by multilayered fullerene-like globules) is considered. Both chains and compact aggregates were determined in shungites. Possible mechanisms of aggregations of shungites globules were analyzed.

Commensurately modulated structure of4Hb−TaSe2determined by x-ray crystal-structure refinement

The $(\sqrt{13}a\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{13}a\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}c)$ superstructure of ${4H}_{b}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{TaSe}}_{2}$ at room temperature has been determined by x-ray crystal-structure refinement using (3+2)-dimensional superspace. The resulting modulation has its largest amplitudes for a longitudinal displacement of the Ta atoms in the octahedrally coordinated (T) layers, thus leading to a superstructure of hexagram-shaped clusters containing thirteen Ta atoms each. The atoms in the corresponding planes of Se atoms show a transversal modulation, which can be interpreted as the relaxation of these layers to the modulation of the Ta layers. Forming a similar pattern, modulations were found of the atoms in the layers with Ta in trigonal prismatic coordination $(H$ layers), with amplitudes of about 1/10 of the sizes of the modulations in the T layers. These results confirm the presence of a charge-density wave in the T layers, while the modulations of the H layer can be assigned to elastic coupling between the two types of layers. The observation of nonzero displacements of the atoms of the H layers provides an interpretation for recent observations by scanning tunneling microscope (STM): the superstructure features observed by STM on the H layers is a direct consequence of the atomic displacements in this layer.

DNA superstructural features and nucleosomal organization of the two centromeres of Kluyveromyces lactis chromosome 1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome 6

Superstructural features of the Kluyveromyces lactis chromosome 1 (KlCEN1) and of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome 6 (SCEN6) centromeric DNAs were evaluated using a theoretical method, developed by our group, and experimentally measured by gel electrophoretic retardation. Both methods show that, in spite of the remarkable AT richness of the two centromeric sequences, their curvature is not very high. However the peculiar sequence features of the two centromeres allow to organize highly stable nucleosomes, with a free energy about that of the nucleosome formed on the 5S RNA gene. The good agreement between experimental and theoretical evaluation of nucleosome free energies as well as of their multiple positioning shows that in centromeres both DNA curvature and flexibility are relevant in determining nucleosomal features.