Super High-rise Buildings Research Articles

GNSS and accelerometer data fusion by variational Bayesian adaptive multi-rate Kalman filtering for dynamic displacement estimation of super high-rise buildings

The integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) into Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems of super high-rise buildings is becoming increasingly prevalent, with a notable trend of combining GNSS with accelerometers to leverage the complementary nature of both technologies for estimating dynamic displacements. However, the multipath errors between the GNSS reference and monitoring stations give rise to the time-varying noises into the process of solving position, resulting in considerable fluctuations in the accuracy of displacement monitoring in complex environments, which impedes the development of GNSS-accelerometer integration techniques in the field of SHM. To address the issue, a variational Bayesian adaptive multi-rate algorithm (VBMRKF) is proposed to rapidly respond the time-varying noise for the GNSS system, thereby facilitating the fusion of GNSS and accelerometer data with greater accuracy. In this algorithm, a convergence criterion is established for approximation of posterior distribution in multi-rate process based on Evidence Lower Bound (ELBO) theory, which reduces the effects of noise accumulation on the accuracy of the approximation processes for the posterior distribution. Furthermore, a noise-sensitive factor is also heuristically proposed, which enables the algorithm to quickly adapt to fluctuations of noise characteristics during multi-rate processes. The numerical simulation results reveal that the algorithm has a higher estimation accuracy for dynamic displacements than the conventional algorithm, and it has a superior adaptability to systems with different frequencies. In instances where the initial settings of noise parameters are highly unreasonable, traditional algorithms even demonstrated a lack of convergence. Conversely, the normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) of the displacement estimation results obtained by VBMRKF are consistently below 16 %, which also substantiates the robustness of this algorithm. In the presence of time-varying noise, the algorithm demonstrates the capacity to rapidly converge upon the distribution of the noise. Compared to the multi-rate Kalman filtering (MRKF) algorithm, the proposed algorithm achieves the highest reduction of 27.02 % in NRMSE, and compared to around 13.97 % NRMSE of the recent adaptive algorithm, the proposed algorithm also demonstrates significantly superior performance, reducing NRMSE by at least 5.13 %. In addition, regardless of whether the signal is time-varying or not, the algorithm is able to quickly approximate the distribution of noise and produces acceptable displacement estimation results with unreasonable initial settings of the noise parameters, demonstrating its robustness. Finally, the measured accelerometer and GNSS data are employed to successfully determine the two-dimensional dynamic displacement of the 632-metre-high Shanghai Tower at a distance of only 2.1 km from the eye of Typhoon Muifa (202212). A further analysis of the results demonstrates that the estimated displacements are more comprehensive in both time and frequency domains.

PIV study on characteristics of pedestrian-level fluctuating wind speeds around square buildings with different heights

Flow fields around four square-section buildings with different heights in boundary layer flow (BLF) were captured by PIV tests to investigate the influence of an increase in building height on fluctuating wind speed fields and pedestrian-level peak wind speed around buildings. Flow visualization results indicate that upstream stagnation levels significantly increase with increasing building height, along with higher wind speeds in approaching BLF, causing stronger front downwash flows and upwash flows behind higher buildings. Variation in flow structures with building height significantly change pedestrian-level wind speed fields, including (1) causing a significant increase in mean wind speed on the sides of buildings, although their influence on turbulent kinetic energies (TKE) in the region is not obvious; (2) causing an increase in mean wind speeds and especially TKE downstream of buildings; Accordingly, high peak pedestrian-level winds for higher buildings occur not only in windy regions beside buildings but also in generally considered low-speed wake regions. This suggests that measurement of only mean pedestrian-level wind around buildings, especially super high-rise buildings, may not be adequate and might underestimate the influence of pedestrian-level winds on pedestrians. In addition, by zoning according to different fluctuating wind characteristics around buildings, peak pedestrian-level wind speed can be estimated by gust factor with better accuracy. Meanwhile, the influence of building height can be easily reflected by constant coefficients.

Predicting temporal evacuation travel time in staircases between adjacent floors of super high-rise buildings by artificial neural networks

Predicting temporal evacuation travel time in staircases between adjacent floors is crucial for dynamic evacuation guidance to improve vertical evacuation efficiency during emergencies in super high-rise buildings. However, the prediction methods used in previous studies mainly focus on the total evacuation time in buildings and cannot predict the temporal evacuation travel time in every single part of the total evacuation route. This study proposes a novel method to predict temporal evacuation travel time in staircases between adjacent floors of super high-rise buildings by using artificial neural networks. Firstly, evacuation simulation data of a 71-storey office building are analyzed for feature engineering and dataset building. Secondly, three types of artificial neural networks, including convolutional neural networks, RNN-based model (the traditional recurrent neural networks, long-short term memory networks, and bidirectional long-short term memory networks), and Attention-based model (Attention model and Transformer model) are extended to predict the temporal evacuation travel time in staircases between adjacent floors based on the simulation data. Finally, the prediction results by different artificial neural networks are compared. The results show that the artificial neural networks can provide accurate prediction values for the temporal evacuation travel time in staircases between adjacent floors of super high-rise buildings.

Eccentric compression behavior of CFRP-confined reactive powder concrete-filled steel tube slender columns

Ultra high and large-span structural components are needed in urban modernization construction to meet the engineering requirements. Reactive powder concrete-filled steel tubes (RPCFSTs) provide a cost-effective and efficient solution for optimizing space utilization in super high-rise buildings and enhancing the crossing capacity of bridge, which accords with such development. However, these components have inherent drawbacks in terms of local buckling and corrosion resistance. The use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) confinement to suppress this innate deficiency has been proven to show great advantages in limited trial results. This article establishes a comprehensive test scheme to investigate the eccentric compression performance of CFRP-confined RPCFST columns. A total of 11 specimens were prepared and subjected to biased compression test by varying the component length (400, 800, 1200, and 1600 mm), number of CFRP layers (0–3), and load eccentricity (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mm). The results showed that the CFRP confinement could effectively enhance the bearing capacity and energy dissipation capability of RPCFST columns while delaying the local buckling of slender specimens with low slenderness ratios. The improvement of ultimate load due to CFRP confinement exceeded 42.5 %. However, in specimens with higher slenderness ratios and with increasing load eccentricity, the confinement effect of the steel tube on the core RPC tended to weaken. An N–M interaction model for slender CFRP-confined RPCFST columns was established, and this model was validated to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The conclusions drawn from this study might given a solid foundation for the future application of CFRP-confined RPCFST structures.

Optimization Analysis of Water Supply Mode for Fire Protection System of Super High Rise Building

Abstract In order to improve the applicability and reliability of the fire water supply capacity of super high-rise buildings, the fluid analysis software Flomaster was used for simulation. Through the existing pumps, valves, pipelines, pressure reducing valves and newly developed fire hydrants and other components, the fire water supply system of super high-rise buildings is modeled. The pressure distribution of the system pipe network under a given fire water supply mode is studied. The research shows that the simulation can analyze whether there is excessive pressure in the fire hydrant system under different flow conditions in the actual fire extinguishing process. This paper simulates the actual fire extinguishing process of the fire hydrant system through a specific engineering case. The pressure distribution and flow distribution under different flow conditions are obtained. The excessive pressure position of the fire pipe network system under the given fire pump model is obtained. It provides a method for guiding the selection of fire pump and the design of fire hydrant system pipe network. It has certain guiding significance for the subsequent optimization of the design scheme of the fire water supply network and the prediction of the performance of the R&D equipment.

Research on the Deformation Control Measures during the Construction Period of Super High-Rise Buildings with an Asymmetric Plan

Based on the Guangzhou Business Center project, a typical super high-rise building with an asymmetric plan, taking the construction speed, closure time of mega braces and belt trusses as influencing factors, a parametric analysis on its lateral and vertical deformations, as well as the maximum stress of key structural members was conducted. The analysis results indicated that the construction speed had a relatively small impact on the deformation and the maximum stress of key members. However, synchronous closure of belt truss compared with the delayed closure would result in smaller horizontal and vertical deformation differences, as well as the stress of belt truss. Meanwhile, the closure timing of the mega braces had little influence on the vertical deformation difference and the stress of belt truss. And the earlier the closure, the smaller the horizontal drift ratio, the greater the maximum stress of the mega braces. Further, deformation control measurements were brought forward. On the one hand, FEM simulation was carried out according to the above construction suggestions. On the other hand, real-time monitoring was also used. Finally, by comparing both results, proposed construction deformation control measures and simulation methods were verified.

Experimental investigation on seismic performance of a super high-rise mega frame-double core tube composite structure

Increasing population density and urbanization have intensified the need for high-rise buildings in recent years. The seismic resistance of high-rise buildings should be carefully concerned in seismic regions, especially for super high-rise buildings which are most vulnerable to long-period earthquakes. This paper introduced the model design of a 499 m super high-rise mega frame-double core tube composite structure and presented the shaking table test results of the 1/50 scaled structural model. This super high-rise building possesses many conducive merits to resist seismic hazard, including steel reinforced concrete members, high-strength concrete and double core tube. In the test, there were three groups of long-period earthquakes and four incremental seismic intensity levels considered. The test phenomena indicated that the coupling beams of exterior tube were the first line of defense to resist seismic actions. The existence of inner tube improved the shear resistance of this building and there was no observed shear damage on the walls. Based on the instrumented data, the vibration characteristics, acceleration, displacement and strain responses of the structure were reported. The seismic performance of this super high-rise building meets the requirements of design specifications and its collapse resistance capacity is physically proved under severe earthquakes. However, the whiplash effect of acceleration is serious on the roof due to the reduction of mass and constraint for the mega column end. Furthermore, the inter-story drifts and strain responses of trusses in the top region are significantly larger. For the seismic measurement, great attentions should be paid to the exterior coupling beams and structural members in the top region of this super high-rise building. The presented work provides well experimental confirmation and reference for super high-rise buildings with mega frame-double core tube composite system.

Carbon Emission Analysis of RC Core Wall-Steel Frame Structures

The development of super high-rise building projects has become crucial for mitigating land shortages in rapidly growing urban areas. Super high-rise steel structures, particularly RC core wall-steel frame systems, have become the preferred choice due to their superior performance, high prefabrication level, and construction efficiency. Despite their benefits, super high-rise buildings face challenges related to higher energy consumption and carbon emissions. Consequently, it is important to analyze the carbon emissions of these buildings throughout their lifecycle and propose low-carbon construction strategies. A carbon emission analysis focused on super high-rise buildings with RC core wall-steel frame structures is conducted in this study. A carbon emission analysis model is constructed based on BIM-enabled LCA through a real-world case study. The emission factor method is combined with the BIM model to calculate carbon emission. Furthermore, carbon emissions across various construction strategies are compared, with a particular focus on the manufacturing processes of the main materials. The results indicate that incorporating admixtures in concrete, along with adopting the electric arc furnace (EAF) method and utilizing recycled scrap steel in steel manufacturing, significantly reduces the carbon emissions of the buildings. Lastly, effective low-carbon approaches for these buildings are proposed.

Optimal design of multiple tuned liquid dampers with paddles for wind-induced vibration control of high-rise buildings

The optimal design of multiple tuned liquid dampers (MTLDs) is important for improving structural vibration control. However, current MTLD optimization studies typically take the response of the original structural frequency as the optimization objective, without considering the effect of the structural frequency shift under strong wind loads. Therefore, this paper proposes an MTLD frequency optimization method based on the weighted average of structural acceleration magnification factors. This method can target multiple responses in the structural frequency shift region, thereby overcoming the limitation that the optimal parameters can only be solved for a single structural frequency. It is also worth noting that this method can be applied to the frequency optimization of MTLDs with internal obstructions. A detailed procedure for determining the optimal frequency distribution of the MTLD based on a particle swarm algorithm is presented, and a coupled simulation method for the vibration response of the structure-MTLD system is developed to demonstrate the validity of the optimization results. The proposed optimization method is then further applied to the design of the MTLD with paddles for wind-induced vibration control in a 206 m super high-rise building. The results demonstrate that the modified MTLD optimization, which considers multiple structural frequencies, exhibits superior robustness compared to the traditional MTLD optimization, which considers only one original structural frequency. This implies that the modified MTLD can effectively mitigate the detuning effect caused by the structural frequency shift, which is beneficial for the practical design and application of the MTLD.

Study on the dynamic fracture mechanical properties of ultra high-performance concrete under the influence of steel fiber content

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is characterized by its ultra-high strength and durability, making it suitable for use in large-span bridges, super high-rise buildings, and other special structures. These types of structures often have high requirements for crack control, making the exploration of UHPC's fracture mechanics properties of significant importance. Therefore, this paper sets up four steel fiber contents (0 %, 0.6 %, 1.2 % and 1.8 %) and four strain rates (10−5/s, 10−4/s, 10−3/s and 10−2/s), totaling 16 working conditions. The hydraulic servo system combined with digital image correlation (DIC) technology was used to conduct fracture mechanics tests on UHPC three-point bending beams. The test results show that the unstable fracture load of UHPC increases with the increase of strain rate and steel fiber content, and increasing the steel fiber content can enhance the strain rate effect of UHPC to a certain extent. Additionally, combined with the J-criterion model, this study proposed a dynamic criterion for the unstable fracture load of UHPC considering the influence of steel fiber content. The initial fracture toughness, unstable fracture toughness, and fracture energy of UHPC are significantly more affected by steel fiber content than by strain rate. Through DIC technology, the analysis of UHPC crack propagation shows that UHPC without steel fibers experiences rapid crack expansion in the Pre-90 % to Peak stage, with less influence from the strain rate. However, UHPC with steel fibers exhibits a more uniform crack growth rate, with the crack emergence phase gradually lagging as the strain rate increases. For UHPC without steel fibers, the crack opening displacement (COD) at the unstable fracture load point surges suddenly, while the COD development in UHPC with steel fibers is slower. At lower strain rates, an increase in steel fiber content leads to an earlier sudden increase phase in UHPC's COD; at higher strain rates, the influence of steel fiber content on the sudden increase phase of UHPC's COD is more scattered. The research results of this paper provide a theoretical basis for the calculation and analysis of the dynamic response of UHPC structures under seismic loads.

Multi-scale experimental study on properties of compressed air foam and pressure drop in the long-distance vertical pipe

Compressed air foam has been gradually applied in super high-rise buildings due to its high extinguishing efficiency and great transportation ability. However, the transport characteristics of compressed air foam are unclear because the foam is a complex gas-liquid two-phase fluid. In this study, multi-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the foam properties of compressed air foam and pressure drop in the long-distance vertical pipe. The results show that the foam is compressed as a whole when pressure increases, resulting in a significantly increased foam density. At higher pressures, the bubble coarsening degree decreases, accompanied by a narrower particle size distribution and an increased foam size homogenization. Moreover, a critical pressure phenomenon is observed in foams with different foam expansion ratios. The average foam diameter stabilizes gradually with pressure changes after exceeding the critical pressure. A theoretical model for foam density is developed, considering various pressures, temperatures and foam expansion ratios. When the compressed air foam is transported in the vertical long-distance pipe, the pressure decreases in a slightly downward curve, which is due to the decrease in foam density. Finally, a prediction model for the pressure drop of compressed air foam in the long-distance vertical pipe is proposed, which considers changes in foam density. The accuracy of the prediction model is verified by the multi-scale experimental results. The results deepen the understanding of foam flow in the long-distance vertical pipe and provide useful guidance for applications of compressed air foam in super high-rise buildings.

Experimental investigation and multi-hazard evaluation of viscous outriggers with amplification devices

This study proposes a novel amplified viscous damping outrigger (AVDO) to enhance the energy dissipation efficiency of a viscous damping outrigger (VDO) system. The AVDO combines the VDO with a lever amplification device, significantly enhancing energy dissipation by amplifying damper displacement. A mechanical model of the AVDO was established, and its performance was compared to that of the VDO using model tests. The experimental results demonstrated that the lever device effectively amplified damper deformation. Additionally, the damping force and energy consumption of the AVDO increased by 4.93 and 4.85 times, respectively. The deviation between the experimental and theoretical results was under 10 %, indicating that the mechanical model successfully assessed the AVDO's properties. Finally, a simulation analysis was conducted on a super high-rise structure subjected to seismic and wind loads to verify the vibration control capabilities of AVDO. The vibration-damping efficiency of AVDO was evaluated by comparing the responses of AVDO and VDO. AVDO was found to reduce top acceleration and displacement by 46.5 % and 36.8 %, respectively, under seismic loading. Additionally, AVDO reduced the peak acceleration of the top floor by 39.5 % under wind loading. AVDO effectively enhances the seismic capacity of the structure and improves the comfort of the super high-rise building. It also achieves economic savings of 79.6 % compared to the VDO at the same level of performance.

Steel truss reinforced concrete composite walls: Numerical investigation and design consideration

Conventional design practices for reinforced concrete (RC) structural walls in the lower stories of super high-rise buildings involve employing large thickness and dense reinforcement to ensure satisfactory seismic performance. This is necessary to withstand the considerable gravity and seismic forces caused by the superstructure. However, this approach brings a design challenge in engineering practice because excessively thick RC walls not only occupy useable space but also magnify earthquake forces due to the increased self-weight. For this reason, steel truss RC (STRC) composite walls have been developed to address the above-mentioned shortcomings of conventional designs. This paper elucidates the working mechanism of STRC walls under cyclic loading, indicating that these two diagonal embedded steel elements mainly exhibit truss behavior. The working mechanism is further verified through computational models developed in OpenSees with high accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, the design provisions in the current specification are evaluated in terms of the flexural strength and shear strength of STRC walls. Results show that the flexural strength of the design equations for STRC walls in the current specification is underestimated because the contribution of steel trusses is not considered. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the engineering application of STRC walls.

Vibration control and transmission mechanism of super high-rise building located on subway based on spring vibration isolation system

This study focuses on the vibration control effect of the spring vibration isolation system (SVIS) on a super high-rise building located on the subway (BLS) and the transmission mechanism of vibration in super high-rise BLS. Firstly, the 1:35 scale shaking table test model of super high-rise BLS is designed, the rationality of the shaking table test model is verified, and the shaking table test is implemented. Secondly, the finite element model (FEM) is established and verified based on the results of the shaking table test. Finally, based on verified FEM, the vibration control effect of SVIS on super high-rise BLS and the vibration transmission mechanism of super high-rise BLS is analyzed. The results show that the vibration response of the BLS show amplification trend along the height direction. The amplification of vibration response of BLS is effectively controlled by SVIS. The higher the floor, the greater the reduction coefficient, and the better the control effect. The reduction coefficient above 10F is mainly distributed above 0.80 due to the SVIS. The BLS equipped with the SVIS maintains the degree of Z-direction vibration and 1/3 octave vibration acceleration level that is within the limits stipulated by the specifications. The first-order vertical frequency of BLS equipped with the SVIS is adjusted from 65 Hz to 8 Hz, far from the favorable frequency range of the subway wave.

Seismic Fragility Analysis of a Multi-Tower Super High-Rise Building Under Near-Fault Ground Motions

ABSTRACT Earthquake damage to engineering structures often occur in near-fault areas. Near-fault ground motion is characterized by high-energy velocity pulses, long action period, and strong destructiveness. This paper forces on the seismic analysis of a multi-tower super high-rise building that subjected to near-fault ground motions. The interactions between each tower makes the internal forces and dynamic responses much complex and totally different from single-tower super high-rise buildings. However, currently, multi-tower buildings in China are usually regarded as multiple single-tower buildings, and then separately designed based on the relevant provisions in seismic code for single-tower buildings. The mutual influence between the towers is almost not taken into account. Seismic response history analysis was carried on a three-tower super high-rise building using finite element method. Various near-fault and far-fault ground motions and high-energy velocity pulses were used as inputs. Through calculation of inter-story drift ratio and maximum displacement, the quantitative seismic fragility analysis was conducted for the main tower and sub-tower structures. The results show that the responses from near-fault ground motions to the structure are much greater than those from far-fault ground motions. The damage probabilities of various damage levels for near-fault ground motions are 12.5% higher than far-fault ground motions averagely. A further analysis reveals that the velocity pulses are the main factor causing structural damage in near-fault ground motions.

Automated identification and long-term tracking of modal parameters for a super high-rise building

Structural modal parameter identification plays an important role in wind resistance design, damage identification, and health monitoring. At present, the modal identification process still suffers from low automation and low computational efficiency, which are not conducive to the continuous processing of monitoring data. To address this, an automated modal parameter identification approach is proposed by introducing the fast density and grid based (DGB) clustering, and applied to the Shanghai Tower, which is the tallest building in China. Moreover, in order to determine the optimal model order of the stochastic subspace identification (SSI), the trend of the logarithmic reduction rate for singular values is extracted by empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The numerical simulation of a cantilever beam and the field measurement of Shanghai Tower under the influence of Typhoon In-Fa are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Results demonstrate that the approach can obtain modal parameters without human intervention and has the advantages of simple process, fast computation and high precision. Furthermore, based on the data collected from the structural health monitoring system of the Shanghai Tower over a period of 5.5 years, the approach is applied to analyze the correlation between natural frequencies and ambient temperature, as well as the long-term evolution law of modes, discovering that multi-order frequencies show a decreasing trend over time. The finite element analysis suggests that this fact might be attributed to the increase in structural mass caused by the rising usage rate and the degradation in material properties.

Finite Element Analysis of Seismic Performance of RCS Hybrid Joints of Steel Hoop Structure

Reinforced concrete column-steel beam (RCS) composite structures are widely used in super highrise buildings due to their excellent performance. In this paper, the numerical simulation analysis of the RCS hybrid joints of “beam through” and “column through” RCS constructed with steel hoop structure are carried out, and the influence of five different parameters, i. e. , flange width-thickness ratio, steel yield strength, axial compression ratio, concrete strength and end plate thickness, on the seismic performance and failure mode of RCS hybrid joints is investigated. The results show that the ABAQUS finite element model can simulate the performance of RCS mixing under static load through reasonable parameter settings, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Under the mechanism of “strong column and weak beam”, the combined node firstly undergoes beam-hinge damage, and the change of the axial compression ratio and the concrete strength parameter of the joint have little effect on the ultimate bearing capacity and deformation performance of the joint. Increasing the flange width-thickness ratio reduces the bearing capacity of the joint by up to 11%, and increases the yield strength of the steel, and increases the bearing capacity of the joint by 36. 4%. The thickness of the end plate of the column through specimen is increased, and the bearing capacity and deformation performance of the joint are improved to a certain extent. The changes of each parameter have no significant effect on the final plastic hinge failure mode of the joint. The research in this paper provides theoretical support for the design and research of this type of node in the future.

Mechanical properties and constitutive model of cold-formed Q1100 ultra-high strength steel sections at low and elevated temperatures

The Q1100 ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) has broad application prospects in bridges and super high-rise buildings due to its ultra-high strength properties. However, no research has been conducted on the mechanical properties of Q1100 UHSS at low and elevated temperatures. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to examine the low- and elevated-temperature mechanical properties of Q1100 UHSS at the flat and corner regions of cold-formed angle sections. The temperature considered in this study ranged from −80 ℃ to 500 ℃. The failure modes, stress-strain curves, and key mechanical parameters of the flat and corner specimens of Q1100 UHSS at different temperatures were obtained. The experimental results showed that both the flat and corner specimens underwent ductile fracture with obvious necking at different temperatures. The stress-strain curves of all specimens had no yield plateau, showing obvious nonlinear characteristics. The strength properties of Q1100 UHSS at low temperatures were increased by less than 10 %. However, the strength properties of Q1100 UHSS at elevated temperatures were significantly reduced, where the reduction exceeded 60 % at temperatures reaching 500 °C. Notably, the ultimate strength of Q1100 UHSS at 200 °C was about 5 % higher than that at ambient temperature. The cold-forming process significantly reduced the ductile properties of Q1100 UHSS, but improved its strength properties. At low and elevated temperatures, the most significant cold-formed strengthening effects of yield strength, ultimate strength, and elastic modulus occurred at −40 ℃ and 300 ℃, respectively. Moreover, the predictive equations of key mechanical parameters and a two-stage constitutive model were proposed for the Q1100 UHSS flat and corner specimens. The verification results indicated that the proposed predictive equations and constitutive model could accurately predict the mechanical parameters and stress-strain curves of the Q1100 UHSS flat and corner specimens at different temperatures. The experimental results and constitutive model provided a basis for the numerical and theoretical studies on the resistant performance of the cold-formed UHSS structures servicing in low and elevated temperatures, which could be used as the material model.

Analysis of Wind Load in a 15-Storey Building Using Various Lateral Load Resisting Techniques: A Review

Traditionally, outrigger and belt truss additions are used to strengthen the rigidity of tall buildings with central cores in order to control displacements. At the top of the structure, a single level outrigger can efficiently reinforce a building. The lateral stiffness of each outrigger level rises, although not as much as that of the top level. The primary lateral force-resisting elements of high-rise building structures are shear walls. Higher-performance shear walls are necessary because to the ever-increasing building code requirements and the rising height of high-rise and super high-rise structures. The conventional reinforced concrete shear wall is not very ductile, has a limited capacity to dissipate energy, and is not very deformable. Specifically, the base of a typical shear wall is particularly vulnerable to earthquake damage and is highly challenging to restore. In high-rise and super high-rise buildings, steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) and steel plate reinforced concrete composite shear walls (SPCSWs) are frequently used in place of regular reinforced concrete shear walls or shaped steel reinforced concrete composite shear walls to improve the seismic performance of building structures. Numerous structural methods seem to be able to withstand lateral stresses brought on by earthquakes, blasts, and wind. The more crucial it is to choose the optimal structural arrangement to counteract opposing horizontal loads. Keywords— High-rise structure, Outrigger, Shearwall, Damper etc.

Research on wind resistance principles and design of super high-rise buildings

Due to the high and flexible characteristics of super high-rise buildings, the structure is very sensitive to wind loads, and wind vibration effects and comfort are issues that cannot be ignored in the structural design of super high-rise buildings. The paper mainly introduces the problems in wind resistance design of super high-rise buildings. Including wind load values, wind vibration effects, and vibration control methods and applications. The result show that the wind induced vibration effect and comfort of the structure are often determined through wind tunnel tests. For super high-rise buildings with complex structural forms. There are two methods for controlling wind-induced vibration in high-rise buildings: Optimizing structural form through architectural methods; Take structural control measures. At the same time, with the cost of high-performance materials and engineering technologies, it is a challenge to find building materials and technologies that can meet wind resistance requirements while keeping costs in check. However, as computational technology continues to evolve, the wind-resistant design of tall buildings will benefit from more accurate wind-tunnel simulations and computational modelling, which will help to better predict and address wind-resistance challenges. Scientists and engineers will continue to research novel materials and structural designs to improve the wind resistance of tall buildings and reduce costs.