Supercell Research Articles

Science and Technology of Supercapacitor and its Applications

Super-capacitors (SCs) are significant because of their unique characteristics, which include long cycle life, high strength, and environmental friendliness. SCs use electrode substances with high specific surface area and thinner dielectrics. Referring to the energy storage mechanism, all kinds of SCs were reviewed in this review paper; a quick synopsis of the materials and technology used for SCs is provided. Materials such as conducting polymers, carbon materials, metal oxides, and their composites are the main focus. The performance of the composites was evaluated using metrics such as energy, cycle performance, power capacitance, and rate capability, which also provides information on the electrolyte materials. To precisely appraise the state of Charge (SoC) in the super SCs cell module, its identical model o is used. It is expected that this model will accurately capture the features of the cell module, specifically its standing-related self-discharge behavior, and the outcomes of parameter identification directly impact its accuracy. Engine downsizing is a result of the requirement to increase fuel efficiency and lower CO2 and other hazardous pollutant emissions from internal combustion engine cars. However, smaller turbocharged engines have a relatively poor torque capability at low engine speeds. To solve this issue, an electrical torque boost based on SCs may be used to help recover energy during regenerative braking as well as during acceleration and gear changes.

Loss of Malignancy of Super-Methotrexate-resistant Osteosarcoma Cells Is Associated With an Increase of Methylated Histone Marks H3K9me3 and H3K27me3.

Methotrexate (MTX) resistance in osteosarcoma results in a very poor patient prognosis. We previously reported that super MTX-resistant osteosarcoma (143B-MTXSR) cells, selected from parental 143B osteosarcoma (143B-P) cells by culturing them with increasing concentrations of MTX, exhibited reduced malignancy, despite the over-expression of oncogenes. The present study explored the mechanism of reduced malignancy in the super MTX-resistant osteosarcoma cells. Previously selected 143B-MTXSR cells which are 5,500 times more MTX resistant than parental cells, were used for this study. The status of methylated histone H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks was examined with western immunoblotting and compared between 143B-MTXSR and parental 143B-P cells. Histone H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks were over-expressed in 143B-MTXSR compared to 143B-P (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). Over-expression of histone H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks may be related to super-MTX resistance and to the loss of malignancy of super MTX-resistant osteosarcoma cells due to the fundamental relationship of methylation and cancer.

Revisiting Aspirin Polymorphic Stability Using a Machine Learning Potential.

In this study, we present a systematic computational investigation to analyze the long-debated free energy stability of two well-known aspirin polymorphs, denoted as Form I and Form II. Specifically, we developed a strategy to collect training configurations covering diverse interatomic interactions between representative functional groups in aspirin crystals. Utilizing a state-of-the-art neural network interatomic potential (NNIP) model, we trained an accurate machine learning potential to simulate aspirin crystal dynamics under finite temperature conditions with ∼0.46 kJ/mol/molecule accuracy. Employing the trained NNIP model, we performed thermodynamic integration to assess the free energy difference between aspirins I and II, accounting for the anharmonic effects in a large supercell consisting of 512 molecules. For the first time, our results convincingly demonstrated that Form I is more stable than Form II at 300 K, ranging from 0.74 to 1.83 kJ/mol/molecule, aligning with experimental observations. Unlike the majority of previous simulations based on (quasi)harmonic approximations in a small super cell, which often found degenerate energies between aspirins I and II, our findings underscore the importance of anharmonic effects in determining polymorphic stability ranking. Furthermore, we proposed the use of the rotational degrees of freedom of methyl and ester/phenyl groups in aspirin crystals as characteristic motions to highlight rotational entropic contribution that favors the stability of Form I. From the structural perspective, we also found that the subtle free energy difference can be used to explain the distinct thermal expansion responses as observed in both experimental and simulation data. Beyond the aspirin polymorphism, we anticipate that such entropy-driven stabilization can be broadly applicable to many other organic systems, suggesting that our approach holds great promise for stability studies in small-molecule drug design.

Reduced Malignancy of Super Methotrexate-resistant Osteosarcoma Cells With Dihydrofolate Reductase Amplification Despite Paradoxical Gain of Oncogenic PI3K/AKT/mTOR and c-MYC expression.

Methotrexate (MTX) resistance in osteosarcoma leads to a very poor prognosis. In the present study, in order to further understand the basis and ramifications of MTX resistance in osteosarcoma, we selected an osteosarcoma cell line that has a 5,500-fold-increased MTX IC50 Materials and Methods: The super MTX-resistant 143B osteosarcoma cells (143B-MTXSR) were selected from MTX-sensitive parental human 143B osteosarcoma cells (143B-P) by continuous culture with step-wise increased amounts of MTX. To compare the malignancy of 143B-MTXSR and 143B-P, colony-formation capacity was compared with clonogenic assays on plastic and in soft agar. In addition, tumor growth was compared with orthotopic xenograft mouse models of osteosarcoma. Expression of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) was examined with western immunoblotting and compared in 143B-MTXSR and 143B-P cells. 143B-MTXSR had a 5,500-fold increase in the MTX IC50 compared to the parental 143B-P cells. Expression of DHFR was increased 10-fold in 143B-MTXSR compared to 143B-P (p<0.01). 143B-MTXSR cells had reduced colony-formation capacity on plastic (p=0.032) and in soft agar (p<0.01) compared to 143B-P and reduced tumor growth in orthotopic xenograft mouse models (p<0.001). These results demonstrate that 143B-MTXSR had reduced malignancy. 143B-MTXSR also showed an increased expression of PI3K (p<0.01), phosphorylated (activated) AKT (p=0.031), phosphorylated mTOR (p=0.043), and c-MYC (p=0.024) compared to 143B-P. The present study demonstrates that the increased expression of DHFR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and c-MYC appears to be linked to super MTX resistance and, paradoxically, to reduced malignancy. The present results suggest that DHFR may be a powerful tumor suppressor when highly amplified.

Polarization-frequency multiplexing holograms employing Bi-layered patterned coding metasurfaces

A surge in interest surrounding metasurfaces has been witnessed in recent years, driven by their capability to autonomously manipulate electromagnetic wavefront (EM) in three-dimensional space. While the initial focus in metasurface research has often been on manipulating electromagnetic waves using single polarization and frequency schemes, significant advancements have been made to overcome these limitations. Recent developments have introduced multifunctional metasurfaces that enable simultaneous control over multiple frequencies and polarizations, substantially enhancing their capacity for information processing and communication. Building on these advancements, our work introduces a novel three-channel full-space metasurface that leverages double-face copper-cladded patterns on a single-layer substrate, significantly increasing channel capacity through both frequency and polarization multiplexing. In order to achieve efficient control of the EM wavefront in multi-frequency and polarization scenarios, a super unit cell-based approach is utilized, wherein high-performance meta-atoms are combined to form super unit cells with minimal interferences. Specifically, different functionalities can be achieved in full space under different wave polarizations and frequencies. To validate the concept, a metasurface sample is fabricated and experimentally tested. The experimental results agree with both theoretical predictions and simulations, confirming the effectiveness of a three-channel metasurface holography. The metasurface achieves independent control of the incident EM wave's polarization and frequency, thus enhancing information storage capacity and encryption security.

DFT screening of Ga-dopped ScInO3 perovskite for optoelectronic and solar cell applications

First principle calculation for structural, electronic and the optical properties of Ga doped ScInO3 perovskite has been investigated in the current research work. CASTEP code has been implemented under DFT using exchange correlation under GGA-PBE. The perovskite material has a cubic pm3m structure that is stable and has a super cell of 2 × 2 × 1. Doping of “Ga” at “Sc” site changes the band structure of ScInO3, increasing the band gap and converting it from indirect to direct band gap, density of states (DOS) and partial density of states (PDOS) also change and move toward conduction band. Band gap increases from 0.158 eV to 1.285 eV. On this oxide, computer simulations have been performed for the very first times. This could result in significant advancements in storage techniques. ScInO3 has optical properties, and the increasing the band gap which makes it fruitful nominee for photovoltaic and optoelectronic materials.

Theoretical study of the complex antiferromagnetic Heusler alloys Pd[formula omitted]MnAl, Pd[formula omitted]MnIn, and Pt[formula omitted]MnAl

The complex antiferromagnetic (AFM) phases displayed by the Heuser alloys Pd2MnAl, Pd2MnIn, and Pt2MnAl, are theoretically studied. The crystalline structure, electronic, and magnetic properties are calculated within the ab initio density functional theory. The super unit cell considered to describe the various magnetic arrangements contains 128 atoms. We analyzed the ferromagnetic (FM) and the three different antiferromagnetic (AFM) phases and found that the Pd2MnAl crystalline structure is orthorhombic with dimensions 6.055, 6.461, 6.026 Å. The AFM state with the lowest energy is the AFM3 with a Mn magnetic moment of 3.813 μB. The Pd2MnIn crystallizes in an orthorhombic structure with lattice parameters 6.249, 6.763, 6.227 Å. The ground state antiferromagnetic arrangement is also of type 3 with a Mn magnetic moment of 3.932 μB. The Pt alloy crystallizes in an orthorhombic structure with lattice dimensions of 6.029, 6.906, and 5.683 Å. In this case, the antiferromagnetic ground state is of type 1 with a Mn magnetic moment of 3.716 μB. The Pd and Pt d states are deep in energy and do not interact much with the Mn d states. This produces, in Pd and Pt, no magnetic polarization.

A multi-materials 3D-printed continuous conductive fibre-based metamaterial for broadband microwave absorption

ABSTRACTElectromagnetic pollution and military stealth technique have raised tremendous interest in high-performance microwave-absorbing structures. However, an ultra-broadband absorbing functional structure is still in urgent demand. Herein, a novel continuous conductive fibre-based absorbing metamaterial was successfully designed and fabricated by multi-materials hybrid 3D printing technique. Benefitting from the highly symmetric structured design of a super unit cell and appropriate conductive property of continuous fibre, the absorbing metamaterial is demonstrated to have an ultra-wide band microwave absorption and polarisation insensitivity. Furthermore, the thickness of the proposed metamaterial is only 3.2 mm of 0.085λmax. In the wave absorption test, the metamaterial shows a broadband absorption of 8–18.1 GHz (greater than 90%) and maintains a good absorption effect at an incident angle of 40°. The design and fabrication method of the continuous fibre-absorbing metamaterial provides a new idea for the realisation of the integrated bearing and absorbing metamaterial, which will greatly promote the practical application of absorbing metamaterial.

Insights into structural, electronic, optical properties, and impedance spectroscopy of semi-doped perovskite Nd0.5Ba0.5CoO3: A theoretical and experimental study

In this study, the electronic, structural, and optical properties of semi-doped perovskite Nd0.5Ba0.5CoO3 (NBCO) were investigate using the CASTEP software, which relies on density functional theory (DFT) along with the correlation function of generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE). The mesh parameters of the (super) cell indicate that NBCO adopts an orthorhombic structure in the Pmmm space group, featuring a Coulomb Energy (EC) of approximately −244 eV. DFT and total density of states (DOS) analyses reveal that the as-prepared perovskite manifests metallic characteristics, and a notable covalent interaction is observed between the O-p and Co-d spin states, indicating strong hybridization between these orbitals. Remarkably, NBCO demonstrates 100 % spin polarization (P) at the Fermi level, with a calculated total magnetic moment of approximately 3.44 μB. Moreover, low dielectric loss (tgδ) values suggest facile electron movement, and impedance spectroscopy illustrates a dielectric relaxation phenomenon. DFT calculations predict an orthorhombic crystal structure with higher electron density at cobalt atom positions. Band structure and DOS analyses affirm metallic behavior owing to the robust hybridization between oxygen-p and cobalt-d orbitals. Optical property assessments reveal potential applications in spintronics and optoelectronics, with notable absorption in the ultraviolet–visible range. The conductivity spectra from impedance spectroscopy contribute to understanding temperature-dependent charge transport mechanisms. Dielectric constants decrease with increasing frequency and temperature, while dielectric losses remain low, indicating efficient electron movement. The material adheres to a metallic conduction mechanism as described by Drude's law, and the material's 100 % spin polarization at the Fermi level and a total magnetic moment of 3.44 μB are significant findings. Negative dielectric constants observed at specific frequencies suggest potential applications in metamaterials. Overall, the determined properties position NBCO cobaltite as a promising candidate for high-frequency devices, spintronic components, and sensors.

Bimetallic-MOF Derived Carbon with Single Pt Anchored C4 Atomic Group Constructing Super Fuel Cell with Ultrahigh Power Density And Self-Change Ability.

Pursuing high power density with low platinum catalysts loading is a huge challenge for developing high-performance fuel cells (FCs). Herein, a new super fuel cell (SFC) is proposed with ultrahigh output power via specific electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) + oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) parallel discharge, which is achieved using the newly prepared catalyst, single-atomic platinum on bimetallic metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived hollow porous carbon nanorods (PtSA /HPCNR). The PtSA-1.74 /HPCNR-based SFC has a 3.4-time higher transient specific power density and 13.3-time longer discharge time with unique in situ self-charge and energy storage ability than 20% Pt/C-based FCs. X-ray absorption fine structure, aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope, and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the synergistic effect of Pt single-atoms anchored on carbon defects significantly boosts its electron transfer, ORR catalytic activity, durability, and rate performance, realizing rapid " ORR+EDLC" parallel discharge mechanism to overcome the sluggish ORR process of traditional FCs. The promising SFC leads to a new pathway to boost the power density of FCs with extra-low Pt loading.

TRAIL-conjugated liposomes that bind natural killer cells to induce colorectal cancer cell apoptosis.

Natural killer (NK) cell functionality is a strong indicator of favorable prognosis in cancer patients, making NK cells an appealing therapeutic target to prevent lymph node dissemination. We engineered liposomes that are conjugated with anti-CD335 antibodies for NK cell targeting, and the apoptotic ligand TRAIL to kill cancer cells. Liposomes were made using a thin film hydration method followed by extrusion to approximately 100 nm in diameter and conjugation of proteins via thiol-maleimide click chemistry. TRAIL/anti-CD335 liposomes successfully bound to isolated NK cells. Once piggybacked to the surface of NK cells, these "Super Natural Killer Cells" were able to more effectively kill oxaliplatin-resistant SW620 cells and metastatic COLO205 colorectal cancer cells via TRAIL-mediated apoptosis compared to NK cells alone. Importantly, Super NK cells were more effective under physiological levels of fluid shear stress found in the lymphatics. Liposome biodistribution after intravenous administration confirmed the sustained presence of liposomes within the spleen and tumor draining mesenteric lymph nodes for at least 4 days. These results demonstrate the enhanced apoptotic effects of NK cells armored with liposomal TRAIL against clinically relevant colorectal cancer cells, providing the groundwork for in vivo treatment studies in mouse models of colorectal cancer metastasis.

The improvement of room temperature plasticity of refractory high entropy alloy based on different first principles calculation models and experiment verification

The limited ductility of Refractory High Entropy Alloy (RHEA) at room temperature hinders its widespread application. However, optimizing their properties through traditional “trial and error” methods is a challenging due to the intricate composition of High Entropy Alloys (HEAs). First principles calculation is an efficient and cost-effective method for predicting material properties. Three modeling methods for high entropy alloys are the most commonly used, namely Supercell (SC), Special quasi-random structure (SQS) and Virtual crystal approximation (VCA). To improve the plasticity of NbMoTaTiV at room temperature, the effects of Ti and Ta contents on the mechanical properties were studied. First principles calculations have been employed to predict the phase structure, elastic properties and electronic structure by three common modeling methods and validated against experimental data. The result revealed that MoNbTaTiV and MoNbTa0.5Ti1.5V RHEAs have BCC structure and increasing Ti and decreasing Ta contributed to enhanced toughness of the alloy. Notably, the three methods demonstrated good accuracy in predicting the effects of Ti and Ta content on the performance of NbMoTaTiV. The VCA method was particularly well-suited for predicting elastic properties, offering a balance between computational accuracy and efficiency. SQS and SC considered the complex atomic occupation in HEAs, making them more suitable for studying the electronic structure.

Super Antibacterial Capacity and Cell Envelope-Disruptive Mechanism of Ultrasonically Grafted N-Halamine PBAT/PBF Films against Escherichia coli.

Antibacterial materials are urgently needed to combat bacterial contamination, growth, or attachment on contact surfaces, as bacterial infections remain a public health crisis worldwide. Here, a novel ultrasound-assisted method is utilized for the first time to fabricate oxidative chlorine-loaded AH@PBAT/PBF-Cl films with more superior grafting efficiency and rechargeable antibacterial effect than those from conventional techniques. The films remarkably inactivate 99.9999% Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cells, inducing noticeable cell deformations and mechanical instability. The specific antibacterial mechanism against E. coli used as a model organism is unveiled using several cell envelope structural and functional analyses combined with proteomics, peptidoglycomics, and fluorescence probe techniques. Film treatment partially neutralizes the bacterial surface charge, induces oxidative stress and cytoskeleton deformity, alters membrane properties, and disrupts the expression of key proteins involved in the synthesis and transport of the lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, indicating the cell envelope as the primary target. The films specifically target lipopolysaccharides, resulting in structural impairment of the polysaccharide and lipid A components, and inhibit peptidoglycan precursor synthesis. Together, these lead to metabolic disorders, membrane dysfunction, structural collapse, and eventual death. Given the films' antibacterial effects via the disruption of key cell envelope components, they can potentially combat a wide range of bacteria. These findings lay a theoretical basis for developing efficient antibacterial materials for food safety or biomedical applications.

Power distribution board: Quality control, quality assurance and testing

During the second Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown, the Liquid Argon calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment at CERN has been upgraded with a new trigger readout electronics which provides digital information with higher granularity to the ATLAS trigger system. In particular, the new LAr Trigger Digitizer Boards will process and digitize the "Super Cells" (group of readout calorimeters cells) and send the processed data to the back-end electronics. The Power Distribution Board is a mezzanine board that provides the power distribution to the LTDB. Before being installed inside the detector these mezzanines must be tested for proper operation, particularly the proper functioning of the voltage regulators that are used to deliver the correct supply voltage. This article will show and discuss the control tests performed on the power distribution boards.

High gain modified SEPIC converter with asymmetrical switched inductor super lift cell for renewable energy applications

ABSTRACT This paper provides a modified single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) with an asymmetrical switched inductor super lift cell (ASISLC) for renewable energy applications. Solar, fuel cells, and so on, provide low output voltage, which is not sufficient for high voltage dc grid or dc loads. Therefore, the existence of a high gain DC-DC converter is mandatory. The proposed converter provides high gain, high efficiency, and less voltage stress at a low duty cycle. The proposed converter incorporates switched inductor together with a super lift cell. The super lift cell has a charge pump capacitor is connected in an asymmetrical fashion. The proposed converter offers continuous current at the input together with the above-mentioned advantages. This paper explains the operation of the ASISLC SEPIC converter in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The operating principle, theoretical analysis, design process, and comparison of the suggested converters with converters from the literature that use similar operating principles are all discussed in this paper. A MATLAB simulation is done and their results are provided. Finally, a hardware prototype for 200W, 50 kHz switching frequency is built and their results are validated to authenticate the effectiveness of the proposed converter.

Substitutional effects of Ni on thermoelectric properties of cobalt spinels to yield more than 10-fold increase in the thermoelectric figure of merit

The low thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, is severely limiting the wide practical applications of thermoelectric materials. In this research theoretical calculations were performed on Ni substituted cobalt oxide (Co3O4) semiconductor materials to identify the qualitative trend of thermoelectric properties due to substitutions. Ni substitutions were made in the tetrahedral sites of 56 atom Co3O4 super cell. With the increasing Ni substitution, the band gap near the Fermi region started to close, from 0.337 eV for pure Co3O4 to 0 eV with Ni+2 substitutions in the tetrahedral sites of Co3O4, thereby showing an increasing metallic behavior which is also evident from the electrical conductance calculations. To calculate band structure, Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductance and thermal conductance due to electrons, first principles based density functional theory, DFT, combined with non-equilibrium Green's function method for two-probe systems were used. To calculate the lattice thermal conductance, reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics was used. The calculated Seebeck coefficients were 720 μV/K for pure Co3O4 and decreased exponentially to 35 μV/K for Co2NiO4, where the qualitative trend aligned very well with the available experimental data for Ni substituted cobalt oxide materials. These calculated properties assisted in calculating the theoretical thermoelectric figure of merit, and to qualitatively assess the effect of doping on the overall performance. Improved thermoelectric properties such as low thermal conductance and high Seebeck coefficient for low Nickel substitutions (12.5% of tetrahedral sites represented with Ni0·125Co2·875O4), was observed which yielded a 10-fold increase in thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, in comparison to pure Co3O4 at 300 K. Additionally, the effect of Nickel substitutions on the p-type behavior was presented and discussed in this research article.

93P Reduced malignancy of super methotrexate-resistant osteosarcoma cells is linked to elevated expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and c-MYC

93P Reduced malignancy of super methotrexate-resistant osteosarcoma cells is linked to elevated expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and c-MYC

A Smart Metasurface for Electromagnetic Manipulation Based on Speech Recognition

In this work, we propose and realize a smart metasurface for programming electromagnetic (EM) manipulations based on human speech recognition. The smart metasurface platform is composed of a digital coding metasurface, a speech-recognition module, a single-chip computer, and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuit, and can control EM waves according to pre-stored voice commands in a smart way. The constructed digital metasurface contains 6 × 6 super unit cells, each of which consists of 4 × 4 active elements with embedded varactor diodes. Together with the DAC and single-chip computer, the speech-recognition module can recognize voice commands and generate corresponding voltage sequences to control the metasurface. In addition, a genetic algorithm (GA) is adopted in the design of the metasurface for efficiently optimizing the phase distributions. To verify the performance of the smart metasurface platform, three typical functions are demonstrated: radar cross-section reduction, vortex beam generation, and beam splitting. The proposed strategy may offer a new avenue for controlling EM waves and establishing a link between EM and acoustic communications.

From Pathogens to Cancer: Are Cancer Cells Evolved Mitochondrial Super Cells?

Life is based on a highly specific combination of atoms, metabolism, and genetics which eventually reflects the chemistry of the Universe which is composed of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon. The interaction of atomic, metabolic, and genetic cycles results in the organization and de-organization of chemical information of that which we consider as living entities, including cancer cells. In order to approach the problem of the origin of cancer it is therefore reasonable to start from the assumption that the sub-molecular level, the atomic structure, should be the considered starting point on which metabolism, genetics, and external insults eventually emanate. Second, it is crucial to characterize which of the entities and parts composing human cells may live a separate life; certainly, this theoretical standpoint would consider mitochondria, an organelle of "bacteria" origin embedded in conditions favorable for the onset of both. This organelle has not only been tolerated by immunity but has also been placed as a central regulator of cell defense. Virus, bacteria, and mitochondria are also similar in the light of genetic and metabolic elements; they share not only equivalent DNA and RNA features but also many basic biological activities. Thus, it is important to finalize that once the cellular integrity has been constantly broken down, the mitochondria like any other virus or bacteria return to their original autonomy to simply survive. The Warburg's law that states the ability of cancers to ferment glucose in the presence of oxygen, indicates mitochondria respiration abnormalities may be the underlying cause of this transformation towards super cancer cells. Though genetic events play a key part in altering biochemical metabolism, inducing aerobic glycolysis, this is not enough to impair mitochondrial function since mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control are constantly upregulated in cancers. While some cancers have mutations in the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, enzymes that produce oncogenic metabolites, there is also a bio-physic pathway for pathogenic mitochondrial genome mutations. The atomic level of all biological activities can be considered the very beginning, marked by the electron abnormal behavior that consequently affects DNA of both cells and mitochondria. Whilst the cell's nucleus DNA after a certain number of errors and defection tends to gradually switch off, the mitochondria DNA starts adopting several escape strategies, switching-on a few important genes that belong back at their original roots as independent beings. The ability to adopt this survival trick, by becoming completely immune to current life-threatening events, is probably the beginning of a differentiation process towards a "super-power cell", the cancer cells that remind many pathogens, including virus, bacteria, and fungi. Thus, here, we present a hypothesis regarding those changes that first begin at the mitochondria atomic level to steadily involve molecular, tissue and organ levels in response to the virus or bacteria constant insults that drive a mitochondria itself to become an "immortal cancer cell". Improved insights into this interplay between these pathogens and mitochondria progression may disclose newly epistemological paradigms as well as innovative procedures in targeting cancer cell progressive invasion.

Improved epitaxial growth and multiferroic properties of Bi3Fe2Mn2Ox using CeO2 re-seeding layers.

In ferroelectric and multiferroic-based devices, it is often necessary to grow thicker films for enhanced properties. For certain phases that rely on substrate strain for growth, such thicker film growths beyond the typical thin film regime could be challenging. As an example, the Bi3Fe2Mn2Ox (BFMO) Aurivillius supercell (SC) phase possesses highly desirable multiferroic (i.e., ferromagnetic and ferroelectric) properties and a unique layered structure but relies heavily on substrate strain. Beyond the thin film regime (approximately 100 nm), a less desirable pseudo-cubic (PC) phase is formed. In this work, a novel heterogeneous re-seeding method is applied to maintain the strained growth in this SC phase beyond the thin film regime, thus enabling the growth of thick BFMO SC phase films. The insertion of periodic CeO2 interlayers reintroduces the heteroepitaxial strain and effectively re-initiates the growth of the SC phase. The thick BFMO SC phase maintains the overall multiferroic and interesting anisotropic optical properties, even exceeding those of the typical 100 nm SC film. This re-seeding method can be effectively adopted with other SC systems or strain-dependent thin films, thus introducing practical applications of the new SC phases without thickness limitations.