Sunnhemp Rosette Virus Research Articles

Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate PM1 effectively controls virus infection and promotes growth in plants.

A bacterial isolate PM1 obtained from the rhizosphere of healthy plants was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa by biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence (GenBank ID OL321133.1). It induced resistance in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Sunn-hemp rosette virus (SRV), respectively. Foliar treatment with isolate PM1 curbed TMV accumulation in susceptible N. tabacum cv. White Burley. PM1 was more effective as a foliar than a root/soil drench treatment, evident through a comparative decrease in ELISA values, and reduced viral RNA accumulation. Foliar and soil drench treatment with PM1 resulted in a disease index of 48 and 86 per cent, and a control rate of 48.9 and 8.5 per cent, respectively. PM1 exhibited phosphate solubilization, produced siderophores, auxins, HCN, and ammonia, all important plant growth-promoting traits. Foliar treatment with PM1 enhanced growth in tobacco, while its volatiles significantly promoted seedling growth in C. tetragonoloba. Of the several metabolites produced by the isolate, many are known contributors to induction of systemic resistance, antibiosis, and growth promotion in plants. Soluble metabolites of PM1 were less effective in inducing antiviral resistance in N. tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc in comparison with its broth culture. PM1 and its metabolites were antagonistic to Gram-positive Bacillus spizizenii and Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Its volatiles were inhibitory to F. oxysporum and R. stolonifer. Thus, PM1 exhibited considerable potential for further evaluation in plant virus control and production of diverse metabolites of use in agriculture and medicine.

Synthesis of 6-aryl-7-arylazo-4-(N-substituted aminomethyl)-2H-thiazolo-[3, 2-a]-1, 3, 5-triazino-2-thiones as Antiviral Agents

2-amino-4-aryl thiazole was diazotised with different aromatic amines to give 2-amino-4-aryl-5-arylazo thiazoles. These compounds were refluxed with ammonium thiocyanate and chloroacetyl chloride in acetone to afford N1-chloroacetyl-N3-(4-aryl-5-arylazothiazol-2-yl)-thioureas. These thioureas were cyclized in presence of POCl3 and PCl5 to give 6-aryl-7-arylazo-4-chloromethyl-2H-thiazolo-[3, 2-a]-1, 3, 5-triazino-2-thiones. These compounds were reacted with secondary amines in methanol to give title compounds 6-aryl-7-arylazo-4-(N-substituted aminomethyl)-2H-thiazolo-[3,2-a-]1,3,5-triazino-2-thiones.Antiviral nature of these compounds was studied against Ranikhet Disease Virus (RDV), Vaccinia Virus (VV) and Sunnhemp Rosette Virus (SRV). Some of these compounds have been found to be active against RDV and Vaccinia Virus.

Efficacy of Virus Inhibitory Agent (VIA), Isolated from Host Plants Treated with Purified Clerodendrum aculeatum Phytoprotein Alone and in Combination with Bioenhancers

It was revealed that the effectiveness of VIAs, obtained from source hosts, pretreated either with purified CA phytoprotein alone or in combination with a few bioenhancers, was variable. Out of all those used, VIA isolated from the leaves of Crotolaria juncea (CT-VIA), pretreated with purified phytoprotein, isolated from the leaves of Clerodendrum aculeatum plants (CA-phytoprotein), along withbioenhancer (L-Lysine monohydro Chloride - CA+M9), gave best response, when mixed with an inoculum of Sunnhemp Rosette Virus, incubated in-vitro before inoculation and then assayed for its antiviral efficacy on the leaves of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba plants. The VIA, at a concentration of 1:10, was found to be optimum and further increase in its strength did not show any considerable effect on ex vivo inactivation of Virus. Local lesions appeared, on the leaves of treated and untreated (control) plants of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba 4-6 days following virus inoculation, exhibited significant reduction of 88%, 95%, 90% and 93% by CT-VIA isolated from the leaves treated with CA alone, CA+M9, CA+M3 and CA+M9+M3 respectively.

A virus inhibitory protein isolated from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. upon induction of systemic antiviral resistance shares partial amino acid sequence homology with a lectin.

Two virus inhibitory proteins were purified from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba , induced to resist virus infections by CIP-29, a systemic resistance inducing protein from Clerodendrum inerme, and characterized. One of them shared homology with a lectin. CIP-29, a known 29 kDa systemic antiviral resistance inducing protein isolated from Clerodendrum inerme, has been used to induce systemic resistance in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba against Sunn-hemp rosette virus (SRV). Paper reports the detection of virus inhibitory activity in induced-resistant leaf sap of C. tetragonoloba, and the purification of two virus inhibitory agents (VIAs) thereof. VIA activity was recorded as a reduction in lesion number of SRV, Tobacco mosaic virus, and Papaya ringspot virus, when they were incubated separately with resistant sap and inoculated onto susceptible C. tetragonoloba, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc, and Chenopodium quinoa, respectively. The two VIAs were isolated from resistant C. tetragonoloba plant leaves using combinations of column chromatography. Both were basic proteins, and since their M r was 32 and 62 kDa, these VIAs were called CT-VIA-32 and CT-VIA-62, respectively, on the basis of their molecular mass and the host. CT-VIA-62 displayed better activity, and was thus studied further. It tested positive for a glycoprotein, and was serologically detected only in leaf tissue post-induction. Tryptic peptides generated in-gel, post SDS-PAGE of CT-VIA-62, were sequenced through LC/MS/MS. All CT-VIA-62 peptides were found to share homologies with proteins from Medicago truncatula that possess a mannose-binding lectin domain.

Total Proteins and Enzymes Alterations Associated with Induction of Antiviral Resistance in Treated Plants

Systemic resistance inducer, extracted from the leaves Pseuderanthemum bicolor Radlk (PB-SRI) had the ability to prevent sunnhemp rosette virus infection in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba test plants. The systemic resistance induced was maximum at 24 h after the PB-SRI treatment. The alterations of enzymes catalase, peroxidase and total proteins activities exhibited a definite pattern with their concentration peak values at 24 h of treatment, corresponded with highest antiviral activity which thereafter decreased gradually. A direct relationship between alterations of total proteins and enzymes activities was observed in treated hosts. The product of these enzymes catalyze reactions may have a role in observed antiviral effects. Apart from that induction of resistance is an active host mediated phenomenon with the involvement of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis and consequently the formation of newer antiviral proteins within treated test host involved in induction of antiviral resistance in C. tetragonoloba test plants.

Ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and antiviral activity of Escherichia coli-expressed Bougainvillea xbuttiana antiviral protein 1

A full-length cDNA encoding ribosome-inactivating/antiviral protein from the leaves of Bougainvillea xbuttiana was recently isolated. The coding region of cDNA was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein product was designated as BBAP1 (Bougainvillea xbuttiana antiviral protein 1). BBAP1 showed ribonuclease activity against Torula yeast RNA. It also exhibited depurination activity against supercoiled pBlueScript SK+ plasmid DNA in a concentration dependent manner, and was found to convert nicked circular DNA into linear form only at higher concentration. On bioassay, BBAP1 exhibited antiviral activity against sunnhemp rosette virus infecting Cyamopsis tetragonoloba leaves in which 95% inhibition of local lesion formation was observed.

Localized resistance against virus infection by leaf extract of Celosia cristata

Preinoculation treatment with Celosia cristata leaf extract prevented lesion production by sunnhemp rosette virus, tobacco mosaic virus and potato virus X in several local lesion hosts, but not in Chenopodium amaranticolar. The extract inhibited lesion formation only in treated areas, and did not act on the virus directly, but only via the host. The persistence of inhibitory activity in test hosts for up to 6 days indicates that the site of virus attachment is blocked semipermanently.

Molecular cloning and functional identification of a ribosome inactivating/antiviral protein from leaves of post-flowering stage of Celosia cristata and its expression in E. coli

A full-length cDNA clone, encoding a ribosome inactivating/antiviral protein (RIP/AVP) was isolated from the cDNA library of post-flowering stage of Celosia cristata leaves. The full-length cDNA consisted of 1015 nucleotides, with an open reading frame encoding 283 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence had a putative active site domain conserved in other ribosome inactivating/antiviral proteins (RIPs/AVPs). The coding region of the cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as recombinant protein of 72 kDa. The expressed fusion product was confirmed by Western analysis and purification by affinity chromatography. Both the recombinant protein (reCCP-27) and purified expressed protein (eCCP-27) inhibited translation in rabbit reticulocytes showing IC 50 values at 95 ng and 45 ng, respectively. The native purified nCCP-27 has IC 50 at 25 ng. The purified product also showed N-glycosidase activity towards tobacco ribosomes and antiviral activity towards tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and sunnhemp rosette virus (SRV).

Purification, characterization and cloning of antiviral/ribosome inactivating protein from Amaranthus tricolor leaves

An antiviral protein (AVP), imparting high level of resistance against sunnhemp rosette virus (SRV) was purified from the dried leaves of Amaranthus tricolor. The purified protein (AAP-27) exhibited ∼98% inhibition of local lesion formation at a concentration range of ∼30 μg ml −1. The protein was found to be highly basic glycoprotein monomer (pI ∼ 9.8) of Mr 27 kDa, with neutral sugar content of 4%. The purified protein exhibited N-glycosidase and RNase activities. We have also isolated full-length cDNA clone, encoding this protein designated as A. tricolor antiviral protein-1 (AAP-1). Two primers, one designed on the basis of N-terminal sequence of the purified protein and the other from the conserved active peptides of other AVPs/RIPs were used for PCR amplification of double stranded cDNA, isolated from the leaves of A. tricolor. The amplified fragment was used as a probe for library screening. The isolated full-length cDNA consisted of 1058 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 297 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of AAP-1 has a putative active domain conserved in other AVPs/RIPs and shows varying homology to the RIPs from other plant species.

An antiviral protein having deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease activity from leaves of the post-flowering stage of Celosia cristata

An antiviral protein named CCP-27 was purified from the leaves of Celosia cristata at the post-flowering stage by anion-exchange, cation-exchange, and gel-filtration chromatography. It exhibited resistance against sunnhemp rosette virus in its test host Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It also exhibited deoxyribonuclease activity against supercoiled pBlueScript SK+ plasmid DNA. It was found to nick supercoiled DNA into nicked circular form at lower protein concentration followed by nicked to linear form conversion at higher protein concentration. CCP-27 also possesses strong ribonuclease activity against Torula yeast rRNA.

Isolation and Characterization of Two Protein Isoforms with Antiviral Activity from Chenopodium album L Leaves

Two antiviral proteins (AVPs) named CAP-I and CAP-II isolated and purified from the leaves of Chenopodium album cv Pusa Bathua 1 were found to inhibit tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and sunnhemp rosette virus (SRV) infection on their respective host plants. The molecular weight of both the AVPs was found to be 24 kD. They were devoid of carbohydrate moiety and were highly basic with pI ∼10.2. However, they differed with respect to amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence. They also differed with respect to IC50 values, and CAP-I was found to be 2.5 fold more effective than CAP-II in inhibiting viral infection.

Purification and properties of growth stage-dependent antiviral proteins from the leaves of Celosia cristata

Two antiviral glycoproteins, active against mechanical transmission of two tobamoviruses, tobacco mosaic virus and sunnhemp rosette virus, and citrus ring spot virus (ungrouped), were purified from the dried leaves of Celosia cristata. These proteins, called CCP-25 and CCP-27, have M r 25 and 27 kDa, respectively. Their concentration was found to vary between the pre-flowering and post-flowering stages of C. cristata. Either of these proteins, obtained at different growth stages, inhibited by >90% lesion formation at a concentration of 20–30 μg ml −1. They were resistant to proteases in the native state, but were readily digested when denatured. Both of them imparted actinomycin D sensitive resistance by inhibiting local lesions on Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN by tobacco mosaic virus. Their application, individually, also resulted in high resistance in systemic hosts to sunnhemp rosette virus, and citrus ring spot virus, respectively.

Synthesis of some new substituted thiosemicarbazides as potential antiviral agents.

AbstractThe substituted thiosemicarbazides 1–15, synthesized by the condensation of substituted 5‐chloro‐diphenylamine‐2‐carboxylic acid hydrazides with appropriate arylisothiocyanates, have been tested for their antiviral activity against the plant virus, sunnhemp rosette virus, in vitro as well as in vivo and against the animal virus, ranikhet disease virus, in a stationary culture of chorioallantoic membranes of chick embryo. The majority of these compounds showed significant antiviral activity against both viruses. The structure‐activity relationships have further been studied and are discussed.

Synthesis of new 2,3-disubstituted 4 (3H)-quinazolones and related products as potential antiviral agents.

AbstractSixteen new 2,3‐disubstituted 4 (3H)quinazolone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activities against Gomphrena mosaic and Sunnhemp rosette virus. Most compounds show antiviral activity against Gomphrena mosaic virus.

Formazans and Tetrazolium Salts as Potential Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiviral Agents

Fifteen 1-aryl-3-(3'-nitro-4'-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl formazans and five 3-aryl-5-(3'-nitro-4'-methoxy phenyl)-2-phenyl tetrazolium bromides have been tested against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for their antibacterial and against Aspergillus flavus and Helminthosporium gramineum for their antifungal activities. Most of the compounds have shown promising antibacterial and antifungal action. These compounds were also found to exhibit significant antiviral activity against sunnhemp rosette virus in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba plants in vivo as well as in vivo.

Potential biologically active agents, XXXII. Synthesis and antiviral activity of some 3-(arylthiosemicarbazono)-2-indolinones.

AbstractA series of 3‐(arylthiosemicarbazono)‐2‐indolinones 1, 1‐methyl‐3‐(arylthiosemicarbazono)‐2‐indolinones 2 and 1‐(aminomethyl)‐3‐(arylthiosemicarbazono)‐2‐indolinones 3 have been synthesised. All compounds were screened for their antiviral activity against Sunnhemp rosette virus (SRV) in vitro as well as in vivo. Twelve compounds show significant antiviral activity.