Sungai Pahang Research Articles

Superhydrophilic graphene oxide/electrospun cellulose nanofibre for efficient adsorption of organophosphorus pesticides from environmental samples.

Superhydrophilic graphene oxide/electrospun cellulose nanofibre (GO/CNF) was synthesized, characterized and successfully used in a solid-phase membrane tip adsorption (SPMTA) as an adsorbent towards a simultaneous analysis of polar organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in several food and water samples. Separation, determination and quantification were achieved prior to ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detector. The influence of several parameters such as sample pH, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration were investigated. SPMTA was linear in the range of 0.05 and 10 mg l−1 under the optimum adsorption conditions (sample pH 12; 5 mg of adsorbent dosage; 15 min of adsorption time) for methyl parathion, ethoprophos, sulfotepp and chlorpyrifos with excellent correlation coefficients of 0.994–0.999. Acceptable precision (RSDs) as achieved for intraday (0.06–5.44%, n = 3) and interday (0.17–7.76%, n = 3) analyses. Low limits of detection (0.01–0.05 mg l−1) and satisfactory consistency in adsorption (71.14–99.95%) were obtained for the spiked OPPs from Sungai Pahang, Tasik Cheras, cabbages and rice samples. The adsorption data were well followed the second-order kinetic model and fits the Freundlich adsorption model. The newly synthesized GO/CNF showed a great adsorbent potential for OPPs analysis.

Heavy Metal and Water Turbidity Impact on Corroded Patin Fish Cages in temerloh River, Pahang, Malaysia

In December 2015 and usually once in a year, the population of Temerloh’spatin fish was the environmental issue gripping Pahang. The fishes, bred in special breeding cages made of y-bar steel along the riverbanks of Sungai Pahang are threatened with a massive die-off. This low water level problems becomes worsen as more forests in the upper reaches of the Ulu Jelai and Ulu Tembeling areas are cleared for timber. Instead of that, due to the low water level and high water turbidity, y-bar steel Patin fish cages facing corrosion problem in unpredicted time. Though, this paper is to investigate the impact of heavy metal and water turbidity level on corroded y-bar steel at specified location adjacent to the fish cages. In this work, samples were submerged into the Pahang river for 56 days in February 2016. The sample then must be weighing before and after being submerged. The river water samples were took out at specific time and subjected to heavy metal and water turbidity test. It was found that, the concentration of Cu and Fe and also water turbidity level that occur in water caused by fish pallet or fish food also contribute and increase the weight loss of the Y-bar.

Rainfall-Runoff Model Based on ANN with LM, BR and PSO as Learning Algorithms

Rainfall-runoff model requires comprehensive computation as its relation is a complex natural phenomenon. Various inter-related processes are involved with factors such as rainfall intensity, geomorphology, climatic and landscape are all affecting runoff response. In general there is no single rainfall-runoff model that can cater to all flood prediction system with varying topological area. Hence, there is a vital need to have custom-tailored prediction model with specific range of data, type of perimeter and antecedent hour of prediction to meet the necessity of the locality. In an attempt to model a reliable rainfall-runoff system for a flood-prone area in Malaysia, 3 different approach of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are modelled based on the data acquired from Sungai Pahang, Pekan. In this paper, the ANN rainfall-runoff models are trained by the Levenberg Marquardt (LM), Bayesian Regularization (BR) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The performances of the learning algorithms are compared and evaluated based on a 12-hour prediction model. The results demonstrate that LM produces the best model. It outperforms BR and PSO in terms of convergence rate, lowest mean square error (MSE) and optimum coefficeint of correlation. Furthermore, the LM approach are free from overfitting, which is a crucial concern in conventional ANN learning algorithm. Our case study takes the data of rainfall and runoff from the year 2012 to 2014. This is a case study in Pahang river basin, Pekan, Malaysia.

Water Quality Influences on Fish Occurrences in Sungai Pahang, Maran District, Pahang, Malaysia

This study assesses the influence of water quality on fish occurrences in Sungai Pahang, Maran District, Pahang, Malaysia. Water quality and fish samplings were conducted at seven sampling sites in the district for 13 consecutive months. We used canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) to determine the influence of water quality on monthly fish species occurrences. The ranges of water quality parameters were quite high considering the measurements were made during rainy and dry seasons throughout the year. A total of 2,075 individual fish was captured which comprised of 22 different families and 65 species. Family Cyprinidae recorded the highest number of fish species of the area (27 species; 41.5%), followed by Bagridae (five species; 7.69%) and Pangasiidae (five species; 7.69%). Three fish species categorized as endangered, including Balantiocheilos melanopterus, Probarbus jullieni and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus were also collected. The collected fish species were divided into three groups (A to C), which was clearly separated in the CCA ordination diagram. The most important water quality variables for the fish occurrences in this river were pH, followed by temperature, conductivity, alkalinity and phosphate. Data analysis indicates that the occurrence of fishes were influenced by a combination of water quality parameters, but not associated with sampling month. The results present a new data from a study of fish assemblage and their habitat condition which may be important in fisheries activity and fish conservation of the river in the future.

Emphasizing Grid Feature as Flood Zonal Identification to Support Flood Relief Mechanism

Grid in Geographic Information System [GIS] mapping is used to determine specific location. This is a study to highlight the utilization of square grids network with flood forecast map modelling for regional identification of inundated zones focusing on Pekan sub-district. Satellite information, raster and digital elevation model [DEM] are used to produce a flood prediction map model to simulate inundation of the study area. Vertical elevation has been converted to match between WMGEOID04 with EGM96 ellipsoidal height for the multiple offsets of water layers in inundation simulation process because geoid and mean seal level values are set to be the same. Inundated zones are populated based on selected readings of Sungai Pahang gauging station located at Department of Irrigation and Drainage [DID] Pulau Jawa station, Bandar Pekan [Station ID: 3434401]. Flood spreads are monitored based on the 1.0m layer offsets starting from 2.5m [alert level] until 5.5m. Finally, square grids tessellation of the whole area within the boundary is generated and the affected zones are projected in different color code to indicate danger zones. The graphical output that are produced are able to be used to assess the rate of accessibility, habitability, and affected infrastructures which have the potential to act as flood relief center. Integrating these information with disaster web provider like ‘InfoBanjir’ [DID] and ‘disaster portal’ [NADMA] should be emphasized to ensure systematic flood management in the future.

A Wireless Smart Sensor Network for Flood Management Optimization

Recent development in the sensing technologies and wireless sensor networks has encouraged many innovative applications in disaster management and forecasting. Flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters that occurs frequently in south Asia. Therefore, water level monitoring and flood early prediction, play an important role in lives and properties saving. In this paper, an optimized Flood Warning System (FWS) is presented. The system is based on multi parameters Wireless Smart Sensor Network (WSSN) for early flood warning. WSSN performs pre-processing procedures at sensor level before sending the data to a base data analyzing station. This pre-processing step is to improve the reliability, data quality and transmission quality. For the purpose of validation, the proposed method is applied using two parameters: The water level (L) and streamflow of water (R) in rivers. The proposed system provides early flood detection by continuously measuring R and L in real-time. The collected data is to be used to predict flood time and place. Data is exchanged among sensors in real-time. Pre-analyzing is performed and reports are sent to the base station only if the analysis gave a high risk level. The main purpose is to cut down the data size. Analysis and simulation showed that the data size is improved significantly using this method. Calculations considers real cases on a part of Pahang River (Sungai Pahang).

Sediment Classification using Envirometric Technique: A Study Case in Pahang River, Malaysia

Sedimentation is a main river problem in Malaysia. Particle size sediments analysis the river provides useful information to evaluate the rate and pattern of erosion, transportation and deposition at a time. The sediments sizes are classified according to sand, silt and clay. This study discusses about the results of sedimentation analysis at the Pahang River from 3 until 6 June 2015. 13 sampling stations were selected. The parameters used in this study are based on grain size distribution (g). Total of different sizes of material classifications were calculated using Phi scale (o) in older to statistically calculate their mean (M), standard deviation (D) and skewness (S). In this study, envirometrics technique were used to analyzed the classify parameter of this sediments. The classify results for each parameters mean, skewness and standard deviation has dominated by three main class like coarse sand, medium sand and fine sand size. Analysis of particle size sediment (M) shows the middle, right and left bank river is dominated by fine grain size with the phi 2 to phi 3. The uniformity of sediment or standard deviation (D) on the study ISSN 1394 2506 Ata et al: KLASIFIKASI SEDIMEN MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK ENVIROMETRIK: SATU KAJIAN KES DI SUNGAI PAHANG, MALAYSIA 1172 areas has a worst with the fine grain sand with the phi 1 to phi 2. For the skewness (S), sediment size in study areas is coarse and very coarse size with phi -0.1 to phi -0.3 and phi -0.3 to phi -1. Therefore, Pahang River areas is an easily to change as a geomorphology landscape that are easily eroded by rain and change of the discharge rate.

Analysis of meander evolution studies on effect from land use and climate change at the upstream reach of the Pahang River, Malaysia

Hydrogeomorphologically, the study of river meandering provides information on the tendency of rivers to reach and form a state of equilibrium. The process of meander changes is important in order to identify the environment-related causes that occur naturally or vice versa. Sedimentation, erosion, flood, and water quality problems usually are being specifically studied, but in a broad view, changes in the platform of the river affect all the problems that occur. This article discusses the effects of the meanders evolution changes from land use and climate change in the upstream of Sungai Pahang in over 61 years from 1932 to 1993. Based on Geographical Information System (GIS), the topographic maps, scaled to 1:50,000 in geo-reference, were overlaid and digitalized. The main alignments of the upstream reach from those years were superimposed, and the changes were identified based on sinuosity index. In this task, the study areas were divided into two major plots for river plan classification. The results indicated that the average of alignment on the sinuosity index is 1.24 to 1.48 in plot A, while in plot B, the results are not stable. Based on historical results, a very significant change of meander was identified in the subplot Ua3 in plot A, where 21.2 % segments were recorded with high changes. This could be associated with significant exploration at hilly areas in the Cameron Highlands. Large-scale changes in land use pattern are coupled with global climate change where total rainfall recorded was at 2,760 mm in plot A on the year 1993. While for the plot B segment, the percentage of meander changes is 41.5 % versus plot A which is 86.7 %. This is due to the fact that plot B is the forest reserve and national park, areas with natural environment, possessing lithosols characteristic soils in the upper plot B area, and the trend of land use change (forested areas) is substantially lower than in plot A, with a 10 % difference. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of the land use changes due to climatic conditions on the meander evolution changes at the upstream reach of the Pahang River and suggest a number of solutions to mitigate or adaptation strategies to cope with those changes in the future.

Hydrological assessment for mini hydropower potential at Sungai Pahang @ Temerloh

Sg Pahang at Temerloh was considered for assessment of hydropower potential using hydrological analysis method and hydrological model. The available data related to topography, soil, land use, weather and discharge pertaining to the study catchment were used to characterize the catchment. The characterization was required for water resources hence hydropower assessment. The hydrology of the study catchment was simulated through the model. This hydrological study is required due to the proposed mini hydroelectric power plant at Pulau Temerloh. It is essential to evaluate the existing river flow characteristic and to model the environmental flow assessment of the river. Two rainfalll stations, JPS Temerloh and Pintu Kawalan Paya Kertam Station are selected to develop the Rainfall Intensity Duration frequency (RIDF) Curve to determine the rainfall intensity of the area. Daily river flow were recorded at Sg Pahang at Temerloh and Sg Pahang at Lubok Paku were used to develop the Flow Duration Curve (FDC) to study the characteristic of Sungai Pahang flow. The 7 days low flow with 10 years return period (7Q10 low flow) was obtained using both Gumbel Method and Log Pearson Type III Method. The results from FDC shows that 50% percentage of time the Sg Pahang @ Temerloh is exceeded over a historical period is 400 m3/s and 50% percentage of time the Sg Pahang @ Lubok Paku is exceeded over a historical period is 650 m3/s. The required environmental flow are set to be 7Q10 low flow which is 64.215 m3/s for Sg Pahang at Temerloh and 79.24 m3/s for Sg Pahang at Lubok Paku. The results show the water resources are abundant and hence boost the mini hydropower potentiality at Sg Pahang.

Sungai Pahang digital flood mapping: 2007 flood

In this study, visits to areas in the subcatchments of Sungai Pahang, including Mentakab, Temerloh, Maran and Pekan, were made throughout the year 2009 to obtain information regarding inundation areas, flood depth, flow discharge and water levels relevant to the 2007 flood. Interviews with local people were also made to ascertain the true picture of the 2007 flood. Analyses of rainfall data, water level, flow discharge and river cross-sectional changes were carried out from data gathering. The development of a digital elevation model (DEM) was made from a combination of digital topographical maps and satellite images which were purchased from Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia. This visually enhanced DEM was then used for the development of the actual extent of the 2007 flood in the study area. Several options of flood mitigation works are proposed to reduce the impact of a similar flood in the future based on the developed DEM.