Sunshine Research Articles

Hydrological study and assessment of water budget for Erbil basin, Kurdistan region, Iraq

<p>This research is conducted on Erbil basin, it is located in northern part of Iraq, the basin is composed of three main sub-basins which are: Northern part (Kapran), Central sub-basin and Southern part (Bashtepa) respectively. The total area of three sub-basins are approximately (3,200 km2). The main sources of aquifer recharge in the study area is depends on precipitation. The article estimated the percentage and amount of water budget elements for the selected basin. Therefore, the paper evaluates the obtained climate data form Erbil meteorological station for (25 years) to evaluate the water budget in the study area. The main objective to assess the Erbil basin water budget and determine amount of the each parameters related to the study area. Based on the results of this study data analysis the amount of the mean monthly temperature (18.94 C̊), and sun shine (8.18 hr/day), the average relative humidity is (47.82%), the evaporation percentage is (54%) of the precipitation. The study concluded that the amonut of the rainfall data is (394.65mm) and the percentage of precipitation over Erbil basin is (100%), the Recharge into groundwater is (24.23%), the Runoff and Evporation are (21.77%) and (54%) respectively.</p>

Novel design and performance evaluation of an indirectly forced convection desiccant integrated solar dryer for drying tomatoes in Pakistan

The process of drying agricultural products for food preservation is a difficult task that requires a significant amount of energy. The increasing cost and depletion of fossil fuels have led to the development of a food dryer that utilizes renewable energy sources. This research paper proposes the design and performance evaluation of an indirectly forced convection desiccant integrated solar dryer (IFCDISD) at the Solar Energy Research Lab at USPCAS-E, NUST Pakistan. Tomatoes were chosen as the test product due to their importance and widespread consumption. The drying process involves slicing the tomatoes and placing them on the IFCDISD rack, where a desiccant called calcium chloride (CaCl2) is integrated into the dryer. The experiments were conducted during both sunshine (SS) hours and Off-sunshine (OSS) hours. The IFCDISD operates using sunlight during SS hours and utilizes the absorbed heat of CaCl2 in OSS hours via a forced DC brushless fan powered by battery charged thro solar panel. The tomatoes were weighed before and after each drying mode, and the moisture removal was calculated. The results show that the dryer efficiency was 50.14 % on day 1, 66 % on day 2, and an overall efficiency of 58.07 %. The moisture content removal was 42.858 % on day 1, 22.9979 % on day 2, and an overall moisture content removal of 58.07 %. Moreover, the payback period is 5.1396 and the carbon mitigation was recorded as 2.0335, and the earned carbon credit was recorded as 11559.6.

Use Of Factor Analysis And Discriminant Analysis To Determine The Factors Affecting Climate Type And Building Shape In Libya

Climate in simple concept commonly known as the rate of the weather , there are many observed elements of the atmosphere that are subject to constant change. These elements generally are: Maximum temperature(X1), Minimum temperature (X2), Relative humidity(X3), Wind speed(X4), Wind direction(X5), Duration of sun shine(X6), Clouds amount(X7) and Rainfall amount(X8).The main objectives of the study are: (i) To define the factors influencing the Climate, and to determine the most important factors of the climatic variables.(ii) To discriminate the Climate by region and define the factors which responsible for that discrimination. (iii) To determine the factors that influencing in the building form.
 To achieve these goals, a simple random sample of ten cities were selected from the Libyan Meteorological Department in Tripoli. These cities are divided into (6) cities as a coastal climate and (4) cities as a desert climate. The data of this study were collected as a series from each city from January of the first year 1970 to December of the last year 2000. Each series consists of 12×30×30×10 monthly observations, and the total data points in the study will be (108,000) from Derna, Benghazi, Jalu, Agedabia, Tripoli, Misurata, Sebha, EL-Kufra, Ghadames and Shahat. To study the variability of climate system of these places needs to explain the observed correlations between the elements and the regions.
 Two different statistical techniques are used in this study to analyze the data to study the first objective, factor analysis is used to determine the importance of the variables and their effect on the climate in both coastal and desert climate in general, and for each city separately. To study the second and third objectives discriminant analysis is used. This study provides a number of variables with significant positive effect on the Type of Climate variable(X9), in the coastal cities, (Derna, Benghazi, Agedabia, Tripoli, Misurata, Shahat) Maximum Temperature(X1), Duration Of Sun Shine(X6),Clouds Amount(X7) and Rainfall Amount (X8) are good representative for all eight original variables. But in the desert cities (Sebha, Jalu, EL-Kufra, Ghadames) the variables Maximum temperature(X1), Minimum temperature(X2), Relative humidity(X3), Wind speed(X4), Duration of sun shine(X6), Clouds amount(X7) and Rainfall amount(X8) all these variables have significant positive effect on the Type of Climate variable(X9).
 The results from discriminant and classification analysis for the dependent variable Type of Climate (X9) show that: There is significant difference between the climate of ten regions. Where, Maximum Temperature(X1), Relative humidity(X3), Duration of Sun Shine(X6), Clouds Amount(X7) and Rainfall Amount(X8) are significant and important, and the Relative humidity(X3) have high correlation with the discriminant function. The results from discriminant and classification analysis for the dependent variable Type of Building(X10) show that: There is significant difference between the building form of the ten regions. Where, Maximum Temperature(X1),Relative humidity(X3), Duration of Sun Shine(X6) and Clouds Amount(X7) have high correlation with the discriminant function or these variables are important and significant and have an effect on the building form in each city.

Does the sun shine for all? Inequalities in the energy transition in The Hague

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Investigation on the Abiotic Influences on Amplitude Fluctuation in the Incidence of Major Pest of Rice in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

An experiment was conducted at Students Instructional Farm, Acharya Narendra deva University of agriculture and technology Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.). during Kharif season 2021. The incidence that, the yellow stem borer, leaf folder, green leaf hopper, BPH and gundhi bug were recorded. The highest dead heart per cent of yellow stem borer was recorded on rice at 36th SMW (12.97 per hill) and white ear per cent (7.41 per hill) in 44th SMW, leaf folder 41st and 32nd SMW (6.75 & 0.10 per hill), green leaf hopper 43th and 32nd SMW (3.25 & 0.20 nos./hill), BPH 44th and 34th SMW (9.84 & 0.15 nos./hill) and gundhi bug 45th and 40th SMW (1.37 & 0.20 per hill).
 Yellow stem borer (dead heart) was showed non-significant positive correlation with rainfall, minimum, maximum temperature and sun shine however, relative humidity showed significant positive correlation with dead heart. White ear showed that non-significant negative correlation with rainfall while, minimum, maximum temperature and relative humidity significant negative correlation however, sun shine showed non- significantly positive correlation with white ear. Leaf folder incidence showed non- significant positive correlation with rainfall and relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperature showed non-significant negative correlation, however sun shine showed significant positive correlation. Relative humidity and rainfall exhibited non-significant negative correlations with the incidence of green leaf hopper, although substantial positive correlations with sun shine and minimum and maximum temperatures were observed. Minimum and maximum temperatures, relative humidity, and rainfall all exhibited non-significant negative correlations with the population of BPH; however, sunshiny days revealed a substantial positive link. The incidence of gundhi bug, showed significant negative correlation with minimum, maximum temperature and relative humidity correlation while rainfall and sun shine showed non-significant negative correlation and non-significant positive correlation respectively.

When Should the Off-Grid Sun Shine at Night? Optimum Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Investments

Globally, 1.5 billion people live off the grid, with their only access to electricity often limited to operationally expensive fossil fuel generators. Solar power has risen as a sustainable and less costly option, but its generation is variable during the day and nonexistent at night. Thanks to recent technological advances, which have made large-scale electricity storage economically viable, a combination of solar generation and storage holds the promise of cheaper, greener, and more reliable off-grid power in the future. Still, it is not yet well understood how to jointly determine optimal capacity levels for renewable generation and storage. Our work aims to shed light on this question by developing a model of strategic capacity investment in both renewable generation and storage to match demand with supply in off-grid use cases while relying on fossil fuel as backup. Despite the complexity of the underlying model, we are able to extract two general results. First, we find that solar capacity and storage capacity are strategic complements, except in cases with very high investment in generation capacity, when they surprisingly turn into strategic substitutes with implications for long-term investment decisions. Second, we develop a simple heuristic to determine which storage technology, within a given portfolio, can turn a profit in the broadest set of market conditions and thus, is likely to be adopted first. We find that currently, low-efficiency, cheap technologies, such as thermal, can more easily turn a profit in off-grid applications than high-efficiency, expensive ones, such as lithium-ion batteries. We then develop two newsvendor-like approximations of the general model that are analytically tractable, yield precise values for the optimal investment decisions and profit in some cases, and provide bounds to the optimal investment decisions and profits in all other cases. To conclude, we calibrate our models to measure the accuracy of our solutions utilizing real-life data from three geographically-diverse islands, and then, we use our approximations to provide high-level insights on the role that large-scale storage will play in the years ahead as technology improves, carbon taxes are levied, and solar becomes cheaper. This paper was accepted by Beril Toktay, Special Section of Management Science on Business and Climate Change. Funding: This work was supported by the Mack Institute for Innovation Management at the Wharton School as well as the Kleinman Center for Energy Policy at the University of Pennsylvania. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.04129 .

Does the sun shine for all? Revealing socio-spatial inequalities in the transition to solar energy in The Hague, The Netherlands

With technological advances and decreasing prices, solar energy is a key technology in the urban energy transition. However, the focus on increasing the overall installed capacity has overshadowed energy justice considerations, leading to inequalities in solar energy adoption. This paper adopts an equity perspective to analyse the transition to solar (photovoltaic) energy in the city of The Hague, The Netherlands. Access to solar energy is at the core of the research, encapsulating factors that influence the ability of a household to adopt solar energy. Through a socio-spatial analysis at the postcode level, we identify four distinct groups with varying levels of access to solar energy. Our results show that these groups are not only strongly segregated across the city but also overlap with existing socio-spatial inequalities. The four levels of access to solar energy are then compared to current solar adoption rates and technical rooftop energy potential in the city. Results show that decreasing levels of access to solar energy align with decreasing adoption rates, revealing that current policies fail to provide equitable access to solar energy leading to inequalities in adoption rates. Furthermore, we show that most of the technical potential available in The Hague is in areas where access to solar energy is limited, representing opportunities to exploit a significant amount of untapped technical potential while addressing existing socio-spatial inequalities. Here, we also identify two groups of interest and related leverage points for future policy interventions to address equity in the transition to solar energy in The Hague.

The Climatic Variability during Kharif Season in Prayagraj and Varansi District for Last One Decade

The present study attempts to know the trend of selected weather parameters and to analyse the impact of weather parameters on Yield of rice in Prayagraj and Varanasi district. The secondary data of weather parameters for the study was obtained from Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS).The weather data of Varanasi were obtained from Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi for the period from 2008 to 2018. The parameters consider viz., maximum temperature, minimum temperature, sun shine hour, rainfall and rice yield for the study. The variability terms (SD and CV) were computed over seasonal and annual periods for Maximum and Minimum Temperature, Rainfall of Prayagraj and Varanasi districts during 2008 to 2018.The long term trend in maximum, minimum temperature and rainfall, solar radiation has been calculated on monthly, seasonal and annual for Prayagraj and Varanasi. Trend was studied in 10 years period seasonal trend was observed for five seasons i.e. summer (March to May), south west monsoon (June to September), post monsoon (October and November), winter (December to February) and Kharif (June to november.) by using liner trend analysis. The linear trend value. The trend analysis revealed that the maximum temperature and minimum temperature showed a positive trend at Prayagraj whereas and rainfall and solar radiation showed a negative trend and the trend over a period during study period 2008-2018.Trend of one decades (2008-2018) was showed a decrease in Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and Rainfall at Varanasi .The yield of Rice in Varanasi was positively correlated with rainfall; however negatively and significantly correlated with maximum temperature and minimum temperature and bright sun shine.

The Process of Reforming of Environmental Aspect with The Sustainable Management for Indonesia’s Environmental Law

Access to information and public participation are essential building blocks for sustainable development, preparing citizen to become informed decision markers, offering a basis for stimulating creative solutions to environmental, social and developmental problems, and providing a foundation for building consensus on critical priorities. Governments and institutional governed by transparency, openness, accountability and community participation are more capable of reconciling the needs of present and future generations, of balancing private and public interests, and harmonizing economic development with social and environmental needs. The study aims to find out the process of reforming of environmental aspect with the sustainable management for indonesia’s environmental law. Thus, improved access to information and participation in decision-making will more likely lead to overall sustainable development. All of these developments relate to a more general trend towards promoting “good governance”. All attempts to define the notion of good governance include the elements of transparency, participation, and accountability. Transparency and public participation are the basis for elaborating and working towards more sustainable. Transparency lets the sun shine on actions of governments, and expose protectionism, corruption and other problems arising in conjunction with foreign. Transparency and public participation form the basis for an informed discussion as to how to address challenges relating to the intersection between economic developments on the one hand and social aspects and environmental protection on the other.

Estimation of reference evapotranspiration using artificial neural network models for semi-arid region of Haryana

The study was conducted to evaluate performance of artificial neural network (ANN) models for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET0) for semi-arid region of Haryana state. Ten years (2011-2020) daily weather data of maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sun shine hours was collected from the meteorological observatory at CCS HAU, Hisar. Multilayer perceptron feed forward back propagation ANN models were evaluated for different training algorithms (10), number of hidden layers (1-3) and number of neurons in hidden layers (1-30). Training algorithms compared in the study were heuristic techniques (GDA, GDX, RP), conjugate gradient (CGF, CGP, CGB, SCG), quasi-Newton (BFG, OSS) and Levenberg-Marquardt (LM). Results were compared against standard FAO Penman-Monteith method. The study revealed that best performance for ANN was found with LM algorithm in single layer of 13 neurons exhibiting RMSE, R, ME and RPD values 0.306, 0.986, 0.976 and 6.63, respectively. ANN models showed good performance in prediction of reference evapotranspiration.

Optimization of the Residential Solar Energy Consumption Using the Taguchi Technique and Box-Behnken Design: a Case Study for Jordan

In this paper, the Jordan's adoption of renewable energy, in general, and the solar energy, in particular, is overviewed. The solar energy development in Jordan, within the last decade, is highlighted from various aspects. Energy consumption and efficiency are major issues for nations such Jordan that have few natural resources and high energy costs, especially in the context of climate change. In Jordan, the industry with the highest energy use is residential construction. Residential building rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems may address the issue of rising power needs and the need for more sustainable energy systems. This research contrasted present and projected residential household power usage with the potential electricity consumption from PV systems placed on the available roofs of residential structures. Taguchi and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) approaches were used to predict and optimize the yearly power usage using a design tool in Minitab version 18. The findings showed that the yearly energy usage was significantly influenced by solar cumulative installed PV power, sun shine hours, and operation service factors. The investigation revealed that the combined ideal elements and reactions meet the highest demands of the annual power usage of 8.0940 MWh per capita. The annual increase of PV plants, connected to the Jordan electric grid, refer to the availability of this area to adopt more and more PV projects. The available land, moderate climate, and reliable electric grid are encouraging factors to accepting large PV projects. The result showed that the yearly energy usage was significantly influenced by solar cumulative installed PV power, sun shine hours, and operation service factors. The investigation revealed that the combined ideal elements and reactions meet the highest demands of the annual power usage of 8.0940 (MWh per capita).

Has Vitamin D Lost It's (Sun) Shine?

1Rush University Medical College, Chicago, Illinois 2University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Corresponding author: Francisco A. Sylvester, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 333 South Columbia Street 247 MacNider Hall Chapel Hill, North Carolina Phone: (919) 445-0257 Email: [email protected]

250KW Solar Power with MPPT Hybrid Power Generation Station

Abstract: Energy comes in different forms. Light is a form of energy. So is heat. So is electricity. Often, one form of energy can be turned into another. This fact is very important because it explains how we get electricity, which we use in so many ways. Electricity is used to light streets and buildings, to run computers and TVs, and to run many other machines and appliances at home, at school, and at work. One way to get electricity is to This method for making electricity is popular. But it has some problems. Our planet has only a limited supply of oil and coal .In this method details about Endless Energy, Solar Cells Galore, Energy from Sun shine , Understanding Electricity. Solar Thermal power plant use the Sun as a heat source. In order to generate a high enough temperature for a power plant, solar energy must be concentrated. In a solar thermal power plant this in normally achieved with mirrors. Estimation for global solar thermal potential indicates that it could more than provide for total global electricity needs. There are three primary solar thermal technologies based on three ways no of concentrating solar energy: solar parabolic through plants, solar tower power plants, and solar dish power plants. The mirrors used in these plants are normally constructed from glass, a although, other techniques are being explored. Power plant of these types use solar heat to heat a thermodynamics fluid such as water in order to drive a thermodynamic engine; for water this will be a stream turbine. Solar thermal power plants can have heat storage systems that allow them to generate electricity beyond daylight hours.

Supervised Learning System for Pest Disease Identification and Recommendations using Wireless Sensor Network in Agriculture Domain

Designing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that will sustain for longer time have been a challenging issue. For achieving this, efficient utilization of available energy should be anticipated from energy-constrained sensors running autonomously for long periods. In the field of agricultural research, farming related activities, assistance to farmers using advanced IoT and sensor network technologies is a need of time. Initially this paper briefed about smartphone based application systems that forewarns the farmer about pests/diseases that can occur on the crop. The designed system assists farmers to foresee the crop disease using machine learning algorithm. The disease can be predicted based on the environmental parameters as soil moisture, temperature and humidity obtained from sensor node and other parameters like rain fall, evaporation rate and sun shine hour obtained from open weather map application programming interfaces. A prototype is developed using ultra low powered micro-controller with interconnected sensor’s module. While comparing with the Arduino micro-controller based system, it was observed that the developed prototype system utilized less energy with effectively forewarned the farmers about crop diseases using Internet of Things (IoT). Thus it would assist the farmers proactively to reduce the losses due to crop diseases.

Structural and spectral properties of triple-color emitting Eu doped SrZr4(PO4)6 phosphors: Plant growth LEDs application

ObjectiveWell known that the light energy is essential and major source for natural plant habitats, and the primary source of light is the sun. However, there is a lack of sun shine, particularly at dark places such as indoors, natural caves, northern countries, and night times that may destroy plants growth, stop blooming flowers, and decrease crop yields. Thus, artificial light sources are necessary for plant growth, not affecting natural plant habitats. MethodsIn this work, we have prepared blue, red, and far-red light-emitting Eu doped SrZr4(PO4)6 phosphors by simple sol-gel method. The phase analysis, functional, and morphological studies were carried out. The rhombohedral structures of phosphors were observed from the morphological graphs. XPS studies were confirmed the elemental and valance state of Eu2+ and Eu3+. The optical properties were systematically investigated through photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra, diffuse reflection spectra, and CIE chromaticity coordinates. ResultsThe band gaps of samples were found to be from 3.8 to 3.9 eV. The emission spectra of SrZr4(PO4)6:Eu phosphors exhibited a strong narrow band peaking at blue (452 nm), red (610 nm) and far-red (744 nm) emissions under the 390 nm excitation that nearly matches for the photosynthesis process; hence, we expect that the prepared phosphors may be a potential phosphor material for the fabrication of plant growth WLEDs. Among all the phosphors, SrZr4(PO4)6:0.07Eu phosphor has maximum intensity, and its CIE coordinates, CRI and CCT, were found to be (0.34, 0.32), 91 and 4956 K, respectively.

Trend of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration and its Correlation with Climatic Parameters in Khulna and Rajshahi Districts of Bangladesh

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETO) is an important hydro-meteorological phenomenon, which is influenced by changing climate. This study estimated the trends ETO and identified the correlation of changes in ETO with climatic parameters in Khulna and Rajshahi districts of Bangladesh. Daily observed climatic parameters of thirty years (1984– 2013) were used in CropWat model to estimate changes in monthly and seasonal ETO. Trend analysis of ETO and climatic parameters were done by Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimation. Correlation between ETO and climatic parameters were analyzed. The results showed a decreasing trend of ETO over most of the period of the year in Khulna and Rajshahi districts. On monthly basis estimation, decreasing trends of relative humidity, wind speed and sun shine hours in Khulna district, and decreasing trends of wind speed and sun shine hours in Rajshahi district played the dominant roles for the decreasing rate of ETO under recent climate change. On seasonal basis estimation, decreasing trends of relative humidity, wind speed and sun shine hours in Khulna district, and decreasing trends of wind speed and sun shine hours in Rajshahi district played the dominant roles for the decreasing rate of ETO under changing climatic condition. Changes in ETO were most strongly correlated with sun shine hours and most weakly with minimum temperature for both Khulna and Rajshahi. Wind speed was most strongly correlated with ETO for Dry/Rabi season. The findings of this study would be useful for agricultural water management of Bangladesh.
 Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 1-12, 2020

Improving the performance of photovoltaic module during partial shading using ANN

<span lang="EN-US">Photovoltaic (PV) panels have drawback of having their peak power reduced when clouds or shade are present. Furthermore, it is only available while the sun shine. Nearby structures, plants, bird droppings, and other obstacles shade operating photovoltaic (PV) devices, effectively reducing the incident solar radiation produced by the modules. When these PV panels are exposed to partial shading, their power efficiency is reduced. A neural network with a kind of artificial neural network is used in the suggested hybrid method (ANN). The key focus of this article is to use environmental effects dependent on partial shading to get the maximum performance from a solar system. The suggested hybrid solution is tested in the MATLAB/Simulink working platform using partial shading test cases, and the efficiency is compared to other approaches. Additionally, the best options for the suggested procedure, current, voltage, and power are examined.</span>

Site Suitability Analysis for Photovoltaic Power Plant Using Geographical Information System

Among the various renewable energy resources, solar energy potential is vastly and freely available in our country. Solar energy offers a clean, climate-friendly, abundant and inexhaustible energy resource to mankind. The costs of solar energy have been falling rapidly and are entering new areas of competitiveness. Solar Thermal Electricity (STE) and Solar Photo Voltaic Electricity (SPV) are becoming competitive against conventional electricity generation in tropical countries. In conventional methods, site selection based on integrating various performance indicators such as Temperature, DNI, Sunshine hours, Slope, Aspect and Land use are difficult. GIS provides an integrated approach to combine several factors and provides different scenarios for decision making. This paper describes the suitable site selection for installation of photovoltaic power plants using GIS. It involves three stages: the first stage requires the selection of study area based on power crisis in different districts. The second stage includes preparation of the layers such as Direct Normal Irradiance, Temperature, Sun Shine Hours Land use / land cover, Slope and Aspect for study area and at final stage weights for each layer is calculated with the help of Analytical Hierarchy Process and suitable sites for installation of photovoltaic power plants are derived using suitability analysis in GIS environment.

Alternate Energy Sources for a Community Health Center in Punjab: A Step towards Self Reliant Energy

India’s health sector is vast and it is present on every corner of the country. Rural India’s health infrastructure majorly rely on Government Sponsored Health and Well being centers. Most of the medical diagnosis equipment are sophisticated in nature and requires high quality of electricity. But these center often experience power outage and poor quality of power, which creates a challenges for diagnosis and treatment of patients On the other hand these areas received good amount of sun shine and these challenges can be eliminate by putting Solar PV with adequate storage battery. The present study aims to find out the feasibility of such scheme with its optimal size.

Application of Phase Change Materials in Solar Water Heating Systems for Thermal Energy Storage

One of the major drawbacks of solar water heating systems is unable to supply hot water during night time or off sunshine hours. The integration of phase change material with solar water heating systems is cost effective and efficient solution to overcome this major problem associated with solar water heating systems. The phase change material integrated with solar water heating system stores thermal energy during sun shine hours and this stored energy can be recovered during off shine hours or night time to produce hot water. The phase change material can be integrated with water tank of collector, evacuated tubes, external water tank for solar collector and flat plate collector by adding layers at the bottom of absorber plate. The integration of phase change material with SWH system not only overcome the drawbacks of SWH system but also enhance the efficiency of conventional SWH system. Many investigations for the application of TES materials integrated SWH system have been carried out and found a significant enhancement in the performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in the applications of PCM with SWH system for TES.