Summer Rape Research Articles

Evolve Roundup Ready® high erucic acid, low glucosinolate hybrid summer rape

Evolve is the world’s first ogu INRA (Institut national de la recherche agronomique) CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility) hybrid summer rape (Brassica napus L.) Roundup Ready® high erucic acid, low glucosinolate cultivar. On average, Evolve yielded 12.4% more seed, 6 g kg−1 more seed oil, and 5 g kg−1 less meal protein than Red River 1861, an open-pollinated Roundup Ready® high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape. Evolve has an erucic acid content of 52.3% in isolated field trials of high erucic acid rapeseed genotypes and is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada.

Aboveground and below-ground carbon allocation of summer rape under elevated CO2 and air temperature

In studies on plant responses to climate change more attention has been given to aboveground processes although carbon input by plants into the soil is a major flux in the global carbon cycle. The objective of study was to investigate the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on carbon allocation and partitioning in different parts of plant, soil, and microbial biomass. An experiment was conducted on summer rape (Brassica napus L.) under increased levels of air temperature and atmospheric CO2 in controlled environment chambers. Results showed that the amount of leaf, stem and root carbon statistically significantly increased under elevated CO2 and temperature conditions. Microbial biomass carbon significantly increased by 11.2% and 13.5% under elevated CO2 and elevated CO2 and temperature, respectively, although soil carbon under both treatments decreased. It is concluded that carbon allocation is controlled under different climate conditions; however, elevated CO2 and temperature together will have a more significant effect for carbon allocation to different plant parts and microbial biomass carbon compared to elevated CO2 alone.

O3 pollution in a future climate increases the competition between summer rape and wild mustard

The initial aim of this study was to evaluate an effect of elevated CO2 concentration and air temperature (future climate) and O3 pollution on mono- and mixed-culture grown summer rape (Brassica napus L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). The second task was to reveal the mechanisms of the shift in plants’ competitiveness in response to single and combined environmental changes. Plants were grown in mono- and mixed-cultures under current climate (CC) (400 μmol mol−1 of CO2, 21/14 °C day/night temperature) or future climate (FC) conditions (800 μmol mol−1 of CO2, 25/18 °C day/night temperature) with and without O3 treatment (180 μg m−3). Competition had relatively little effect on growth of both species at current climate, independent of O3 treatment. In contrast, competitive effect of both plant species considerably increased under FC, and especially FC + O3 conditions, when growth of mixed-culture rape reduced up to 48% and that of wild mustard up to 80%. The mechanisms of elevated competitiveness of rape under the future climate consisted of better antioxidative protection, particularly elevated total antioxidative capacity and activities of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. Whereas stronger oxidative damage, disproportionally high activities of H2O2 scavenging enzymes and lower pool of soluble sugars in mixed-culture wild mustard reduced its competitiveness under FC + O3 conditions. In conclusion it must be pointed out, that regardless improved competitive abilities of rape under FC and FC + O3 conditions, competition with wild mustard reduced growth, indicating increased weed-induced yield losses in the future climate, especially with concomitant intensification of O3 pollution.

FeSO<sub>4</sub>/lime mixtures - an alternative to mineral sulfur and lime fertilizer for summer rape

Sulfur (S) is one of six important macronutrients and due to the strong reduction of atmospheric S, it has to be fertilized to cover the S demand of plants – especially of those with a high S demand. In addition to regular S fertilizers, FeSO<sub>4</sub> × 7 H<sub>2</sub>O was tested as a compound for a new S fertilizer. A pot experiment was conducted in order to test if FeSO<sub>4</sub> × 7 H<sub>2</sub>O, a by-product in TiO<sub>2</sub> production from ilmenite (FeTiO<sub>3</sub>), can be used in mixtures with limestone (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) or hydrated lime [Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>] as an S fertilizer for summer rape (Brassica napus L). The results showed that S fertilization in the form of FeSO<sub>4</sub> × 7 H<sub>2</sub>O/lime mixtures resulted in the same effects on the S and phosphorus (P) availability to summer rape as a gypsum/CaCO<sub>3</sub> mixture. Application of S as FeSO<sub>4</sub> × 7 H<sub>2</sub>O/lime mixtures resulted in the same seed yields of summer rapes as compared to S application as a gypsum/CaCO<sub>3</sub> mixture. These results indicate that FeSO<sub>4</sub> × 7 H<sub>2</sub>O/lime mixtures can be used as a combined mineral S and lime fertilizer.

HYHEAR 3 Roundup Ready® high erucic acid, low glucosinolate hybrid summer rape

HYHEAR 3 summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is a Roundup Ready®, high erucic acid, low glucosinolate cultivar. On average, HYHEAR 3 yielded 15.6% more seed, 4 g kg−1 less seed oil, and 22 g kg−1 less meal protein than Red River 1861 Roundup Ready®, high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape. HYHEAR 3 has an erucic acid content of 50.9% in isolated field trials of high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) genotypes and is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada.

Short-term Effects of Elevated Temperature and CO2 on Carbon Sequestration in Winter Wheat and Summer Rape

In order to study organic carbon (C) sequestration in different plant parts of different crop species, closed growth chamber experiment was performed with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer rape (Brassica napus L.) in a controlled environment at ambient [21oC/400 ppm] and elevated [25oC/800 ppm] temperature and CO2 conditions. Measurements of organic carbon sequestration were carried out at 28-day period after the treatment. Carbon content was measured with Shimadzu TOC solid sample module SSM-5000A. The results showed that under elevated temperature and CO2 conditions both species of crop have sequestrated the biggest amount of organic carbon in stems (575 mg g-1 in wheat and 545 mg g-1 in rape). Under conditions of [25oC/800 ppm] the amount of organic carbon in leaves of rape increased by 6.9% (p 0.05) between [21oC/400 ppm] and [25oC/800 ppm] in the amount of sequestrated organic carbon in stems and roots of rape. Contrary roots of wheat under conditions of [25oC/800 ppm] have sequestrated significantly bigger (6%, p 0.05) between ambient and elevated temperature and CO2 conditions. Our results suggest that under future elevated temperature and CO2 conditions both investigated crop species will sequester more carbon in their biomass but in different manner.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.72.4.16631

HYHEAR 2 Roundup Ready®high erucic acid, low glucosinolate hybrid summer rape

HYHEAR 2 Roundup Ready^®high erucic acid, low glucosinolate hybrid summer rape

GENE-ENGINEERED DETAILS OF A RAUDIS COMMERCIAL RAPESEED VARIETY NATURALLY TOLERANT TO GLYPHOSATE

As a result of PCR with various primers, it has been shown that the summer rape breed Raudis that was characterized as naturally resistant to glyphosate and obtained by the conventional selection method is a genetically modified organism that contains a gene construct typical of the rape line GT73 (Monsanto). This construct seems to be responsible for the experimentally confirmed gluphosate-resistance of the breed.

HYHEAR 1 hybrid Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape

McVetty, P. B. E., Cuthbert, J. L., Marwede, V., Paulmann, W., Sass, O., Duncan, R. W., Fernando, W. G. D., Li, G. and Zelmer, C. D. 2014. HYHEAR 1 hybrid Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 453–455. HYHEAR 1 summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is the world's first hybrid Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate cultivar. On average, HYHEAR 1 yielded 33% more seed, 23 g kg−1 more seed oil but 17 g kg −1 less meal protein than MillenniUM 03 high erucic acid, low glucosinolate, open pollinated population summer rape. HYHEAR 1 has an erucic acid content of 52.2% in isolated field trials of HEAR lines and is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada.

Low UV-B radiation and substrate acidity impact on photosynthetic parameters of Brassica napus

The aim of this study was to assess combined effect of 1 kJm-2d-1 UV-B radiation and substrate acidity (pH 4.8) on photosynthesis and growth of summer rape (Brassica napus) in a controlled environment. Rape were sown in a neutral (pH 6.0-6.5) peat substrate, when 2nd true leaf unfolded, growth substrate was acidified using 0.07 mM H2SO4 concentration solution and UV-B radiation exposure was started. Duration of the experiment: five days. Gas exchange parameters were measured with portable photosynthesis system LI-6400. Content of chlorophyll was evaluated spectrophotometrically. The results showed that the highest inhibition on Brassica napus growth and photosynthetic parameters was under combined effect of 1 kJm-2d-1 UV-B radiation and pH 4.8 substrate acidity. The impact of single 1 kJm-2d-1 UV-B radiation on investigated parameters was low and statistically insignificant, except transpiration rate and water use efficiency. Single substrate acidity affected in 58.6% (p < 0.05) decrease in photosynthetic rate, almost twofold decrease of transpiration rate, and 3.8% (p < 0.05) decrease in intercellular CO2 concentration, and 27.1% (p < 0.05) increase in water use efficiency, compared to the reference treatment. Combined substrate acidity and UV-B radiation effect on photosynthetic rate was the highest, when the decrease was 80.6% (p < 0.05), compared to the reference treatment. The changes of transpiration rate under combined effect of investigated stressors compared to the reference treatment were insignificant (p > 0.05). The increase (by 2%, p < 0.05) of intercellular CO2 concentration of Brassica napus affected by combined impact of investigated stressors shows that higher negative impact was on enzymatic reactions of photosynthesis than on transpiration. The highest negative effect on content of photosynthetic pigments and biomass accumulation also was of combined effect of investigated stressors.

Red River 1861 Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape

McVetty, P. B. E., Duncan, R. W., Fernando, W. G. D., Li, G. and Zelmer, C. D. 2012. Red River 1861 Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1407–1409. Red River 1861 summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is the world's fourth Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate cultivar. On average, Red River 1861 yielded 19% more seed, 7 g kg−1 more seed oil and 7 g kg −1 more meal protein than MillenniUM 03 high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape. Red River 1861 has an erucic acid content of 52.6% in isolated field trials of HEAR lines and is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada.

Effect of different levels of water deficit on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) crop

Effects of different levels of water deficit applied during rapeseed crop development were assessed in a trial with metallic pots in greenhouse at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of Kassel University, Witzenhausen, Germany. A randomized block design was used with one cultivar (Ability Summer Rape) and three levels of water deficit (0, 30, and 60% of evapotranspiration) in three treatments and 20 replicates. Irrigation management was carried out through daily water balance, where ET = I - D; ET: evapotranspiration; I: irrigation; and D: drainage. The following evaluations were carried out weekly: stem diameter (mm); plant height (cm); number of leaves; number of branches and number of pods. At the end of the experiment, assessed total green matter (g plant-1), total dry matter (g plant-1), grain yield (g plant-1), grain protein content (%) and grain oil content (%) were also assessed. Data were submitted to variance analysis and the effect of the treatments was assessed by regression analysis. Results showed significant differences between the treatments in all analysed variables except for plant height and grain protein content, by test F at 5% probability. Factor of response ky, indicator of crop sensitivity to water deficit, was lower than one for all assessed variables. Grain yield showed the highest sensitivity to water deficit.

Red River 1997 Roundup ReadyTM high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape

Red River 1997 summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is the world’s third Roundup ReadyTM high erucic acid, low glucosinolate cultivar. On average, Red River 1997 yielded 13% more seed and 22 g kg–1 more seed oil, but 4 g kg–1 less meal protein than MillenniUM 03 high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape. Red River 1997 has an erucic acid content of 51.4% in isolated field trials of HEAR lines and is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Rape, Roundup ReadyTM high erucic acid, low glucosinolate, cultivar description

Genetic diversity of Canadian elite summer rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars from the pre- to post-canola quality era

The development of canola quality Brassica napus oilseed cultivars was a major achievement of Canadian public oilseed breeding programs. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were applied to assess the genetic diversity of 300 plants representing one landrace introduced from Argentina in 1943, seven Canadian elite cultivars developed and released by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada since 1954, and two European cultivars that were the source of the low erucic acid and low glucosinolate traits that define canola quality. Application of 22 SSR primer pairs from eight linkage groups detected 88 polymorphic alleles from 33 likely loci. The allelic frequencies in 300 samples ranged from 0.003 to 0.993 and averaged 0.388. The estimates of mean heterozygosity for these cultivars ranged from 0.055 to 0.203 and averaged 0.139. The most SSR variation was detected in the cultivars Argentine, Golden and Oro. A trend of decline in SSR variation was observed over the years of breeding effort. The proportion of total SSR variation residing among the cultivars was 51.4%; between high vs. low erucic acid cultivars 15% and between high vs. low glucosinolate cultivars 21.2%. Pairwise genetic differentiations among these cultivars ranged from 0.140 to 0.819 and averaged 0.500. Cluster analysis revealed that the genetic relationships of these cultivars were consistent with their known pedigrees. These findings are useful for broadening the genetic base of improved B. napus gene pools, selecting genetically diverse genotypes for hybrid combinations, and conserving summer rape germplasm.Key words: Simple sequence repeat, summer rape, Brassica napus, genetic diversity, genetic relationship, genetic structure

Breeding for improved oil and meal quality in rape (Brassica napus L.) and turnip rape (Brassica campestris L.)

The plant breeding in rapeseed is to-day strongly directed towards improved oil and meal quality. For edible purposes an oil free from erucic and eicosenoic acid, with high linoleic and low linolenic acid content is desirable, while for technical purposes a high erucic acid content is demanded. The combination of the half-seed and the backcross methods has implied considerable advantages in the breeding work in comparison with the inbreeding method. As a result Gulliver, a high-yielding, low-erucic-acid variety of summer rape, was released in 1977. Removal of the glucosinolates from the rape meal will considerably increase its feed-stuff value. Besides, a turnover to yellow-seeded material is advantageous to the exploitation of the low glucosinolate meal as a protein source for human beings. The breeding work has resulted in promising lines of rape and turnip rape low in both erucic acid and glucosinolate content. In summer turnip rape material including also high linoleic acid content and yellow seed colour is built up.

Formation of summer rape productivity by applying biological growth regulators

Formation of summer rape productivity by applying biological growth regulators

Comparison of the Structures of Triacylglycerols from Native and Transgenic Medium‐Chain Fatty Acid‐Enriched Rape Seed Oil by Liquid Chromatography–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion‐Trap Mass Spectrometry (LC–APCI‐ITMS)

The sn position of fatty acids in seed oil lipids affects physiological function in pharmaceutical and dietary applications. In this study the composition of acyl-chain substituents in the sn positions of glycerol backbones in triacylglycerols (TAG) have been compared. TAG from native and transgenic medium-chain fatty acid-enriched rape seed oil were analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with online atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. The transformation of summer rape with thioesterase and 3-ketoacyl-[ACP]-synthase genes of Cuphea lanceolata led to increased expression of 1.5% (w/w) caprylic acid (8:0), 6.7% (w/w) capric acid (10:0), 0.9% (w/w) lauric acid (12:0), and 0.2% (w/w) myristic acid (14:0). In contrast, linoleic (18:2n6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n3) levels decreased compared with the original seed oil. The TAG sn position distribution of fatty acids was also modified. The original oil included eleven unique TAG species whereas the transgenic oil contained sixty. Twenty species were common to both oils. The transgenic oil included trioctadecenoyl-glycerol (18:1/18:1/18:1) and trioctadecatrienoyl-glycerol (18:3/18:3/18:3) whereas the native oil included only the latter. The transgenic TAG were dominated by combinations of caprylic, capric, lauric, myrisitic, palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1n9), linoleic, arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0), and lignoceric acids (24:0), which accounted for 52% of the total fat. In the original TAG palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids accounted for 50% of the total fat. Medium-chain triacylglycerols with capric and lauric acids combined with stearic, oleic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic, arachidic, and gondoic acids (20:1n9) accounted for 25% of the transgenic oil. The medium-chain fatty acids were mainly integrated into the sn-1/3 position combined with the essential linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids at the sn-2 position. Eight species contained caprylic, capric, and lauric acids in the sn-2 position. The appearance of new TAG in the transgenic oil illustrates the extensive effect of genetic modification on fat metabolism by transformed plants and offers interesting possibilities for improved enteral applications.

Sowing properties of summer rape seeds depending on fertilizers and terms of harvesting

In the article the results of research of sowing properties - emergence rate and laboratory germinating capacity seeds summer rape are resulted depending on variants of fertilizers and terms of harvesting.

Red River 1852 Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape

Red River 1852 summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is the world’s second Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate cultivar. It has a 3% yield advantage over Reston high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape in the mid-season zone, is 26 g kg-1 higher in seed oil content than Reston, is equal to Reston in meal protein content and is adapted to all B. napus growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Rape, Roundup Ready™, high erucic acid, low glucosinolate, cultivar description

Red River 1826 Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape

Red River 1826 summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is the world’s first Roundup Ready™ high erucic acid, low glucosinolate cultivar. It has an average 1% yield advantage over Reston high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape, is 39 g kg-1 higher in seed oil content than Reston, 13 g kg-1 higher in meal protein content than Reston, and is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Rape, Roundup Ready™, high erucic acid, low glucosinolate, cultivar description