Summer Pruning Research Articles

Differential responses of summer pruning timing on growth, quality and yield of low chill peach

Abstract Summer pruning is an important horticultural operation that is performed to manipulate tree response so as to make it better manageable without a reduction in yield and fruit quality. But the timing is also an important factor in performing this event. Keeping in view the above facts, the present investigation was carried out to elucidate the ‘differential response of summer pruning timing on cropping behavior in low-chill peach cvs. Florida Prince and Shan-i-Punjab’. The experiment was carried out at the experimental orchard of the Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur (HP) during the years 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. There are six treatments in the experiment, each with four replications. T1: no pruning; T2: 25% summer pruning on July 10th + winter pruning (WP); T3: 25% summer pruning on July 20th +WP; T4: 25% summer pruning on July 30th +WP; T5: 25% summer pruning on August 10th +WP); and T6: standard winter pruning (SWP). According to the study’s findings, combining 25% summer pruning on July 10th with winter pruning resulted in the greatest improvement in terms of vegetative, flowering or blooming, and qualitative parameters, namely fruit weight, fruit shape index, total soluble solid, and sugar content. However, Florida Prince showed positive enhancement of various characteristics and performed better than Shan-i-Punjab.

The Training Systems Affect Fruit Quality, Yield, and Labor Efficiency in Peach (P. persica L. Batsch)

In the Vase system, the most common training system for peach-growing countries for more than a century, light distribution to the canopy is uneven, and access to the canopy for pruning, thinning, and harvest labor is difficult. It is important to identify alternative systems to the Vase system considering the cultivar and growing environment to facilitate labor and enhance productivity and quality. In Türkiye, one of the important centers of peach growing worldwide, detailed research has yet to be published on the applicability of training systems alternative to the widely used Vase system. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different training systems (Vase, Catalan Vase, Quad-V, Tri-V) on growth, yield, fruit quality, and labor costs of peach cultivars (Extreme® 314, Extreme® 436, Extreme® 568). The experiment was conducted from 2017 to 2022. Although the distance between rows in all training systems is 5 m, the distance between trees on the row is determined as 4 m in Vase, 3 m in Catalan Vase, 2.5 m in Quad-V, and 2 m in Tri-V. In the experiment, vegetative development parameters, such as canopy volume, trunk sectional area, and the amount of winter pruning weights, differed according to the training system. In the final year, the Vase system, which produces the most pruning weight, generates 48.0% more pruning weight compared with the Tri-V system, which produces the least. Concerning yield per tree and hectare, trained to the Vase system yielded higher fruit per tree regardless of cultivar, while the Quad-V and Tri-V systems yielded more fruit per hectare. The training system and cultivar affected the fruit size; the largest fruits were obtained from the Extreme® 568 cultivar trained according to the Vase system. The most time needed for winter pruning was obtained from the Vase (79.4 min/tree) system, and the Tri-V (57.4 min/tree) and Quad-V (60.3 min/tree) systems required the least time. The Catalan Vase (31.1 min/tree) system required the least time for summer pruning. The most fruit harvest in an hour was obtained from the trees trained according to the Tri-V (164.5 kg/h) and Quad-V (132.02 kg/h) systems. These results suggest that Quad-V and Catalan Vase systems performed well and could be alternatives to the Vase system.

Leafiness-LiDAR index and NDVI for identification of temporal patterns in super-intensive almond orchards as response to different management strategies

The use of super-intensive orchards is a growing trend in fruit production. The present study aims to improve management of these cropping systems by focusing on how agronomic decisions impact orchard dynamics in the short to medium term and by providing a decision-support approach based on stable temporal patterns from previous seasons. A multitemporal study using remote sensing and LiDAR was conducted in a commercial almond orchard over four growing seasons (2019–2022) to determine the optimal timing of image acquisition for variable pre-harvest treatments. A model-based clustering (mclust) was applied to optimal Sentinel-2 NDVI maps and apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) data, interpolated to the pixel centroids of Sentinel-2 image grids, to delineate potential management zones (PMZs). The leafiness-LiDAR index (LLI), a leaf area index (LAI) estimator, was obtained as ground truth after summer pruning and before harvesting, showing a significant influence of fertigation and pruning on the LAI, with summer pruning particularly influencing orchard dynamics. The optimal time for NDVI mapping was found to be two months after summer pruning in productive years and two weeks after in unproductive years. The delineated PMZs were consistent across seasons and corresponded to significant LAI differences. This method could contribute to improving resource management and sustainability in super-intensive commercial orchards.

Root growth dynamics of two southern highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L. interspecific hybrids) cultivars in the Western Cape, South Africa

The objective of this research was to obtain a better understanding of the root growth dynamics of two southern highbush blueberry (SHB) cultivars, '8-–42′ 42′ and '9–02′, in the Western Cape, South Africa, southern hemisphere (SH). The number and length of new roots were measured from June 2020 to June 2021 in commercial orchards in the Hex River production area. Root production was similar between the cultivars and initially peaked at the onset of early winter, to coincide with flowering. A second peak occurred in mid-summer, approximately one month after fruit harvest and summer pruning (late November, SH) and continued until shoot growth declined in late autumn (early May, SH). Soil temperatures ranged between 11 and 20 °C during the first peak in root production and 17 and 31°C during the second peak, suggesting that new root production was controlled by the stage of plant development rather than soil temperature. This paper provides the first report on root development in SHB under the SH conditions and contributes towards implementing precision irrigation and fertigation strategies for evergreen systems.

High-quality off-season mulberry fruit (Morus laevigata Wall.) induced by summer pruning

The growing recognition of mulberries as a potent source of bioactive and nutritional compounds, coupled with their increasing global consumption, underscores the need for efficient off-season cultivation. This study explores the influence of both in-season and off-season cultivation on the yield, bioactive components, and antioxidant activity of ‘Taiwan Changguosang’ (Morus laevigata Wall.) in a greenhouse setting. Despite the lower fruit yield during the off-season, the off-season fruit exhibits higher levels of bioactive compounds, including total anthocyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids compared to its in-season counterpart. Additionally, the off-season fruit demonstrates enhanced DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), attributed to climatic conditions during fruit development, particularly air temperature and solar radiation. Moreover, the off-season fruit proves to be more palatable, showcasing a favorable balance between sugar and acid. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis revealed a close association between antioxidant activity and the chemical contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids. This study underscores the feasibility and benefits of off-season cultivation for enhancing the nutritional profile and antioxidant potential of mulberries, providing valuable insights for optimizing cultivation practices.

Effects of summer pruning on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The objective of the study is to investigate the mechanism by which summer pruning enhances the growth of pepper plants, as indicated by growth and fruit appearance indicators, photosynthetic rate and gas exchange parameters, rapid light response and induction kinetics curves and the related chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results indicated that the leaf growth rate, the individual pepper fruit weight, and the fruit longitudinal and cross diameters of the pruned group were significantly higher than those of the control. The stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) of the pruned group were significantly higher than those of the control. The initial slope of the rapid light response curve, which represents light energy utilisation efficiency (α), the maximum electron transfer rate (Jmax) and saturated light intensity (PARsat) were all higher in the summer pruning group than in the control group. The F0 of the pruned group decreased by 16.83%, Fv/F0 increased by 23.69%, PIabs increased by 58.33%, and DIo/RC decreased by 22.09% compared to the control group. In summary, summer pruning significantly improves the leaf growth rate and fruit appearance quality of pepper, effectively promotes the photosynthesis of functional leaves, and reduces the degree of stress under adverse environmental conditions.

Long-Term Study of the Crop Forcing Technique on cv. Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L.) Vines and Suggested Irrigation Strategies to Improve Water Use Efficiency of Forced Vines

Recently, the crop forcing technique (summer pruning that “forces” the vine to start a new cycle) has proven to be effective in delaying the harvest date and increasing must acidity, but also reducing the yield. However, recent information on deficit irrigation strategies combined with the crop forcing technique reveals that the crop forcing technique reduces irrigation water use efficiency. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 was a 4-year trial to test the effect of the forcing pruning date on the phenology, yield, yield components and water requirements when post-veraison water stress is applied. In this experiment, the treatments were unforced vines (UF-RDI) and forced vines with a forcing pruning date about 70 (F1-RDI) and 100 (F2-RDI) days after budburst. The harvest date was delayed 34 (F1) and 66 (F2) days increasing the must acidity and malic acid concentration in the forced treatments. However, both forced treatments had a reduced yield (36% in F1 and 49% in F2) and irrigation water use efficiency (12% in F1 and 65% in F2). Experiment 2 was a 2-year trial in which irrigation was suppressed before the forcing pruning in F1 (F1-Pre) and F2 (F2-Pre) and after veraison. The yield, yield components, must quality and irrigation were compared to forced vines with irrigation suppression only after veraison (F1-RDI and F2-RDI). For the entire experiment, both treatments in which irrigation was suppressed before the forcing pruning reduced the amount of irrigation supplied (10% in F1-Pre and 30% in F2-Pre) with no negative effects on the yield, yield components or must quality when compared to F-RDI treatments.

Poda de verão e dobramento de galhos de pessegueiros em região subtropical

Abstract The objective of this work was to quantify peach (Prunus persica) tree production in the Y-training and open-vase management systems, subjected to three summer pruning methods. The experiment was set up in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with two management systems and three summer pruning methods (no summer pruning, summer pruning, and branch bending). The plants were arranged in two spacings: 1.5×5.0 m for the Y-training system, with 1,334 plants per hectare; and 4.0×5.0 m for open-vase system, with 500 plants per hectare. In the early summer of 2019, summer pruning was performed, being repeated in the three following years. In the branch bending treatment, new branches were twisted manually until reaching an angle of 110°. In the treatment without summer pruning, the branches were not removed. The Y-training system increases peach production. The methods of branch bending in summer and no prunning in summer provide an equivalent peach production, whereas the summer pruning treatment results in the lowest production.

The influence of the summer pruning on ‘Fuji’ apples storage under controlled atmosphere

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the summer pruning time in ‘Fuji’ apple trees on the quality of fruit at harvest and after storage in controlled atmosphere with extremely low O2 (CA-ELO) (0.5 kPa O2). The treatments evaluated were summer pruning in December, January, and February, in addition to a control treatment (without summer pruning). The experiment was carried out in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons. The fruit were evaluated at harvest and after eight months of CA-ELO (0.5 kPa O2 + <0.5 kPa CO2/1.5 ± 0.2°C/92 ± 2% RH) storage, at chamber opening, and after 7 days of shelf-life at 23 ± 3°C and 60 ± 5% RH. The quality of the fruit was evaluated through of soluble solids, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, fruit color, and physiological disorder incidence (sunburn and flesh browning), in addition to enzymatic activity and concentration of functional compounds. There was no significant effect of the summer pruning time on fruit flesh firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and rot incidence after storage under CA-ELO plus 7 days of shelf life. Summer pruning in February resulted in fruit with higher peel red color development, which in general contains a higher concentration of functional compounds at harvest (total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity), and lower flesh browning incidence in ‘Fuji’ apples stored under CA-ELO. The nitrogen (N) concentration and nitrogen/calcium ratio (N/Ca) in the second growing season were lower in fruit from plants pruned in February, compared to no summer pruning or earlier pruning. The superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activity were lower in fruit from treatments with summer pruning in January and February, whereas the polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity was lower when summer pruning was conducted in February.

Prunings in fruit species, source of food reserve for beef cattle breeding

Summer pruning of fruit species as an alternative for feeding with vegetable waste in beef cattle breeding is observed. The experiment was conducted in 2020 in an experimental farm for beef cows (Hornless Hereford breed) of the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan (Bulgaria). The animals were fed in a controlled manner with standardized amounts of foliar fodder, obtained after summer pruning of fruit crops (plums, apples, pears). The main purpose of the study is to consider the potential and opportunity of using plant matter after summer pruning (green pruning) in various orchards, as a food reserve in beef cattle breeding. The highest appetite was shown by the leaves and twigs obtained during plum pruning (combined group of two cultivars) (46.6%), followed by those of the apple (31.2%) and the lowest value was registered for pear species (22.2%). The total amount of the three types of fodder is accepted as 100%. Compared to the other studied species, the foliar fodder from Prunus domestica had the highest content of crude protein (20.3%), minerals (11.7%), calcium (2.2%), phosphorus (0.6%) and nitrogen (3.2%).

Effects of summer pruning on the water status and physiology of olive trees and on fruit characteristics and oil quality

An investigation was carried out in 2017 in central Italy, in an adult olive orchard with trees of the cultivar Leccino, spaced 5 × 5 m, trained to a vase and pruned biennially. The aim was to evaluate the effects of summer pruning (i.e. eliminating suckers, in the central part of the canopy, in the non-pruning year), on the water status and physiology of the leaves, on the yield/tree, and on fruit characteristics and oil quality. Unpruned trees were used as the control. During the investigation (July-October), rainfall was low (less than 100 mm) and the orchard was not irrigated. During the summer, the leaves of summer-pruned trees had higher relative water content (RWC) and greater photosynthetic activity than those of control trees. Summer-pruned trees had similar yield, but higher oil content on a dry-weight basis. Oil qualitative parameters (free acidity, peroxide value and spectrophotometric absorbances in the ultra-violet) were similar, whereas the total content of phenolic compounds was higher in control trees. The oils from summer-pruned trees were more herbaceous and fruity, and less bitter and spicy than oils from control trees. The results show that in situations where there is considerable formation of suckers, such as in the case of biennial, triennial or plurennial pruning, summer pruning can contribute to improving tree water status and the physiological condition, favoring photosynthetic activity. This practice also has effects on fruit oil content and oil quality, producing more aromatic and less bitter and spicy oil. Overall, the results indicate that summer pruning can have effects similar to irrigation.

Summer pruning and pneumatic preharvest-defoliation affect the light distribution within the canopy and improve the fruit quality of two bicolored apple cultivars

Summer pruning and pneumatic preharvest-defoliation affect the light distribution within the canopy and improve the fruit quality of two bicolored apple cultivars

The effect of summer pruning time and severity on antioxidant capacity and storage quality of Hayward kiwifruit

BACKGROUND Summer pruning of kiwifruit has an important effect on fruit quality and storability. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of summer pruning time and severity on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics and storability of Hayward kiwifruit. METHODS: The present study was conducted to evaluate summer pruning time (one week after fruit set [1WAFS] and four weeks after fruit set [4WAFS]) and pruning severity (1 - no pruning [control], 2 - shoot pruning after the third or fourth leaf after the last fruit [common pruning], 3 - tip squeezing, and 4 - zero leaf pruning in 20% of fruit-bearing shoots with unlimited growth) on Hayward kiwifruit in 2020 and 2021. RESULTS: The results showed that, at harvest time, the highest average fruit weight and total acid were 124.00 g and 1.74% in the tip squeezing treatment observed in the 4WAFS pruning time in 2021. Zero leaf pruning produced fruits with the highest firmness and antioxidant capacity in 2020 and the highest vitamin C and total phenols in 2021. At the end of 90 days of cold storage, in the tip squeezing treatment, fruit firmness at 4WAFS pruning time was higher than in 1WAFS pruning time in the second year, and the highest antioxidant capacity was in 1WAFS pruning time in the first year. In the second year, the highest vitamin C, firmness, and dry matter were obtained in the zero leaf pruning treatment. In this treatment, the highest total phenols and antioxidant capacity were 133.96 mg GAE/100 g FW and 86.75%, respectively, observed in 4WAFS pruning time in the second year. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, tip squeezing and zero leaf pruning at the time of 4WAFS improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics at the harvest and cold storage.

Summer pruning in Mediterranean vineyards: is climate change affecting its perception, modalities, and effects?

Summer pruning encompasses a series of operations typically performed on the grapevine during the growing season. This review provides an update on the research conducted over the last 20 years on the modalities and strategies of main summer pruning operations, which include shoot positioning and thinning, shoot trimming, leaf removal, and cluster thinning, with a special focus on their adaptation to climate change occurring in Mediterranean areas. Three main novelties emerged from the survey. First, due to a common need to shelter clusters against overheating and sunburn-related damages, shoot thinning and leaf removal are practices that are now being applied in a much more cautious and conservative manner. Second, the meaning of summer pruning is evolving because operations are being used as precious tools to direct ripening toward a desired direction rather than being received passively. Third, some operations, such as leaf removal, have disclosed very high plasticity, which means that, depending on the timing and modalities of the intervention, yield can be either increased or decreased and ripening anticipated or postponed. In an era where economic and environmental sustainability have to find a good compromise, cluster thinning is increasingly being depicted as an extraordinary operation that should be left to occasional occurrences of overcropping. Moreover, summer pruning is a tool through which growers can, to an extent, exploit the potentialities offered by climate change. For instance, the crop-forcing technique, under the different configurations of single and double cropping within the same season, has been trialed promisingly in several regions and cultivars. The principle of forcing is to unlock the dormant bud during the first year by removing at least the young organs present on the shoot within a time window between the end of the flowering and pea-size stages. In particular, when it is applied in a double-cropping mode, the preliminary results related to Pinot noir, Grenache, Tempranillo, and Maturana tinta indicate that two harvests separated by 30-50 days can be obtained, with the latter having superior quality in terms of a lower level of pH and higher levels of acidity, anthocyanins, and phenolics.

Parameters of apple tree crowns depending on the crown shape and pruning time

The apple tree is a leading fruit crop in Ukraine in terms of production volumes and planting areas and is a valuable food product with a high content of vitamins. In new modern plantings, fruit producers prefer intensive cultivation technologies that ensure the maximum amount of high-quality fruit yield per unit area. The main criterion for solving this problem is the design of plantings: a narrow-row scheme for planting trees and a low-volume crown shape. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of the pruning period of different types of crown formations on the growth and productivity of apple trees of two varieties: Fuji and Honey Crisp. The study was conducted in the conditions of the central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Uman National University of Horticulture). The scheme of planting was 4x1 m, M.9 rootstock, chernozem sod-podzolic soil, drip irrigation. Field, statistical, and computational-analytical methods were used in the course of the study. It was identified that the growth pattern of the examined varieties differed substantially, and crown volume, projection area, and development of the feeding area prevailed in Honey Crisp trees. However, in terms of productivity, the plantings of the Fuji variety substantially exceeded the values of the Honey Crisp variety. Forming a ballerina crown with the removal of overgrown wood in a 25 cm zone on the central trunk above the lower tier of semi-cellular branches provided an increase in the growth activity of the examined trees by 3-5%. A substantial decrease in the values of crown parameters was provided by the formation of the French axis crown – there was a decrease in the crown diameter by 44%, the crown volume – by 67%, and the crown projection area and the development of the feeding area – by 69%. Performing additional summer pruning of trees also helped to reduce growth activity by 6-11%. However, the specific productivity of plantings doubled in plantings with the formation of the French axis and by 45-50% with the introduction of double pruning of trees. It is recommended that agricultural producers investigate the terms of pruning low-volume crown forms, considering varietal characteristics, to create compacted apple stands and increase the intensification of production

Effect of Pruning Treatments and the Addition of Humic Acid on Growth and Yield of Zaytoni Cultivar Grape Trees

This study was conducted in one of the private orchards located in the Altun Kobri sub-district of Dibs district, about (20) km away from Kirkuk governorate, during the growing season (2020-2021). This is to study the effect of six levels of summer pruning, the first level (T1) without pruning, the second level (T2) removing the tops of the main branches after the decade, and the third level (T3) removing the tops of the main branches after the decade and the fourth level (T4) removing leaves and leaving (8) Leaves for each fruit cluster, the fifth level (T5) remove the leaves and leave (10) leaves for each fruit cluster, the sixth level (T6) remove the leaves and leave (12) leaves for each fruit cluster. And the addition of three levels of humic acid (zero, 20, 40) g. vine-1 and its symbol (H1, H2, H3) sequentially, in the growth and yield characteristics of grape vines of the olive variety, and it was added a week after the contract (25/5/2021). The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with three sectors.

Cumulative response of Tempranillo vines to the crop forcing technique and pre-forcing and post-veraison water stress in terms of yield and grape and wine quality

Elevated temperatures during berry ripening are detrimental to grape quality. The crop forcing technique (summer pruning that ‘forces’ the vine to start a new cycle) increases must acidity and malic acid concentration at harvest by delaying the date of veraison. However, little information is available on the sensitivity to water stress of forced vines. A 3-year trial was conducted to test three irrigation strategies in forced vines: a minimum threshold of mid-day stem water potential (Ψs) of −0.75 MPa before forcing (DI), a minimum Ψs threshold of −1.2 MPa only after veraison (RDI), and the combination of both treatments (DI + RDI). Results were compared to a non-forced treatment with a minimum Ψs threshold of −1.2 MPa after veraison (C-RDI). Must acidity increased, and pH decreased in the forced treatments. However, yield was reduced by 35% and irrigation requirements increased by 20% when comparing forced and unforced treatments. As a result, water use efficiency was reduced in forced treatments. Only after a dry spring did the, DI (11%) and DI + RDI (30%) treatments, save water compared to the C-RDI treatment. Moreover, although Ψs before forcing never fell below −0.75 MPa, a significant negative correlation (R2 = 0.76) was found between the integral of water stress before the vines were forced and the number of forced bunches per vine. Post-veraison water stress in forced vines reduced the polyphenol content of the wine. Our findings suggest that forced vines are extremely sensitive to even mild water stress.

THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-HARVEST TREATMENTS ON FRUITS QUALITY OF APPLE CULTIVARS (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.)

Apples fruit quality is mainly influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Various possible pomological approaches are able to improve fruit quality and market value. Among these, techniques of fruit bagging and summer pruning have become an integral part of pomological practises in many countries, because it is a safe and eco-friendly technique to protect fruits from multiple stresses, preserving or improving the overall quality. The bagging consists essentially of enclosing a young fruit in a cardboard bag. Isolating the fruit from the external environment protects it during development from mechanical or biotic damage, especially in regions where fruits are prone to attacks by fungi, bacteria, insects and even birds. The expected increasing fruit skin color in comparison to non-bagged fruits can therefore correspond either to a reduction or an increase in color or even a greater homogeneity of the color itself.
 The aim of this research was to determine how the application of post-harvest aids affects the quality of fruits and storage capacity of three cultivars of late-ripening apples (Breaburn, Fuji and Pink Lady). Applying summer pruning and covering apple fruits with cardboard bags has a positive effect on increasing the surface of the complementary color on the skin of the fruit.In addition, the influence of these measures on the physical and chemical properties of the fruits after harvest and storage for a period of four months was examined. The experiment was set up in 2019 in a completely randomized design with five replications in the nine leaves old orchards of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade. The used pre-harvest treatments influenced the increase in yield, fruit firmness, and chemical composition. The summer pruning of branches four weeks before harvesting significantly improve percentage of fruit skin color to all examined cultivars, while bagging of fruits only had increased of fruit skin to cultivar Breaburn. 

Morphology and Anatomy of Sylleptic Shoots of Plum Trees (Prunus domestica L.) as Influenced by Different Dates of Shoot Heading During Summer Pruning

Morphology and Anatomy of Sylleptic Shoots of Plum Trees (<i>Prunus domestica</i> L.) as Influenced by Different Dates of Shoot Heading During Summer Pruning

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Influence of Summer Pruning Time on Shoot Growth and Fruit Quality of ‘Fuji’/M.9 Apple Tree Damaged by the Low Air Temperature at Flowering Period-Apple valsa canker,Fruit weight,Light penetration,Regrowth of shoot,Return bloom