Summer Camp For Diabetic Children Research Articles

The Pediatric Endocrinology Forum: Summer Camps for Diabetic Children in the Southeastern Regions of Turkey

The Pediatric Endocrinology Forum: Summer Camps for Diabetic Children in the Southeastern Regions of Turkey

The Child: an encyclopedic companion

Informed parents know there is an abundance of information about children and child development available on the Internet, but can they trust that the content they find is authoritative? Professionals who work with children know where to find research relevant to their specialty, but where can they go to find reliable information on other related disciplines? Child offers both parents and professionals access to the best scholarship from all areas of child studies - and from all regions of the world - in a remarkable one-volume reference. This encyclopedic companion brings together contemporary research on children and childhood from pediatrics, child psychology, childhood studies, education, sociology, history, law, anthropology, and other related areas - in sum, more than five hundred articles, all written by experts in their fields and overseen by noted anthropologist Richard A. Shweder. Each entry begins with a concise and accessible synopsis of the topic at hand. For example, the entry on 'adoption' begins with a general definition, followed by a detailed look at adoption in different cultures and at different times, a summary of the associated mental and developmental issues that can arise, and an overview of applicable legal and public policy both within the United States and elsewhere. Within the scope of a few pages, readers encounter a wide range of information and perspectives on this complex and fascinating topic. Entries also include multiple cross-references to guide readers toward related topics within the volume and suggestions for further reading. While many of the entries address universal, biological facts about children - most fetuses suck their thumbs, for example, and most babies develop musical rhythm by seven months - they also consider the many worlds of childhood within the United States and around the globe. Alongside the topical articles, Child includes more than forty 'Imagining Each Other' essays, which focus on the experiences of particular children in different cultures. In 'Work before Play for Yucatec Mayan Children', for example, readers learn of the work responsibilities of some modern-day Mexican children, while in 'A Hindu Brahman Boy Is Born Again', they witness a coming-of-age ritual in contemporary India. This is the best scholarship from a wide range of disciplines, including: anthropology; child development; childhood studies; education; History; Law; Literature; Pediatrics; Psychology; public policy; religion; and, Sociology. Compiled by some of the most distinguished child development researchers in the world, Child will broaden the current scope of knowledge on children and childhood. It is an unparalleled resource for parents, social workers, researchers, educators, and others who work with children, and will spark a necessary discussion about children and childhood around the world. Offering a unique global perspective - selections from the 'Imagining Each Other' essays include: Growing Up Hearing in a Deaf Family; Formality and Fun in Kinship Relations among the Gusii; Educated at Home in the United States; Children as Family Caregivers in Mexico; On Infants Sleeping Alone; The Luminous Books of Childhood; Trial by Fire: Emotional Socialization among Canadian Inuit; The Parenting Style of a Turkish Reformer; Memories of Childhood on an Israeli Kibbutz; Summer Camp for Diabetic Children: A Stigma-Free Zone; An African American Grandmother Combats Racial Hatred; Early Childhood Education in Japan; and, A Refugee's Childhood in the West Bank.

An Outcome Survey of All Participants in the First Summer Camp for Diabetic Children in Japan in 1963

An Outcome Survey of All Participants in the First Summer Camp for Diabetic Children in Japan in 1963

Safety and efficacy of blood glucose management practices at a diabetes camp

Camps are an important part of diabetic management in children yet data on the safety and efficacy of camps are limited. We assessed the safety and efficacy of blood glucose management guidelines at summer camps for diabetic children. Consistent management guidelines were implemented during 10 consecutive diabetes camps held in the same facility between 1998 and 2002. Using the entire sample of campers aged 9-13 years, we analysed insulin dosage alterations, the frequency of hypoglycaemia (<4 mmol/L), hyperglycaemia (>15 mmol/L) and ketosis and evaluated our overnight management guidelines. The effects of sex, year, age, insulin regimen and duration of diagnosis on hypoglycaemia frequency were determined. Mean insulin doses decreased 19.2% (95% confidence interval 16.9-21.6%) by the last day of camp (day 6) relative to the day prior to camp. Mean blood glucose levels were 11.4 mmol/L before breakfast and the main evening meal, 11.3 mmol/L before bed, 10.8 mmol/L at midnight and 9.4 mmol/L at 3 am. Of the 10 839 readings analysed, 984 (9.1%) were below 4 mmol/L (0.5 per camper/day) with no clinical grade 3 (seizure or coma) hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia frequency was independent of sex, year, age, insulin regimen and duration of diagnosis (all P > 0.05). There were 2570 (23.7%) readings above 15 mmol/L (1.4 per camper/day) but only 42 (0.4%) were associated with significant ketosis. Children at diabetes camps experience considerable blood glucose variability; however, the careful application of monitoring and management guidelines can avoid serious adverse events.

Summer camps for diabetic children: an experience in Antalya, Turkey.

To evaluate the effectiveness of diabetic summer camps with objective parameters, we examined the data relative to summer camps organized by our department in Antalya in the last two years. The duration of the camps was 10 days. Twenty-eight diabetic children with an average age of 13.6 +/- 2.9 years (range 8-20) participated in the first camp, fourteen of whom participated in both camps. The medical personnel consisted of three pediatric endocrinologists, one psychologist, two diabetes nurses and two dietitians. Despite a mean 10% reduction in insulin dosage and 10% increment in daily calorie intake at the beginning of the camp, hypoglycemia was common (mean, 2.4 hypoglycemic episodes per subject). Ketoacidosis was not encountered in any of the subjects during and after camps. An increment in weight in children whose weights, with respect to heights, were under the ideal weight and a decrement in weight of overweight children were observed at the end of the first camp. A significant improvement in knowledge and self-management of the disease was noted at the end of the camps. Improvement in nutrition and diabetic knowledge level of the children who participated in these consecutive camps was more obvious in the second compared with that in the first camp. No significant change in HbA1c level was observed at follow-up. In conclusion, summer camps are an invaluable way for diabetic children to gain skills in managing their disease.

Summer camps for diabetic children: an experience in Campania, Italy

To evaluate the effectiveness of summer camps with objective parameters, the authors examined data relative to nine summer camps organized by the Young Diabetics Association in Campania, Italy. The mean duration of camps was 10 days (range, 8–15) and a total of 256 diabetic children with an average age of 10 (range 8–16) participated in them. The medical personnet consisted of three pediatric endocrinologists, one psychologist, two male nurses and two parents who were directors of the Association. A significant improvement in knowledge and self-management of the disease was noted at the end of the camps. A beneficial effect on mean HbA1c levet was also observed in the diabetic children who attended the monthly meetings and follow-up checks with their parents after the camp. On the other hand, a worsening of these values was noted in diabetic children who did not participate in them. No increased incidence of hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis was found during or after camps, in contrast with previous studies. From a psychological viewpoint, the results suggest that summer camps have an important bearing on achieving acceptance of the disease. Sharing personal experiences with actively involved parents who participated in self-management training together with their children, has favourably influenced the results of this experience in Campania.

History and of activities of Japan Diabetes Society

After 1953, Dr. Y. Kobayashi organized a study group of chemotherapy of diabetes mellitus, and then a more broader ‘Diabetes Study Group’ sponsored by the Ministry of Education. During these group activities, the members felt the need to establish a forum to discuss various aspects of diabetology. In December 1957, an inaugural meeting of the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS) was held. The objectives of the Society were to promote the investigation and to spread the knowledge on diabetes and to thereby prevent the hazard arising from diabetes. Since that time, JDS has been admitted as a member of the International Diabetes Federation in 1958, and was approved as an incorporated association by the Ministry of Education in 1985. It has now seven regional branches. Members increased greatly and reached 7795 in March 1993. In every year, JDS has a 3-day nationwide general scientific meeting, and local meetings are held by each of its branches. The official journal ‘Tonyobyo (Journal of the Japan Diabetes Society)’ is being issued monthly. JDS edited educational books for diabetic patients, such as ‘Guidebook for the Treatment of Diabetes’, ‘The Exchange List of Foods for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus’ and ‘The Guidebook of Summer Camp for Diabetic Children’. In 1967, JDS began to hold a 2-day post-graduate course named ‘Progress in Diabetology’ for physicians, nurses, dieticians and other health professionals. JDS has a close connection with the Japan Association of Diabetes Care and Education, co-sponsoring the ‘diabetes week’ every year. JDS participated in the activities of International Diabetes Federation in many aspects. The first office of IDF Western Pacific Region, placed in Kobe, was supported by JDS. The 15th IDF meeting in Kobe is now being prepared by many members of the JDS.

Rising Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Hungarian Children (1978–1987)

A retrospective epidemiological study using primary data sources and external validation was conducted to assess the incidence of childhood (0 to 14 years) Type 1 diabetes in Hungary (excluding the Budapest region) over a 10-year period. Hospital records and regional diabetes centres' registries served as primary data sources, and data were validated by using the records of summer camps for diabetic children. The degree of ascertainment was 96.2%. Age-specific incidence rates increased until puberty with peak incidence in girls at 10 yr, and in boys at 13 yr. There was a significant seasonal variation of onset with peaks in autumn and winter. The incidence was slightly lower amongst boys than amongst girls. A statistically significant increase in incidence was evident in the last decade, from 3.8 per 100,000 in 1978 to 8.2 per 100,000 in 1987.

Summer camps for diabetic children in Beijing of China.

The first summer camp for diabetic children was held in 1984 in Beijing. Since then we have held summer camp every year, the last summer camp was the fifth camp in 1988. The purpose of summer camps for diabetic children are to train the patients and increase the skills of diabetics self-control practice. The recreation activities are also important for their good communication and psychological adaptation. The campers of camps were 28-35 diabetic children, totally 154 participants consisting of 73 boys and 81 girls. Most of the children were 10-14 years old. The staffs include pediatricians, nurses and others. The ratio of campers with staffs were 2.7-3.2. The session of the camps were always of five days length. The characters of activities in camps were all the arrangements must be for diabetic children, included planning diet, insuring the urine sugar exam, insulin injection before each meal, and give some lectures for training the managed skills of diabetes, meanwhile the recreation programs and exercise were also a consisting portion of activations. The summer camps were beneficial for diabetic children. They learned many useful techniques of diabetes and their capacity of life adaptation were increased, and the self-confidence enhanced their future daily life.

Relationship between hypoglycemic symptoms and blood glucose levels due to self-monitoring in summer camp for diabetic children in Japan

In a summer camp for 47 diabetic children in Kinki district, Japan, in 1984, the relationship between hypoglycemic symptoms and blood glucose levels by self-monitoring was analyzed. During the 7-day camp, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) was carried out 599 times in total, 12.7 times per camper. SMBG due to hypoglycemic complaints amounted to 371. 154 measurements out of 371 indicated blood glucose levels under 80 mg/dl, but 78 monitorings were found to be over 200 mg/dl. Fatigue or weakness were the most frequent hypoglycemic symptoms, as was hunger sensation, each reaching approximately 40% in frequency. In most complaints of tremor, the blood glucose level was critically low. Prompt measurement of blood glucose is indeed necessary to properly treat diabetic children with 'hypoglycemic' symptoms.

Social Aspect of Insulin‐Dependen Diabetes Mellitus in Japan

AbstractI investigated the problems of occupation and marriage which are two of the biggest obstacles of insulin‐treated childhood diabetics in their life in society.Diabetic Patients and Occupations: The enquiry which was conducted on 48 diabetics who participated in our Summer Camp for Diabetic Children revealed that both parents and children preferred and wanted to be engaged in medical and co‐medical occupations such as pharmacist, doctor, nurse, dietitian and so on. It also revealed that those high school students who were to choose their occupation in the near future picked out rather realistic occupations for them such as white‐collar worker, goverment officer, teacher and so on. Those who had higher education actually were engaged in medical and co‐medical occupations or such occupations which require special qualifications.Diabetic Patients and Marriage: Out of fifteen married insulin‐dependent diabetics, four were divorced simply because they were diabetics.The present research concludes that diabetics have to control themselves so that they are in such good condition as to pursue their life in society without being seized with any complications; and unless we medical staff provide positive aid for them, childhood diabetics will have much difficulty in attaining any independent life in society.

Temporal relationship of glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations to glucose control in diabetics

To examine the temporal relationship between Hb AIc values and various indices of blood glucose control, 38 diabetic and 28 nondiabetic youth counsellors employed at two summer camps for diabetic children took part in an eight-week study. Each week fasting determinations were made of Hb AI, Hb AIc, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and growth hormone and plasma glucose. Total daily urine glucose excretion was measured approximately two times per week, capillary glucose values were measured fasting and at 11 a. m. and 3 p. m. on two days per week, and urine glucose was measured semi-quantitatively four times per day. As Hb AI was correlated highly with Hb AIc (r = 0.997), it was used as the primary index of glycosylated haemoglobin. The mean values of Hb AI, serum cholesterol and triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose were all significantly elevated in the diabetic group but only Hb AI values provided total separation of the two groups. Within the diabetic group the Week 8 Hb AI values showed a significant correlation with the Week 8 mean capillary glucose concentrations, the proportion of urine tests showing 2% and 0% glycosuria, and mean serum triglycerides. Correlations of Week 8 Hb AI with the mean values of these glycaemic parameters for each week of the study demonstrated low order correlations with the glycaemic measures of Week 1, and a progressive increase in the degree of correlation reaching a plateau with the glycaemic measures of Week 4 to 8. Similar correlation analysis using the Hb AI values from Week 4 confirmed these findings. Therefore, while Hb AI provides an index of the control of diabetes, it appears to be more acutely responsive to blood glucose alteration than generally recognized.

Summer Camps for Diabetic Children in Japan

Summer Camps for Diabetic Children in Japan

Serving on the Health Team at Summer Camp for Diabetic Children

Serving on the Health Team at Summer Camp for Diabetic Children

Summer Camp for Diabetic Children

Summer Camp for Diabetic Children

Studies on Diabetic Diet during Children Summer Camp

During summer camp for diabetic children their daily lives were strictly controlled by medical care. The diet, consisted of Protein 20%, Fat 30%, Carbohydrate 50%, was controlled through the amount of glucose in urine and blood glucose. Individual diet for each patient is an important factor.

Rapid Quantitation of Urine Glucose

To the Editor:— Quantitation of glucose in random urine samples, or in urine collections for the 24-hour period, provides useful information for diabetic control. Optimally, a rapid, simple, specific, and inexpensive method is desirable. A modification of the conventional Clinitest Method (Ames, Co.) as evaluated by Cook and Free1fulfills these stated criteria to a large extent, although the method is non-specific for glucose. This modification (Two-Drop Clinitest) has not gained wide acceptance. The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the Two-Drop Clinitest Method and to show its usefulness in the management of diabetic patients. Methods.— The study was done at Camp Immokalee, Florida's summer camp for diabetic children. Urine from each of 59 campers was collected for 24 hours in 1-gal calibrated glass containers at ambient temperature; no preservative was used. Glucose concentration was determined chemically by the method of Sumner2and by the Two-Drop

Summer Camp for Diabetic Children

Summer Camp for Diabetic Children

A Florida Summer Camp for Diabetic Children

THE VALUE of summer camps for children with diabetes mellitus is clearly established. 1,2 Such camps provide supervised and complete recreational activities, an opportunity to live with others who have diabetes mellitus, a better understanding of diabetes, a unique educational experience for the medical staff, and an economical means of learning with fun. The first camp for diabetic children was established by Dr. Leonard F. C. Wendt of Detroit soon after the introduction of insulin. In 1929, Dr. Henry John of Cleveland started Camp Ho Mita Koda, which has been operating continuously for the longest period. Slowly, other camps were opened but in 1951 there were only 15 camps in the United States and Canada. 3 During the period from 1951 to 1962 the number of camps has more than doubled. Camp Immokalee, the Florida camp, is the 33rd in the US and the third camp in the Southeast, the

SUMMER CAMP FOR DIABETIC CHILDREN

ECENT surveys indicate that there are at least one million persons in the United States who are known to have diabetes, and that another million persons have diabetes without knowing it. The Committee on Statistics of the American Diabetes Association estimates that there are approximately 26,500 juvenile diabetics. Of these, about 20,000 are under 15 years of age and approximately 6500 are between the ages of 15 and 20. In 1925 Dr. Leonard F. C. Wendt of Detroit conceived the idea of summer camps for diabetic children. Today there are 22 such camps in this country and Canada; they accommodate close to 2000 children each year. Camp Nyda, sponsored by the New York Diabetes Association (an affiliate of the American Diabetes Association) is one of these. Located in the cool Shawangunk Mountains, 70 miles from New York City, it is the only camp of its kind which serves diabetic children from the New York metropolitan area. This is a non-profit-making camp and it is maintained by voluntary contributions. Children are accommodated regardless of race, creed, or their ability to pay. Expenses for running such camps tend to be higher than those of ordinary camps because of the additional laboratory facilities, medications, and medical and nursing personnel that they require. These facilities are needed so that adequate clinical supervision can be carried out, insulin can be given, food measured, urine analyses can be done regularly, and complete records can be kept without impinging on the camping program. When one is observing the activities of the healthy looking, robust, alert, active youngsters at Camp Nyda, it is hard to distinguish the schedule of a diabetic camp from that of any well-run summer camp. The children take part in land and water sports, handicrafts, dramatics, and social activities. At camp the diabetic child finds himself among others who have similar problems. Group activity and group living give him the opportunity to develop group spirit and the maturity that comes with a camp experience and being away from home. He is encouraged to achieve the physical skills of other children his age. Too many of these children are overprotected by their families and they need the kind of guidance that Camp Nyda offers to help them function independently and to gain confidence and self-reliance. As part of the camp's rehabilitation program, world famous tennis stars William Talbert and Hamilton Richardson, who are both diabetics, make a visit each season to prove to diabetic children that they need not be chronic invalids.