Sum Of Essential Amino Acids Research Articles

Effects of GH L127V and TG5 C422T polymorphisms on the hormonal profile, slaughter traits, and meat quality of Hereford bulls.

The creation of objective methods for the evaluation and improvement of quantitative and qualitative indicators of meat productivity in farm animals should be based on a comprehensive analysis of the genetic, physiological, and biochemical parameters of the animal. This study aimed to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) and thyroglobulin (TG5) gene polymorphisms on the hormonal status, slaughter traits, and chemical, amino acid, and fatty acid composition of meat in Hereford bulls. Hereford bulls (n = 9) were reared under the same feeding and housing conditions until the age of 21 months, after which they were slaughtered. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed for genotyping GH L127V and TG5 C422T polymorphisms. The experimental animals were evaluated to determine slaughter traits (including pre-slaughter weight, carcass, and internal fat weight and yield), chemical, fatty acid, and amino acid composition of ground beef, and hormonal status using serum concentrations of GH, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine. Animals with the valine homozygous (VV) genotype of GH had the maximum serum GH level of 9.33 mIU/mL (p = 0.10) higher than leucine homozygous (LL) genotype carriers. Individuals with the LL genotype outperformed V-allele carriers in serum thyroxine (T4) concentration by 21.3-30.5 nmol/L (16.15%-24.86%; p < 0.01-0.05). Genetic differentiation induced by TG5 C422T polymorphism was determined to a lesser extent by the hormonal status of the Hereford animals. The V-allele was associated with increased carcass weight, with VV homozygotes significantly outperforming LL individuals by 45.0 kg (13.61%; p < 0.05). The T allele at the TG5 gene polymorphism was associated with more intense lipogenesis and less protein synthesis in muscle tissue and these effects were enhanced in the homozygous state. Young animals with the TT variant of the TG5 gene exhibited a significantly superior polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of 0.012 units (p < 0.01). Carriers of the LL genotype were characterized by minimum amino acid content in muscle tissue. Heterozygous bulls exceeded LL homozygotes in the sum of essential amino acids by 3.09% (p = 0.10) and non-essential amino acids by 1.9% (p < 0.05). The development of breeding programs for the Hereford breed should be carried out considering genetic features that determine the formation of economic traits in animals. Analysis of polymorphisms in the TG5 gene is a promising method for the early diagnosis of the fatty acid composition of beef. Identification of polymorphisms in the GH gene allows the prediction of higher productivity potential and amino acid composition of meat. The different effects of the GH and TG5 genes on the development of various economic traits allowed us to determine further vectors for scientific research on their complex associations in Hereford cattle, which will be useful for planning effective breeding schemes.

Nutritive value of indian dwarf wheat ears as feed

Interest in growing ancient wheat species and studying the possibility of their use as raw material for feed preparation has increased recently. Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Percival) is one of the promising grain crops. The aim of the study was to determine the nutritive value of ears of Indian dwarf wheat in different phases of ripeness for use as raw material in the production of feed in comparison with soft wheat and to determine the rational time frame of their harvesting for feed preparation. Harvesting was carried out by combing without threshing and separation of grain heap in different phases of maturity. The feed was prepared from the grain heap. Chemical analyses of feed samples were performed according to standard methods. The mid-wax ripeness phase is the optimum harvesting time of Indian dwarf wheat for preparation of feed from its ears. Its ears in this phase contain maximum essential amino acids and minimum cellulose. Feed prepared from ears of Indian dwarf wheat has a better quality than feed from soft wheat, as it contains 1.06–2.23 % more of the sum of essential amino acids and 1–5 % more of individual amino acids. This allows the crop to be used in feed preparation to improve protein quality. But its 4–10 % more higher cellulose content than feed from soft wheat is a disadvantage. Grain heap (ears) of Indian dwarf wheat, harvested without threshing in the phase of early wax and mid-wax ripeness, can be a source of increasing the nutritive value of feeds, as it contains more essential amino acids than soft wheat.

Physical and enzymatic pretreatments of rice bran and their roles in the nutritional value of protein concentrate

Protein concentrates from rice bran (DRBC – Defatted rice bran, EDRBC – Deffated rice bran extruded and hydrolyzed, HDRBC – Deffated rice bran hydrolyzed DRB and EHDRBC – Deffated rice bran extruded and hydrolyzed) exhibit not only good content of protein and promising nutritional properties but also appropriate profiles of amino acids to meet daily intake requirements of histidine, lysine, leucine, threonine and valine, in agreement with recommendations issued by the FAO. The average of protein concentrates had a Dig (digestibility) 51% and PDI (Protein Dispersibility Index) 97%. Extrusion resulted in protein concentrate whose content of protein (73%), Dig (65.6%) and recovery (72%) were higher than other pretreatments and had the highest sum of essential amino acids (28.7 g aa .100 g-1 protein). The combination of pretreatments – extrusion and the enzymatic one (EHDRBC) – led to 70% protein, 72% recovery, 67% Dig and low prolamin (30%) in the protein fraction. These concentrates have amino acid profiles similar to commercial whey protein and are good ingredients that may be added to formulations to increase soluble and digestible protein.

Comparison of protein quality and digestibility between plant-based and meat-based burgers

Nowadays, consumers are increasingly inclined toward plant-based meat analogues for sake of food security, safety, and sustainability. This growing interest, not only from consumers but also from food companies, brought the offer on the market to be wide and vast. From our previous study it emerged that the market supply, especially the Italian one, is diversified both in terms of protein sources and nutrient content. Although these products are increasingly consumed, for most of the meat analogues today on the market, little is still known about their actual protein quality and digestibility. To fill this gap, in this study different commercial plant-based burgers (2 soy-based and 2 pea-based) were selected and compared to two beef burgers, as controls, in terms of protein quality and digestibility. The findings of this study demonstrated the essential amino acidic profile lacks lysine for almost all burgers (including the meat-based ones) compared to the amino acid scoring pattern set by FAO/WHO (for older children and adults), even if the sum of essential amino acids was within the range of sufficiency. All samples showed good initial protein integrity with low hydrolysis (above 6%) and percentage of D-enantiomers (above 15%). The study of the digestibility, performed by the validated INFOGEST in vitro model, showed better protein solubilisation in the case of meat burgers (63 ± 3% and 61 ± 8%), but a good digestibility also in the case of plant-based ones (from 55% to 40%). The degree of hydrolysis of the solubilised proteins was very high in all samples (from 65% to 40%) indicating a very good protein accessibility to digestive enzymes. The analysis of the peptide fraction of digestates indicated a high prevalence of collagen proteins in beef burgers and of reserve proteins in plant-based burgers. This study showed that the differences between these products are mostly dependent on the quality of the raw materials used, rather than on the vegetal or animal protein source. Therefore, to have a product with a good protein quality and digestibility, independently from the protein origin, the consumer needs to make an accurate choice, carefully reading the ingredient list.

STUDY OF FREE AMINO ACIDS AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF COMMON BARLEY GRAINS AND ITS DRY EXTRACT

The article is devoted studying of free amino acids and elemental composition of common barley grains cultivated in Uzbekistan and its dry extract.&#x0D; When conducting a comparative analysis of the amino acid composition of barley grains and its dry extract, their identity in qualitative composition was established – 20 amino acids, of which 8 are essential. The presence of all essential amino acids in the studied objects indicates their usefulness and high value as medicinal plant raw materials. It was found that the dry extract by the content of the sum of amino acids (7.71 mg/g) is almost 3 times higher than the grains (2.89 mg/g). But the percentage of the sum of essential amino acids from the total number of amino acids in the dry extract (20.36%) is 1.7 times less than in grains (35.29%).&#x0D; As a result of the conducted research in common barley grains and dry extract based on them, the presence of 41 mineral elements was found. Toxic heavy metals (As, Pb, Hg, Cd), which are subject to priority control, in the raw materials and dry extract under study are determined within the acceptable values adopted by the World Health Organization and in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIII edition for medicinal plant raw materials and preparations based on it, which indicates their environmental safety.&#x0D; The obtained data will be in demand for the chemical characterization of raw materials and dry extract and their subsequent standardization.

Kırgızistan'ın Dağlık Bölgelerinden Elde Edilen Polifloralı (Çok Çiçekli) Balın Amino Asit Bileşimi ve Bazı Fizikokimyasal Parametreleri

Mountain animal food products are at the center of attention due to their intrinsic value and, as such, mountain beekeeping products deserve attention and effort for their valorisation. The work aimed at investigating the quality traits of mountain honey samples from Kyrgyzstan, giving particular emphasis on the amino acid profiles and their possible relationship with the other chemical-physical characteristics. The moisture content, acidity, pH, and diastase activity of honey samples were within the limits established by normative documents. The honey samples showed a higher diastase activity (26.34 – 77.9 Schade units), which demonstrates the high quality and superiority of mountain honey. The amino acid content of Kyrgyz honey was investigated for the first time. The major amino acids were proline (1553 mg/kg), followed by phenylalanine (805 mg/kg), lysine (349 mg/kg), and arginine (261 mg/kg). The sum of essential amino acids ranged from 675 to 4506 mg/kg and that of total amino acids from 1539 to 8958 mg/kg. Weak positive correlations were found between the altitude of the collection area and asparagine, glutamine, histidine, glycine, threonine, alanine, proline, valine, and total amino acids. The results form a basis for the establishment of quality standards for mountain honey.

Nutritional, Techno-Functional and Structural Properties of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Flours and Protein Concentrates.

Due to their protein content and balanced amino acid profile, edible insects have been described as an excellent alternative protein source to combat malnutrition. As the global population continues to grow, edible insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) may contribute to food security. The effect of different protein extraction methods, i.e., alkaline solution and acid precipitation (BSFL-PC1) and extraction with an alkali (BSFL-PC2), on the nutritional, techno-functional, and structural properties of BSFL flours and protein concentrates were studied. The highest protein content (73.35%) was obtained under alkaline and acid precipitation extraction (BSFL-PC1). The sum of essential amino acids significantly increased (p < 0.05) from 24.98% to 38.20% due to the defatting process during extraction. Protein solubility was significantly higher in protein concentrates (85–97%) than flours (30–35%) at pH 2. The emulsion capacity (EC) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the protein concentrates (BSFL-PC1 and BSFL-PC2) compared to the freeze-dried and defatted BSFL flours, while the emulsion stability (ES) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in BSFL-PC1 (100%) compared with BSFL-PC2 (49.8%). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in foaming stability (FS) between freeze-dried and defatted BSFL flours. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis revealed distinct structural differences between BSFL flours and protein concentrates. This was supported by surface morphology through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, which showed that the protein extraction method influenced the structural properties of the protein concentrates. Therefore, based on the nutritional and techno-functional properties, BSFL flour fractions and protein concentrates show promise as novel functional ingredients for use in food applications.

PSV-4 Peri-estrus ovarian, uterine, and hormonal variables influence the uterine luminal fluid metabolome in beef heifers

Abstract In cattle, uterine luminal fluid (ULF) is the main source of molecules that support embryo development and survival during the peri-implantation period. Overarching hypothesis was that peri-estrus changes in ULF volume through accumulation and resorption mechanisms influence ULF composition during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Objectives were (1) to characterize individual temporal and spatial changes in ULF volume, endometrial and luteal vascularity, endometrial and luteal size, and progesterone (P4) concentrations during the peri-estrus period in beef heifers and, (2) associate such changes with the metabolite composition in the ULF, four days after estrus. Fourteen Bos indicus heifers that presented a PGF2α responsive CL received 500 µg PGF2α analog i.m. and were examined daily by rectal B-mode and pulse-wave color-Doppler ultrasonography until the fifth day after estrus (estrus = d 0). Plasma P4 was measured daily. On d 4, the uterine body was sampled using a cytology brush for targeted metabolomic analysis by mass spectrometry. Multivariate analyses clustered heifers according to ovarian, uterine, and hormonal variables in clusters A (n = 5) and B (n = 8 heifers). Individual metabolite concentrations were compared between clusters A and B by univariate analysis using t-test after FDR correction. Concentrations of Pro, Ala, Leu, Gly, Val, Lys, Ile, Phe, Asp, Orn, Tyr, Arg, Trp, Suc, Cit, ADMA, the sum of essential Amino Acids (AA), sum of non-essential AA, sum of aromatic AA, and total AA were greater in cluster A (FDR ≤ 0.05). ULF volume dynamics and associated uterine, ovarian, and hormonal variables during the peri-estrus period presented a concerted variation among heifers, which was associated with the ULF composition four days after estrus. Potential implications for embryo receptivity and reproductive outcomes are the focus of the current investigation.

Outdoor cultivation of a novel isolate of the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. and the evaluation of its potential as a novel protein crop.

A Danish strain of the green microalgae Scenedesmus sp. was isolated, identified and characterized with respect to productivity under outdoor cultivation conditions at northern latitudes. The algae were cultivated outdoors in Denmark in closed tubular photobioreactors using only sunlight, simple inorganic nutrients and under ambient temperatures. The biomass composition was evaluated in terms of protein content and quality. The average volumetric and areal biomass productivity obtained for the Scenedesmus sp. isolate during outdoor cultivation was 0.083 g dry matter L-1 and 6.40 g dm m-2 day-1 , respectively. Thus, productivities are comparable to data reported in the literature under similar conditions. A strain-specific nitrogen to protein conversion factor of 5.5 was determined for the Scenedesmus sp. strain enabling more accurate protein estimations from simple nitrogen determination methods like Kjeldahl analysis in the future. The protein content was determined to be 52.4% of dried biomass for this Scenedesmus strain. The sum of essential amino acids was 42% which is high compared to other microalgae. The results are compared and discussed in comparison to other microalgae and soybean as a common plant protein source.

Peri-estrus ovarian, uterine, and hormonal variables determine the uterine luminal fluid metabolome in beef heifers.

In cattle, uterine luminal fluid (ULF) is the main source of molecules that support embryo development and survival during the peri-implantation period. Our overarching hypothesis is that peri-estrus changes in uterine function, including ULF accumulation and absorption, are uneven among individuals, and affect ULF composition and fertility. Our objectives were (1) to characterize temporal and spatial changes in ULF volume, endometrial and luteal blood perfusion, endometrial and luteal size, and circulating progesterone concentrations during the peri-estrus period in beef heifers and (2) to associate such changes with the metabolite composition in the ULF, 4 days after estrus (d 0). Fourteen Bos indicus heifer that presented a PGF2α responsive CL received 500μg PGF2α analog i.m. and were examined daily by rectal B-mode and pulse-wave color-Doppler ultrasonography until the fifth day after estrus (d 5). The composition of the ULF was analyzed by targeted mass spectrometry on d 4. Multivariate analyses clustered heifers according to ovarian, uterine, and hormonal variables in clusters A (n = 5) and B (n = 8 heifers). Concentrations of Pro, Ala, Leu, Gly, Val, Lys, Ile, Phe, Asp, Orn, Tyr, Arg, Trp, Suc, Cit, ADMA, the sum of essential Amino Acids (AA), sum of nonessential AA, sum of aromatic AA, and total AA were greater in cluster A (FDR ≤ 0.05). ULF volume dynamics and uterine, ovarian, and hormonal variables during the peri-estrus period presented a concerted variation among heifers within clusters, which was associated with the ULF composition 4days after estrus.

Effects of poultry raw material variation and choice of protease on protein hydrolysate quality

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of compositional variations in side-streams from the chicken and turkey industry on product characteristics after enzymatic protein hydrolysis (EPH). Variation was obtained using four raw materials, namely chicken and turkey carcasses, and mechanically deboned chicken and turkey residues. Alcalase 2.4 L, Corolase 2TS and Flavourzyme, three commercial proteases with different specificities, were used to investigate impact of protease choice on product characteristics. Besides protein yield, effects on product characteristics such as nutrient and amino acid composition, size distribution of peptides, degree of hydrolysis (DH%), rheological properties, and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, were investigated. Results show that choice of protease and industrially relevant variations in poultry raw material composition both have major effect on product composition and the other quality parameters studied. Protein yield, proximate composition, and bioactivity were more affected by protease than raw material variation. Raw material variation had a bigger impact on quality parameters such as peptide size distribution and amino acid composition, exemplified by the sum of essential amino acids. This means that raw material variation should be handled and accounted for to realize the true potential that exists in tailor-making EPH products with specified properties for targeted applications.

Nutritional labeling and amino acid profile in high protein Chilean dairy products: a new alternative for health and sports

Introduction: protein is an essential nutrient that can be obtained through different food sources. In recent years, a growing development in the food industry of dairy products with higher protein content has emerged in the national market. Métodos: the present work analyzed the nutritional information, protein content, and amino acid profile of high protein yogurts. Five main brands of high-protein yogurt (PY) were selected, as was a sample of regular yogurt (RY), and one of whey protein isolate (WP), which underwent a proximal analysis and amino acid profile by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: it was observed that the protein content of the analyzed YP ranged between 7.2 and 15.1 g/portion, representing 6.8 % to 11 % of total content, twice the content of YBAT (3,4 %). Regarding carbohydrates and fats, these were found to range between 6.25 and 13.5 g/serving and 0.9 and 5.3 g/serving, respectively. Leucine content of the PY varied between 0.6 and 1.5 g/portion, which was higher than RY (0.3 g/portion) and lower than WP (2.2 g/portion). The sum of essential amino acids was found to be between 3 and 6.9 g/portion in PY, 1.7 g/serving y 8.5 g/serving in WP. Conclusion: these results show that PYs are a good alternative to promote a correct protein intake, similar to proteins for sports use, so their recommendation could be useful to promote consumption in different populations according to their needs.

БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ СЕМЯН РАННЕСПЕЛЫХ СОРТОВ СОИ И ЕГО ВАРИАБЕЛЬНОСТЬ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СОРТОВЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ И МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ ВЕГЕТАЦИОННОГО ПЕРИОДА

Soy is one of the most valuable agricultural crops, the protein composition of which includes essential amino acids, similar in composition to animal proteins, and fat in its composition predominates sunflower and olive. Comparative study of biochemical composition of soybean seeds of the Northern ecotype depending on varietal characteristics and meteorological conditions of the growing season. Perennial field experiments (2002-2019) were carried out on the experimental field of the plant growing laboratory of RSAU–MSHA named after K. A. Timiryazev. The objects of study were soybean varieties of the Northern ecotype – Svitlaya, Mageva, and Okskaya. Biochemical analysis of seeds was performed in the laboratory of research of technological properties of agricultural materials FSBSI FSAC VIM. The seeds of Northern ecotype soybean varieties contain 40.6-41.2 % protein and 19.4-19.9 % fat. Protein is characterized by a high content of sum of essential amino acids (63.10-63.98 %), including – histidine (7.2–7.7 %), lysine (7.7–7.8 %), tryptophan (by 4.6–4.9 %), arginine (8.4–8.8%), threonine (more than 4.0 %), phenylalanine (to 3.5 %). It was established that in comparison with traditional (southern) varieties, the seed fat of soybean varieties of the Northern ecotype is characterized by a higher content of palmitic acid (11.0–11.3 %) and significantly lower content of oleic acid (10.0–12.0 %). At the same time, according to the content and ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic), it is close to the fat of food grades. Under conditions of excessive moisture, a high content of saturated palmitic fatty acid was observed, and in arid conditions – unsaturated fatty acids – oleic, linoleic and linolenic. Analysis of the quantitative and qualitative components of protein and fat of soybean varieties of Northern ecotype gives grounds to recommend their use not only for feed, technical, but also for food purposes.

Evaluation of Slaughter Parameters and Meat Quality of Rabbits Fed Diets with Silkworm Pupae and Mealworm Larvae Meals

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding rabbits with diets containing dried silkworm pupae and mealworm larvae meals on their slaughter value and meat quality. A total of 60 New Zealand White rabbits at 35 days of age were divided into 3 equivalent groups. Control group (C) and two experimental diets included either 4% silkworm pupae meal (diet A) or 4% mealworm larvae meal (diet B). The experiment lasted for 55 days and growth performance as well chemical and amino acid meat composition and the profile of fatty acids were evaluated during the study. The results showed that dietary supplementation of insect meals caused increases in final body weight and carcass meat content in rabbits from the experimental groups. The experimental diets had no effect on the sum of essential amino acids in the studied muscles, but created differences in the level of some amino acids: phenylalanine, lysine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine and methionine. The concentration of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the muscles was comparable in all the groups. In the tissues of rabbits fed the silkworm meal diet, PUFA-3 concentration increased and cholesterol level decreased. It is concluded that dried silkworm pupae and mealworm larvae meals can be used as feed material in rabbit diets at 4% inclusion level without any adverse effect on growth performance, as well as quality and dietetic value of rabbit meat.

ВМІСТ АМІНОКИСЛОТ У СИРОВИНІ ДЕЯКИХ ВИДІВ РОДИНИ ASTERACEAE

Keywords: amino acids; common pussytoes; yacon; stevia; golden marigolds; leaves; herb; aster family; high performance liquid chromatography. For the first time the qualitative composition was studied and the quantitative content of amino acids in the herb of common pussytoes, yacon leaves, stevia leaves, herb of golden marigolds was determined by HPLC. 17 bound and 16 free amino acids were identified in the herb of common pussytoes, in the herb of golden marigolds, yacon leaves and stevia leaves – 12 and 5, 17 and 11 and 16 and 14 amino acids, respectively. The highest content of the sum of essential and substitute amino acids is contained in the leaves of stevia; the lowest content of the sum of essential amino – in the herb of golden marigolds, the sum of essential amino acids – in the herb of common pussytoes.

Comparative evaluation of biostimulator efficiency on corn seeds germination: keratin protein and preparation Ribav Extra

Recently, great interest in agricultural production has been manifested to preparations of biological origin. Production of biostimulants is in great demand, as small concentrations of these substances are able to maximize the potential of plants, increase their quality and productivity. One of the promising sources of biostimulants is keratin-containing raw materials. It is characterized by a high content of keratin protein. The peculiarities of its chemical composition and structural and mechanical properties require a concretization of the approach to the methods of processing and processing of this unconventional type of waste. Due to enzymatic hydrolysis of keratin preparation of actinomycete Str. chromogenes s. g. 0832 managed to obtain a highly effective biostimulator for plants. The content of free amino acids in it is 82.2%. Hydrolysate contains all essential amino acids; the sum of essential amino acids was 42.66 %. In the comparative evaluation of the biostimulator from keratin pen and the preparation of plant origin “Ribav Extra” the best results were obtained when processing corn seeds with hydrolysate of animal origin. The germination energy in this case was higher than the control samples by 18%, germination increased by 10% compared to the control and by 5% compared to Ribav Extra.

Аминокислотный состав мышечной ткани чистопородных и гибридных свиней в условиях континентального климата России

Abstract. In 2011, the Iltyakov V. N. farm in the Chastozoozersky district of the Kurgan region (Russia) brought from Canada pure breeds of three breeds – Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire. The aim of the research was a comprehensive assessment of the amino acid composition of the muscle tissue of purebred and hybrid young animals obtained in the conditions of the Kurgan region, and reflecting the process of adaptation of pigs imported from Canada to new climatic and technological factors. The scientific novelty of the research was that for the first time in the conditions of the Kurgan region, the adaptation of Canadian selection pigs to new climatic and technological factors was studied by studying the amino acid composition of their longest back muscle. Methods: The amino acid composition of the longest muscle of the back was determined on an LC-20 Prominence instrument (Shimadzu, Japan) according to the method M-02-902-142-07 „Method for measuring the mass fraction of amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography“. The results indicate that three-breed hybrids exceeded their analogues in the amount of interchangeable amino acids in muscle tissue samples (13.577 %) by 0.496 and 0.031 %, respectively. A similar pattern was revealed by the sum of essential amino acids. Their advantage was noted in the samples of muscle tissue of three-breed hybrids (8.984 %), which is 0.364 and 0.111 % more than pure-breed landrace and two-breed hybrids, respectively. In the sum of essential amino acids, regardless of the breed of young animals, aspartic acid (1.964–2.273 %) and glutamine (3.011–3.459 %) are present in the largest amount in muscle samples. The amino acid index and the protein-quality indicator of muscle tissue of three-breed hybrids are 0.27 and 33.55 % (P ≤ 0.05) more than pure-breed landrace and 0.67 and 53.33 % compared with two-breed hybrids, respectively.

Assessment of the Nutritive, Biochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Eight Tropical Macro algae Along Kachchh Coast, India as Human Food Supplements

ABSTRACTEight tropical marine macro algae were investigated for in-vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and biochemical properties. The moisture content [% DW (dry weight)] ranged from 7.21 to 14.72%; ash, 24.92 to 47.04%; lipids, 0.73 to 2.67%; protein, 4.56 to 12.59%; and carbohydrate, 30.1 to 48.51%. The % sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ranged from 21.71 to 78.22%, while omega-6/omega-3 (ω6/ω3) ratio was from 0 to 2.08, which remained within the prescribed World Health Organization (WHO) standards (<10). The % sum of essential amino acids (EAAs) ranged from 86.18 to 204.66, and Na/K ratio ranged from 0.37 to 2.85. The extracts exhibited significant (P < 0.05) values for total phenol (7.25–16.0 µg PGE mg–1 DW) and total flavonoid (4.06–15.63 µg QE mg–1 DW) at 200 µg/ml. Antibacterial activity was tested against the selected food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. The principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed a positive correlation between total phenolic content, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), which supports the integration of seaweeds as ingredients in functional foods.

The influence of selected agronomic factors on the chemical composition of spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.) grain

The increase of spelt crop area is a result of overproduction of the basic cereals and the introduction of environmentally-friendly cultivation methods. Due to high interest in healthy lifestyle, healthy food and intensive development of organic agriculture, it was necessary to thoroughly examine the newly-formed cereal strains in order to register the best ones as varieties in the future. The experimental factors included: two weed control methods (mechanical and chemical), two sizes of sowing rate (300 and 500 seeds m−2) and the strains of spelt: three new breeding strains (STH 28-4609, STH 28-4614, STH 28-4619) and Oberkulmer Rotkorn cultivar. The research did not show protein diversity depending on a genotype, mean protein content reached 13% in grain dry mass. The plants weeded mechanically showed the significantly highest crude fat content (2% dry matter (DM)). Mean value of crude fibre for all plants equalled 3.3% DM. The increase of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin fractions was directly proportional to the increase in crude fibre content, which is beneficial for civilisation diseases prophylaxis. The studied agronomic factors did not significantly influence the essential amino acids content or total amino acids. The harrowed plants had grain with significantly increased nutrient content (crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre (ADF), cellulose, sulphur amino acids, leucine, and sum of essential amino acids) which is very important for organic farming.

Amino Acid Composition and Biological Value of Protein of New Pea Morphotypes

Background/Objectives : The research goal is to investigate the amino acid composition and biological protein value of seeds of new morphotypes of peas. Methods/Statistical analysis : The crude protein content is determined by decomposition of organic matter by sulfuric acid over catalyst. The crude protein content was calculated according to the amount of nitrogen release using the coefficient 6.25. Amino acid composition of protein was studied by capillary electrophoresis. Protein biological value was calculated based on the ideal protein according to FAO/WHO requirements for the control. Investigations were carried out in triplicate. Statistical data processing was performed using the Microsoft Excel 2010 statistical package determining the error of the mean and standard deviation at a significance point of 95%. Findings: The study of protein complex of new varieties and forms of peas revealed the identity of the amino acid composition of the protein in different morphotypes. The biological value of pea seed proteins is limited by methionine, an essential amino acid, and to a lesser extent by valine. The wrinkle-seeded types prevail over the smooth-seeded types by the amount of essential amino acids. Proteins of wrinkle-seeded Amior variety and Amix-99-1132 breeding line were characterized by the largest biological value in terms of the sum of essential amino acids. For the first time the research conducted in terms of amino acid composition of protein in pea varieties with modified leaf architectonics demonstrated that they are more useful compared to the parent varieties. Sources of methionine (V-Agrimut, Agritek Mutant), phenylalanine (Ras-type) and tryptophane (Multik) were identified among varieties with non-traditional leaf architectonics. The obtained data confirm the feasibility and efficiency of breeding work in improving the habitus of pea plants, as well as the possibility of their further use as the initial material to improve the quality of seeds, and for food purposes. Applications/Improvements : To expand the resource base of the processing industry it is recommended to include modern varieties and breeding lines of peas, differing with high content of protein and some amino acids, in breeding programs for improving the quality of seeds.