Sum Mean Square Research Articles

PERFORMANCE AND STABILITY FOR GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SIX-ROW BARLEY CULTIVARS UNDER VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTS IN KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ

This study was aimed to investigate yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under six different environmental conditions E1- E6 including two sowing date S1 and S2 at three location (Qlyasan, Kanipanka, Chamchamal) in KIR using 10 barley cultivars (C), Numar, Rafidain, Al-warka, Al-Amal, IPPA 265, IPPA 99, Arivat (local), Samir, Qalay 1, and Ukraine (Common cultivated). Experiment was applied using to complete randomized blocks design. The stability analysis was done using the linear regression model. The differences between the means were compared through Duncan multiple range test. The results was revealed that the mean sum of squares due to cultivars, environment, and C x E were highly significant for all studied characters. The cultivar Numar which had highest mean grain yield (3.559) th-1, high bi value1.96 and low S2di 0.058) considered optimal yield stability cultivar. The combination C1E3 gave the top grain yielding (6.91 th-1) due to very high GS, high NS and good TGW performances.

Combining Ability and Gene Action for Grain Yield and Attributing Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Subjected to Drought Stress

Background: Maize production is subdued by many impediments that cause yield minimization. Among various biotic and abiotic stress factors, one significant cause of yield reduction in maize is drought stress. Methods: A set of 15 inbreds which were crossed with 3 narrow base testers in line × tester mating design, and resulting 45 F1s along with the parent inbreds and 3 commercial checks were then, in RCBD, subjected to drought stressed and well-watered conditions to assess their genetic worth during spring 2021. Result: The ANOVA unraveled significant mean sum of squares due to lines, testers and line × tester in pooled analysis for all the ten traits. The inbred EI-2188-2 followed by EI-2448 and EI-03-3 contained fair per se performance and significant high GCA effects over the environments for grain yield/plant, proline content and cob length whereas the cross EI-2448-1 × EI-2156 was found most promising hybrid with significant and high SCA effects across the environments regarding grain yield/plant, proline content and cob girth. Prevalence of non-additive type of genetic variance in governing most of the traits suggests adoption of heterosis breeding will be rewarding for improving yield and drought tolerance. Heterotic pooling of the highlighted inbreds and utilization of the superlative hybrids in further breeding programmes for drought tolerance is proposed.

Genetic Variability and Character Association in F3 Generation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions

The goal of the current study was to analyze the genetic variability and character association in F3 generations of chickpea under rainfed and irrigated conditions to finalize appropriate selection criteria for improvement of seed yield in chickpea under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Five F3 generations of chickpea crosses were evaluated in compact family block design with three replications at Research Farm, ARSS, Hanumangarh, Rajasthan, India. In analysis of variance, mean sum of squares indicated significant differences among the generations for all the characters under both conditions. The highest range of variation was observed for seed yield per plant followed by fruiting branches per plant, pods per plant, 100 seed weight and seeds per pod in irrigated condition, whereas in rainfed condition the highest range of variation was registered by seed yield per plant followed by biological yield per plant, 100 seed weight and pods per plant. The RSG-895 x RSG-888 showed high GCV and PCV for fruiting branches per plant, pods per plant, biological yield per plant, and seed yield per plant in both conditions, as well as for seeds per pod under irrigated condition. Under irrigated condition high value of GCV and PCV were noted in IPC-94-94 x RSG-888 for harvest and in CSJD-901 x RSG-931 for pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed yield per plant. Under rainfed high GCV and PCV were observed in cross RSG-888 x ICC-4958 for seeds per pod. This indicates the existence of wide variability for these traits in the progenies of particular crosses and scope of improvement through simple selection. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean (GAM) was noted in RSG-888 x ICC-4958 for pod per plant under both conditions. Under irrigated condition, the cross CSJD-901 x RSG-931 for pods per plant, RSG-895 x RSG-888 for seed yield per plant, RSG-888 x ICC-4958 for harvest index, RSG-888 x ICC-4958 and CSJD-901 x RSG-931 for 100-seed weight showed high heritability along with high GAM. Whereas under rainfed, the crosses RSG-895 x RSG-888 and IPC-94-94 x RSG-888 for pods per plant, BG-362 x RSG-931 for seed yield per plant, and IPC-94-94 x RSG-888 for harvest index, demonstrated high heritability along with high GAM. This result indicates the importance of additive gene action in inheritance of these characters, hence simple selection can be used to improve seed yield. Seed yield per plant exhibited positive and significant correlation with fruiting branches per plant, pods per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100-seed weight under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. In irrigated condition seed yield per plant had significant and positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height, whereas in rainfed condition it had significant and positive association with protein content. Further, inter se these characters were also significantly positively correlated. So, selection based on these characters is expected to bring improvement in the seed yield.

Exploring Genetic Variability, Trait Associations and Path Coefficient Analysis in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) to Advance Breeding Strategies

The experiment was conducted at seed breeding farm, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India during the rabi season (November, 2019–April, 2020) to estimate the parameters of genetic variability, assess the correlation among traits, and estimate direct and indirect effects. The ANOVA revealed that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes was highly significant for all the traits. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters. High values of phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for most of the traits, while moderate values of phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation were recorded for 100 seed weight, pod length, days to 50% flowering and days to first flower opening. High heritability with high genetic advance as a % of mean was recorded for most of the traits. Moderate heritability and high genetic advance were recorded for the number of primary branches plant-1, secondary branches plant-1 and pod length, indicating the control of additive gene action. Meanwhile, high heritability with moderate genetic advance for days to maturity showed non-additive gene action. Correlation coefficients and path analysis for phenological and quantitative traits indicated that the most important traits are number of seeds plant-1, number of effective pods plant-1, biological yield plant-1 and harvest index. Hence, directional selection through these traits may effectively improve seed yield and its attributes.

Stability Analysis of Yield and Its Components in Snap Melon (Cucumis melo var momordica)

Snap melon, scientifically known as Cucumis melo L. var. momordica (Roxb.), is a crop native to India and belonging to Cucurbitaceae family. This study was carried out to assess the nature and magnitude of genotype-environment interaction and stability among some parameters in snap melon genotypes. Twenty five local cultivars along with three standard checks were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications at three environments during summer 2023 at Navsari. The Eberhart and Russell model of stability analysis was employed which has been proved to be a reliable model. The study revealed that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes when tested against pooled deviation were highly significant for all the traits studied. Environment ´ Genotype (linear) showed significant differences for all characteristics except fruit weight and yield per vine, indicating that prediction could be possible by considering individual genotypes for these traits. A significant non-linear component (pooled deviation) was observed for fruit weight and fruit yield per vine, suggesting that genotypes varied considerably in terms of stable performance for these traits. The G ´ E interaction was only significant for flesh thickness and yield per vine, with all other traits being non-significant. The genotypes T 14 (HUB 18) and T 17 (HUB 21) were relatively stable and can be further used as parents to develop a more robust stable genotype. We identified genotypes which could pave way introducing high performing snap melon varieties.

Estimation of heterosis on CGMS based pigeonpea

Thirty-five hybrids generated from seven cytoplasmic male sterile lines and five fertility restorer lines were tested for determining heterosis. All studied traits except pod length, number of seeds per pod, and leaf area showed significant variations between the parents indicating a sufficient variability amongthe parents (lines and testers). The mean sum of squares of the hybrids suggested high heterosis for studied traits except for test weight and number of branches per plant. The findings showed noteworthy and affirmative relative heterosis for eaj hybrid. Top three hybrids viz. CMS GT 1615 A × GTR 105 (28.34% and 38.97%), CMS GT 1615 A × GTR 18 (24.36% and 34.66%) and CMS GT 1615 × GTR 23 (22.23% and 32.35%) identified for seed yield and its contributing traits on the basis of standard heterosis against standard checks GTH 1 and GT 101, respectively. These can be exploited commercially for heterosis breeding in pigeonpea.

Exploring morphological diversity in carrot (Daucus carota l.) germplasm: A multivariate analysis approach

This study looks at how quantitative parameter variation changes over two years in different carrot accessions and the genetic diversity that exists in a group of accessions that come from different parts of the world. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to assess the significance of different factors, including the block effect, treatment effect, and check effect. The result indicated a significant mean sum of squares across various sources of variation. Both adjusted and unadjusted block and treatment effects were significant for all traits, while the check effect was significant for more. During both years, there was moderate to high variation in quantitative parameters for numerous quantitative traits among carrot accessions. Mature leaf length showed the highest variation, followed by mature leaf width, leaf area, root weight, leaf weight, and plant biomass. Principal component analysis revealed distinct patterns in the contributions of parameters during both years. Plotting carrot accessions on the scatter plot using the first three principal components also revealed an informative spread of accessions. A notable increase in variation during the second year was observed. Moreover, accessions from different continents displayed varying degrees of genetic diversity, with Asian accessions exhibiting the highest levels. These findings underscore the importance of global germplasm collection in breeding programs aimed at enhancing crop resilience and productivity. Leveraging this genetic diversity through advanced breeding strategies holds promise for developing cultivars capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions and meeting the demands of sustainable agriculture.

Genetic Variability and Character Association Analysis in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Saline Water Condition

The study was conducted to evaluate eight germplasms/varieties of wheat during the rabi season (November-April, 2022–23) using a randomized block design with three replications at the research farm of Agricultural Research Sub-Station (ARSS), Nagaur (Rajasthan), India to estimate the variability parameters and characters association for nine characters. The results were revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes showed significant differences for all the nine characters under study, suggested that the genotypes were genetically divergent. The phenotypic coefficient of variation values was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation values for all the nine traits which reflect the influence of environment on the expression of traits. Spike length and number of spikelets were showed higher PCV and medium GCV. High heritability estimates were recorded for all the nine characters. High genetic advance as percentage of mean along with high heritability was observed for number of spikelets, spike length, number of effective tillers plant-1, seed yield and number of grains spike-1. This indicated the existence of lesser environmental influence and prevalence of additive gene action in their expression and these traits possessed high selective value. These characters could be further improved through individual plant selection. Grain yield had highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations with plant height, number of effective tillers plant-1, spike length, number of spikelets and number of grains spike-1. These characters can be considered as criteria for selection for higher grain yield as these were mutually and directly associated with grain yield.

Study on the Evaluation Genetic Variability of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus) Cultivars Under Agro –Climatic Conditions of Prayagraj

Aims: A field experiment was carried out to “Study on Evaluating Genetic Variability of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) Cultivars under Agro –Climatic conditions of Prayagraj”. Place and Duration of Study: An experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture during the Rabi season of 2023-2024. Study Design: Randomized Block Design. Methodology: The analysis of the data showed that phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all characters studied, indicating that environmental factors had a significant influence on these characters. In addition, positive and highly significant correlations were observed in between tuber yield per plant (gm) and various other traits including the No. of leaves at 30DAS, 60DAS and 90DAS and No. of shoots per plant, days for the first flowering, peduncle length, No. of florets per spike, No. of ears per plant, length of floret, diameter of floret, No. of corms per plant and diameter of corms, weight of corms and No. of corms per hectare and No. of corms per hectare. Results: The mean sum of squares due to genotypes showed significant differences for all characters under study for except days taken for emergence of flower spike and days taken to show color of basal floret. High magnitude of GCV were recorded for No. of leaves (52.70), Corm yield/plant (46.40), No. of cormels/hectare(39.12), Cormel diameter(38.36), No. of corms/hectare(28.97), No. of corms per plant(28.97), No. of leaves at 60DAS(26.64), No. of shoot(26.64). The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient of different characters with Corms yield/plant (g) and their relationship among themselves Conclusion: Genotypic and Phenotypic correlation revealed that corms weight/plant (g) showed positive significant association with plant height, number of leavesper plant, number of shoots per plant, rachis length, no. of cormels per hectare and corm yield/ plant at both levels genotypic and phenotypic.

Stability Analysis in Six-row Barley Genotypes for Grain Yield in Multi-environmental Trails Using Eberhart and Russel (1966)

The current study aimed to determine the phenotypic stability for grain yield per plant under three distinct environmental conditions using fifteen parental lines and three testers with 45 crosses (30 single crosses and 15 three-way crosses) of six-row barley in three replications using Randomized Block Design. Eberhart and Russell (1966) developed the modal to examine stability. The mean sum of squares due to genotype and environment wassquares due to genotype and environment were found to be significant for grain yield per plant, which showed the differential effect of environment on genotypes. For grain yield per plant, it was also observed that the mean sum square resulting from the climate + (G x E) interaction, E (linear), and G x E (linear) was significant. With a non-significant deviation from regression (S2di=0) and regression coefficient near unity (bi=1), the genotypes BG 959, BG 105 x RD 2508, PL 751 x RD 2508, DWRB 137 x RD 3005, and RD 2035 x F1 exhibited higher grain yield than the population mean. These genotypes were the most stable and desirable under variable environmental conditions. These genotypes could be used as donors in regular breeding programs to improve barley grain yield.

Stability assessment of selected chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) hybrids over the years through AMMI and GGE biplot in the mid hills of North-Western Himalayas

Dendranthema grandiflora is an important cut flower with high economic importance in the floriculture industry. Identification of stable and high yielding genotypes of Dendranthema grandiflora, hence becomes paramount for ensuring its year-round production. In this context, the genotype by environment interaction effects on 22 chrysanthemum hybrids across six test environments were investigated. The experiment was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications for 6 years and data on various agro-morphological and yield-contributing traits were evaluated. Our analysis revealed significant mean sum of squares due to environmental, genotypic and genotype by environment interaction variations for all examined traits. A 2D GGE biplot constructed using first two principal components computed as 59.2% and 23.3% of the differences in genotype by environment interaction for flower yield per plant. The GGE biplot identified two top-performing genotypes, G2 and G5, while the AMMI model highlighted genotypes G17, G15, G6, G5, and G2 as the best performers. Genotype G17 ranked highest for multiple traits, while G2 displayed high mean flower yield as well as stability across all environments. According to AEC line, genotypes G2 and G5 exhibited exceptional stability, whereas genotypes G4, G18 and G19 demonstrated lower stability but maintained high average flower yields. Hence, our findings provide valuable insights into chrysanthemum hybrids that were not only best performing but also hold promise to meet the growers demand of the cut flower industry and can be recommended for large scale commercial cultivation.

Genetic Variability Analysis for Yield and Yield-Associated Traits of Finger Millet [<i>Eleusine coracana</i> (L.) Gaertn.] Accessions at Mechara, Eastern Ethiopia

The genetic enhancement of any crop, including finger millet, requires a certain degree of genetic variation for effective utilization in crop improvement programs. However, in Ethiopia, there is limited information on the extent and pattern of genetic variability of finger millet collections under diversified agro-climatic conditions. This makes it difficult for a population to adapt to changing environmental conditions. As a result, the population may be more vulnerable to extinction, exposure to new diseases, low productivity, and selection acting on any genes that may provide disease resistance. Therefore, knowledge of genetic variability is crucial for breeders in order to develop new cultivars with desired traits that are beneficial for both farmers and breeders. The present investigation was carried out to estimating the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance in sixty four finger millet accessions for yield and yield-related traits at Mechara agricultural research center. The experimental design was laid out in 8 x 8 simple lattice design. The analysis of variance for mean sum of squares due to genotypes revealed highly significant differences for all the 17 quantitative characters. The genotypes showed the highest mean performance for grain yield ranged from 1.38 ton per hectare for ACC#208448 to 4.35 ton per hectare for ACC#230255. Whereas, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were found high for biomass yield, harvest index, and grain yield. Broad-sense heritability ranged from 50.12% for the number of fingers per ear to 93.18% for days to heading. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for leaf number, finger length, ear weight, thousand grain weight, biomass yield, and harvest index. In general, the results demonstrated that the finger millet accessions exhibited a high degree of genetic variability for the traits studied, which can be helpful for genetic enhancement.

Assessment of Correlation and Path Analysis for Seed Yield and its Component Characters in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

The present study was carried out during Kharif season 2021 at Crop Research Center (C.R.C), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University, Meerut. In the present study, twelve yield and yield related parameters have been studied in 25 diverse genotypes of greengram. The mean sum of squares for genotypes were highly significant for all the traits. In this experiment for majority of cases the genotypic correlation coefficient values was higher than the phenotypic values indicating that the phenotypic expression of correlation was influenced by environment. Seed yield/plant had a highly significant and positive correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic level with number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, biological yield and harvest index. Days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches/plant, number of pods/cluster and 1000 seed weight exhibited a non-significant correlation with seed yield. In this investigation seed yield per plant was dependent variable and rest of the characters were independent variables. Genotypic and phenotypic path coefficient analysis of seed yield/plant and its component attributes showed that highest positive direct effect towards seed yield/plant was observed by biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds/pod, number of pods/plant, days to 50% flowering, pod length, days to maturity and plant height. Seed yield/ plant could be improved by selection based on these traits.

Analysis of Genetic Variability and Heritability in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Genotypes

Analysis on “Study of genetic variability and heritability in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes” was carried out at the experimental field of Division of Vegetable Science, FOH, SKUAST, Kashmir Shalimar during kharif season 2021 in Randomised Complete Block Design with three replications. The experimental material comprised of forty genotypes. Analysis of variance revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes for all the characters were highly significant, revealing significant variation among all the genotypes for all the traits under study. The phenotypic coefficients of variation were found to be higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficients of variation. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) in present experienment were high for the traits; average fruit weight (43.69% and 43.69%), total anthocyanin content (39.10 % and 39.10%), ascorbic acid (31.73 % and 31.73) and dry matter (42.31% and 42.29). Heritability in broad sense was found to be high for all traits under study (greater than 70 per cent). Highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was recorded in average fruit weight (90) followed by dry matter (87.11) and total anthocyanin content (80.55).

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Maize Genotypes (Zea mays L.)

Aim: The aim of the present research work was to estimate the genetic variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance for various yield and its contributing characters of 39 maize genotypes.
 Methodology: 39 maize genotypes were sown in randomized block design and replicated thrice to evaluate various genetic parameters. The data was recorded on twelve quantitative traits including days to fifty percent tasseling, days to fifty percent silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernel rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100kernels weight, shelling % and grain yield/plant.
 Results: The mean sum of squares due to genotypes for each of the 12 traits under study indicated significant differences in analysis of variance. High to moderate genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation as well as genetic advance were observed in the traits yield per plant, plant height, ear height, number of kernels per row, and 100-kernel weight. These findings suggest that the heritability of these traits is most likely the result of additive gene effects and that selection in early generations may be effective for these traits. On the other hand, the remaining characters days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, number of kernel rows per ear, and shelling percentage were recorded with high heritability with low genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation and genetic advance suggesting non-additive gene action for control of these traits which provides limited scope for improvement by selection.
 Conclusion: Among the characters studied, grain yield, plant height, and ear height had high heritability and high values of genetic advance indicating that these characters were controlled by additive gene action and so phenotypic selection is effective for improvement of these traits.

Mean performances, character associations and multi-environmental evaluation of chilli landraces in north western Himalayas

Even though many varieties have been recommended across agro-climate zones of Himachal Pradesh, yet the information on stability is lacking in this State. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to identify high yielding stable genotypes among various pre-adapted landraces. The material consists of 20 chilli landraces including check i.e. DKC-8. The experiment was laid out in a RCBD. The data were recorded and analyzed to work out mean performances and the inferences were drawn for parameters of variability, correlation coefficients, path coefficients and stability analysis. As per mean performances, CS7 and CS9 were earliest in flowering, CS13 is earliest in days to ripe maturity, CS10 had highest plant height and CS9 had highest average fruit weight and ripe fruit yield plant−1. High PCV and GCV were recorded for ripe fruit yield plant−1. Heritability and genetic advance were recorded maximum for plant height in summer seasons and were recorded maximum for number of ripe fruits plant−1 in winter season. Correlation coefficients showed that number of ripe fruits plant−1 and average ripe fruit weight were positively and significantly correlated with ripe fruit yield plant−1. Path coefficient analysis in summer and winter seasons showed that average ripe fruit weight had the highest positive direct effect on ripe fruit yield plant−1. The pooled data over environments were analyzed to estimate the interaction effects between genotypes × environment. The mean sum of squares due to genotypes, environments and genotypes × environment interaction were significant for all the characteristics. CS1, CS3, CS6, CS10, CS13, CS15 were adapted to all environments, CS7 and CS9 were specifically adapted to favourable environment and CS2 was specifically adapted to unfavorable environment for 50% flowering, landraces CS1, CS2 and CS3were well adapted to all environments for ripe maturity whereas landraces CS6, CS10 and CS19 were well adapted to all environment for number of ripe fruit and ripe fruit yield.

Stability analysis in rice landraces grown under dry Direct seeded condition

In the present study the genotype x environment interaction and stability performances of 15 rice landraces in Rabi season during 2017-18 to 2021-22 at Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India were evaluated. Eberhart - Russel model was used for stability analysis in rice. In this model, genotype mean across environments, regression of genotype on environmental index and function of the squared deviation from the regression were determined. Mean sum of squares against environment source of variation as well as linear component of environment were significant for all the studied characters suggesting a presence of variation among the environments tested. The linear component of genotype x environment interaction was also found significant for all the traits studied which indicated presence of significant differences between the genotypes. The landraces Kallurundaikar and Kattanur responded favourably to better environments but gave poor yield in an unfavourable environment. Hence, they are suitable for favourable environments. Sivappuchithiraikar and Mysore malli recorded the highest grain yield with bi value closer to unity and non-significant deviation from regression. They were reported as stable genotypes and recommended for cultivation in southern districts of Tamil Nadu. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(4): 941-948, 2023 (December)

Genotype x environment interaction in hybrids and parents of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Pooled analysis of variance for phenotypic stability of 56 F1 hybrids along with 8 parents using 8 x 8 diallel mating design for seed yield, its components and oil content in sesame were assessed in four different environments in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra. Genotype x Environment (G x E) interaction was significant for all the characters except for days to maturity. The environment (linear) component of variance was significant for all the characters except oil content against pooled error, indicating the presence of macro-environmental differences under all four environments. The mean sum of squares due to G x E (linear) was significant for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of capsules per plant, length of capsule, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight and seed yield per plant indicating variation in the performance of genotypes due to the regression of genotypes on the environment. The mean sums of squares due to pooled deviation (non-linear) were significant for most characters, suggesting the role of unpredictable causes affecting stability. However, the magnitude of non-linear components was lower for most of the characters than G x E (linear) variance. Among the crosses, TBS-10 x V-29, TBS-7 x TBS-12 and R-20 x R-09 were the most stable for seed yield per plant over a wide range of environments. These stable crosses also showed stable performance for most of the yield attributing traits and oil content.

Estimation of Nature and Magnitude of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Its Contributing Traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present research investigation was conducted at AKS University, Satna, Madhya Pradesh during rabi Season of 2022. Altogether 20 wheat genotypes were grown under RBD design with three replications. In the present study various parameters of genetic variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance estimates of wheat crop. Analysis of variance revealed that the mean sum of square showed significant due to genotypes for all the 12 characters studied. Analysis of variance for the design of experiment revealed highly significant difference for all the characters which expressed huge amount of diversity among 20 genotypes of wheat. Phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for all the characters. The maximum GCV and PCV were observed for ear length (cm) (26.37 & 27.04) followed by number of productive tillers per plant (23.72 & 25.65) and test weight (21.76 & 22.57 g). The maximum value of heritability was shown by number of spikelets per ear (98.05), number of seed per spike (97.59), ear length (95.12cm), test weight (92.99 g), biological yield per plant (91.99 g), plant height (89.86 cm), seed yield per plant (87.28 g), days to maturity (86.67) and number of productive tillers per plant (85.56). The highest genetic advance was found for number of productive tillers per plant (45.20), number of seed per spike (43.60), test weight (43.24 g), seed yield per plant (37.37 g), no of ears par plant (34.99) and number of spikelets per ear (31.49). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for the characters number of productive tillers per plant, no of ears per plant, ear length, number of spikelets per ear, number of seed per spike, test weight and seed yield per plant which indicated that above characters were governed by additive gene action and direct selection may be useful for further improvement program.

Genetic Characterization and Character Association Study in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Grain Yield and Yield Attributing Traits

Present research work was carried out at the research farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rama University, Kanpur to investigate the pattern of genetic variability and heritability in the elite genotypes of wheat germplasm. In current study 27 wheat genotypes including checks entries viz., HD 2967 AND PBW 152 have been evaluated in randomized block design in 3 replication and the observations have been recorded on the eleven metric traits viz., Days to 50% flowering, Days to maturity, Flag leaf area (cm2), Tillers per plant, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), Spikelet per spike, Grain yield per plant (g), Biological yield per plant (g), Test weight (g) and Harvest index (%). The analysis of variance showed significant mean sum of squares due to all traits under study. High estimates of heritability were observed for all of the traits viz., grain yield per plant (98.90%) followed by test weight (95.53%) and harvest index (94.88 %), whereas, high estimates of genetic advance (>20%) in per cent over mean was recorded for the traits grain yield per plant (44.26%) followed by spike length (36.12%) and Test weight (28.51%), High heritability accompanied with high genetic advance for the traits showed additive gene action and the selection for such traits would be rewarding.