Water Sulfate Research Articles

Mechanically strong yet metabolizable supramolecular plastics by desalting upon phase separation.

Plastics that can metabolize in oceans are highly sought for a sustainable future. In this work, we report the noncovalent synthesis of unprecedented plastics that are mechanically strong yet metabolizable under biologically relevant conditions owing to their dissociative nature with electrolytes. Salt-bridging sodium hexametaphosphate with di- or tritopic guanidinium sulfate in water forms a cross-linked supramolecular network, which is stable unless electrolytes are resupplied. This unusual stability is caused by a liquid-liquid phase separation that expels sodium sulfate, generated upon salt bridging, into a water-rich phase. Drying the remaining condensed liquid phase yields glassy plastics that are thermally reshapable, such as thermoplastics, and usable even in aqueous media with hydrophobic parylene C coating. This approach can be extended to polysaccharide-based supramolecular plastics that are applicable for three-dimensional printing.

Combining hydrodynamics, geochemical and multiple isotopic tracers to understand the hydrogeological functioning of karst groundwater system in Jinci, northern China

Karst groundwater is important for global sustainable water supply and ecological development. However, the lack of understanding of karst systems’ hydrogeological functioning increases the challenges of karst water resources management. Here, the natural responses of the main discharge sites (such as Jinci Spring, Pingquan Spring and so on) of Jinci karst water system were controlled by continuous monitoring of the discharge rate. Water samples were collected to constrain the chemical evolution of groundwater in Jinci karst water system through geochemical and isotopic tracers. The application of trend analysis tests (Mann-Kendall) shows the Jinci karst water system is highly dependent on natural recharge and influenced by human activities. Our research first timely revealed that old karst groundwater from the stagnation areas might potentially be one of the main recharge sources of karst aquifers. The recharge proportions and chemical effects of the old karst water were evaluated. The recharge proportions of old karst water increased gradually along the main flow path from the Jinci Spring to the Dongyu artesian well, where the highest estimated mixing ratio was up to 24.8 %. It was observed that the mixing recharge of the old karst water causes a significant elevation of total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate (SO42-), and sulfur isotope (δ34S-SO4) values in karst water from the southern area of Jinci Spring, which may threaten the quality and safety of drinking water supply. Our research provides a new view on groundwater circulation and poses new challenges for groundwater management in the karst areas.

Utilization of waste phosphogypsum in high-strength geopolymer concrete: Performance optimization and mechanistic exploration

Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial waste produced during the manufacture of phosphoric acid. In this study, dihydrate phosphogypsum (DPG), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), Portland cement clinker (PCC), sulfate alumina cement clinker (SACC), water reducer, sand, and stone were combined to create a phosphogypsum-based geopolymer (PBG) concrete. Concrete mix design was carried out based on the principle of maximum packing density, and the effects of water reducer type, sand ratio, water-to-binder ratio, and DPG content on PBG concrete properties were investigated. Results indicated that compared to SiKa ViscoCrete 540P (SVC 540P) water reducer, Melflux PLUS 1087L (MP1087L) significantly enhanced the performance of PBG concrete. With a water-to-binder ratio of 0.34, a sand ratio of 32.2 %, and a PG:GGBFS:FA ratio of 5:4:1, the 28-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the concrete exceeded 60 MPa. The concrete primarily consisted of phases such as dihydrate gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), ettringite (Ca6(Al(OH)6)2(SO4)3(H2O)26), polymer (-Si-O-Al-), quartz (SiO2), albite (Na(AlSi3O8)) and Muscovite ((K,Na)Al2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2). Using two mild alkalis as activators, PBG concrete can avoid the efflorescence often associated with geopolymer preparation and can cure at 20 °C. PBG concrete offers high strength, ease of preparation, and environmental benefits, providing a new avenue for the reuse of PG.

Evaluation of the Effect of pH and Concentration of Calcium and Sulfate Ions on Coal Flotation

The presence of calcium sulfate in the process water during the coal flotation greatly influences the recovery and selectivity of the separation. The concentrations of calcium and sulfate ions modify mineral hydrophobicity by altering surface properties resulting in depression or activation of the mineral species. An investigation to evaluate the statistical significance of the effect of the pH and concentration of calcium and sulfate ions on coal flotation was carried out; for this purpose, a 23 factorial design was implemented. A p-value < 0.05 was determined for the effect of calcium and sulfate ion concentrations, indicating that it is statistically significant. The interactions between factors (pH × calcium, pH × sulfate, calcium × sulfate and pH × calcium × sulfate) are also statistically significant, but the interaction between the concentration of calcium and sulfate ions has a notable influence according to the F statistic value. Employing 800 and 1920 mg/L of calcium and sulfate ions as experimental conditions yields a recovery of 90.4% with a concentrate containing 13% ash.

Architecture of core-shell Ce-OMS-2@CeO2 catalyst and its SCR activity and SO2+H2O tolerance performance at low-temperature

It is a challenge to develop highly sulfur dioxide and water (SO2+H2O) resistance for the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts of nitrogen oxide (NOx) in the non-electric-power industry. In this paper, core-shell and loaded type of Ce-OMS-2 complexes (Ce-OMS-2@CeO2 and CeO2/Ce-OMS-2) were successfully prepared. Their textural properties were characterized and catalytic performance were carried out. The results showed that the core-shell Ce-OMS-2@CeO2 material could maintain the mesoporous structure and significantly improve the mass transfer and adsorption of the reaction gas NO, thus improving the SCR efficiency. On the contrary, for the loaded CeO2/Ce-OMS-2 catalyst, large amounts of CeO2 deposited on the surface of Ce-OMS-2 and blocked the mesoporous structure. Furthermore, SO2 reacted with CeO2/Ce-OMS-2 to form lots of metal sulfate (manganese sulfate or cerium sulfate), which led to the deactivation of the active Mn sites. Therefore, the CeO2/Ce-OMS-2 catalyst exhibited the low SCR activity and poor SO2+H2O tolerance during the SCR reaction. We also clarify the reason for the anti-sulfur of core-shell Ce-OMS-2@CeO2 catalyst. In the presence of SO2 and H2O, SO2 could easily react with NH3 and H2O to produce ammonium bisulfate (NH4HSO4, ABS) on the surface of the Ce-OMS-2 and CeO2/Ce-OMS-2 catalysts. Then ABS can be physically deposited on the surface of the catalysts, thus blocking the active Mn sites to participate in the SCR reaction. Interesting, for the core-shell Ce-OMS-2@CeO2 catalyst, the formed ABS could significantly be decomposed at low temperature, leading to the exposure of surface active Mn sites of the catalyst. Herein, it could maintain the efficient SCR performance over the Ce-OMS-2@CeO2 catalyst. A dynamic balance of ABS formation and decomposition was achieved over Ce-OMS-2@CeO2 even at low temperatures, which hindered the SO2 poisoning during the NH3-SCR reaction. As expected, the core-shell Ce-OMS-2@CeO2 catalyst showed excellent SCR performance and SO2+H2O resistance (~100% NO conversion in the temperature range of 100–200 °C without SO2, ~80% NO conversion for 4 h in the presence of SO2). This work provides an effective strategy for the development of efficient and stable Mn-based low-temperature SCR catalysts.

Recovery of valuable elements from copper slag through low-temperature sulfuric acid curing and water leaching

Recovery of valuable elements from copper slag through low-temperature sulfuric acid curing and water leaching

Effect of topical magnesium sulfate on labor duration and childbirth experience: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundMagnesium sulfate is used topically to reduce the duration of labor in some regions of the country. However, there is insufficient evidence about its effectiveness. This study aimed to determine whether topical magnesium sulfate reduces labor duration and improves childbirth experience (primary outcomes).MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial, the participants were 98 women with low-risk, singleton, and full-term pregnancies admitted to a teaching hospital in Iran. They were randomly assigned to the intervention group (receiving 50% magnesium sulfate) or the control group (receiving distilled water) stratified by parity and onset of labor. The participants, interventionists, and data collectors were blinded. During the vaginal examination at the beginning of the active phase of labor, 10 mL of magnesium sulfate or distilled water was poured on the cervix of the uterus. Data collection was performed by the researcher with continuous monitoring up to two hours post-delivery and follow-up at 4–5 weeks postpartum. The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0 was used to examine childbirth experience. We performed a modified intention-to-treat analysis, excluding those whose outcome of interest could not be assessed. Independent-samples t-tests were used to compare the groups in terms of the mean of the primary outcomes.ResultsParticipant recruitment took place between December 2021 and December 2022. Thirty-three percent were primiparous and 37% had induced labor. Three women in the intervention group and seven in the control group underwent emergency cesarean sections. All 49 women assigned to each group were included in the analysis of labor duration outcome, while one and two women were excluded from the analysis of childbirth experience score due to loss to follow-up. In the intervention group, compared to the control group, the mean duration of the intervention until delivery was significantly shorter (1.59 vs. 2.93 h; MD -1.34, 95% CI [-1.88 to -0.79]) and the childbirth experience score was higher (3.1 vs. 2.3, MD 0.84; 95% CI [0.59 to 1.08]).ConclusionsAccording to the results of this trial, pouring 10 mL of 50% magnesium sulfate on the cervix at the beginning of the active phase of labor probably reduces labor duration and improves the childbirth experience.Trial registrationEthics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences: IR.TBZMED.REC. 1400.726. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: IRCT20100414003706N40 Registration date: 21/11/2021 (https://en.irct.ir/trial/58323).

Healing properties of natural mineral water of Tajikistan

Aim. To study the composition and medicinal properties of water from natural mineral springs in the Republic of Tajikistan.Materials and Methods. This study analyzed the climatic and geographical regions, as well as the water quality and chemical composition of four mineral springs: Khoja-Obi-Garm, Obi-Garm, Garm-Chashma, and Shoambary. The research also investigated the influence and effectiveness of these mineral waters in treating skin diseases.Results and Discussion. The Republic of Tajikistan has numerous mineral springs that are used for treating skin conditions and other health issues. Mineral waters in Tajikistan are classified into five types based on their chemical composition: bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and mixed composition waters. In addition, there are waters with active ions and gaseous elements such as hydrogen sulfide, radon, nitrogen, and methane. Based on temperature, these waters are categorized as cold, warm, or hot/thermal waters. The springs at Khoja-Obi-Garm, Obi-Garm, Garm-Chashma, and Shoambary are hot thermal baths of the bicarbonate-chloride-sulfate-sodium type. In addition to the primary salts and gases, these waters contain biologically active trace elements, including aluminum, titanium, manganese, copper, silicon, molybdenum, strontium, barium, boron, fluorine, and others.Conclusion. Tajikistan holds a leading position in Central Asia regarding the abundance of mineral springs, and the mineral waters from these springs meet the requirements for therapeutic use. These waters contain a variety of chemical elements that exert significant biological effects, and, when used appropriately, can effectively treat many diseases.

Multi-residue analysis of four aminoglycoside antibiotic pesticides in plant agricultural products

Simplified and effective pretreatment methods combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of four aminoglycoside antibiotic pesticides kasugamycin, validamycin, streptomycin sulfate and zhongshengmycin in high starchy content matrix (rice), high water and high acidic content matrix (citrus) and high water content matrix (melon) were established. Single-factor and central composite design (CCD) experiments were employed to optimize the pretreatment conditions, resulting in the optimal factor combinations and achieving scientifically accurate outcomes. Validation results proved satisfactory, with all four target compounds exhibiting correlation coefficients (r) exceeding 0.99 within the linear range in three matrices. The recoveries were 81.5–102.2 %, and both inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 10.7 %. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.1–4.0 μg/kg, with limits of quantitation (LOQs) consistently at 50 μg/kg. Furthermore, the methods were applied to potato, grape, and cucumber matrices to further validate their applicability.

Study on the Variation Rule of Solubility of Common Scaling under High Temperature and High Pressure Conditions

Abstract In view of the lack of equipment for direct detection of ion content in formation water under high temperature and high pressure conditions at domestic and overseas until now. In this paper, a static experiment was designed to test the solubility of each ion in the fluid under high temperature and high pressure conditions. The influence of different temperature and pressure on the solubility of scaling was tested by experiments, and the variation rule of the scaling solubility under high temperature and high pressure was comprehensively studied. The results show that: With the increase of temperature, the solubility of barium sulfate in pure water increases first and then decreases; the solubility of strontium sulfate decreases gradually; the solubility of magnesium carbonate increases first and then decreases; the solubility of magnesium carbonate increases first and then decreases; the solubility of calcium carbonate increases first, then decreases and then increases; at the same temperature and pressure, the solubility of four scalings that are barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, strontium sulfate and magnesium carbonate is in the size order of BaSO4<CaCO3<SrSO4<MgCO3.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL TOOTHPASTE

The present study is concerned with the formulation and evaluation of herbal toothpaste, which contains various properties like tooth abrasives, tooth whitening, anti-caring, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, desensitivity, etc. The herbal toothpaste was prepared using mango leaf extract and guava leaf extract as active ingredients, along with various excipients, which include calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium benzoate, glycerine, camphor, honey and distilled water. The toothpaste was prepared by homogeneous mixing of all the excipients and the herbal extract. Four formulations were prepared using mango leaf extract as an active ingredient along with varying excipient concentrations, four formulations were prepared using guava leaf extract as an active ingredient along with varying excipient concentrations, and a polyherbal formulation consisting of four formulations containing both mango leaf extract and guava leaves extract as active ingredients along with varying excipient concentrations. The formulations were tested for various parameters such as homogeneity, abrasiveness, foamability, moisture content, Spreadability, extrudability, colour, PH, and antibacterial activity. The study concluded that polyherbal formulation showed best results and was found to be best among all batches. The polyherbal formulation, F4 showed was found to be best among all other formulations.

Integral and Surface Treatment Method of Waterproofing: A Review and Comparative Analysis

Water seepage into concrete can cause deterioration and other aesthetic issues that limit the life of concrete constructions. This paper examines and contrasts the various kinds of waterproofing techniques. There are essentially two types: surface treatment method and integral method. Water repellents, crystalline admixtures, and densifiers are examples of integral methods. Surface treatment methods encompass pore-blocking, hydrophobic impregnation, surface coating, and multifunctional surface treatment. The processes of various approaches are examined in this article, followed by a comparison of their durability and mechanical properties. We discuss several properties, such as sulfate attack, chloride penetration, carbonation, reinforcement corrosion, water absorption and permeability, compressive, flexural, and tensile strength. The findings indicate that each has merits and demerits of their own. The inclusion of an integral admixture to concrete offers a number of advantages over surface protection, including convenience of application, the removal of the need for ongoing maintenance, and minimal to no deterioration over time. While surface treatment methods significantly reduce water permeability and porosity. In conclusion, we give a succinct summary of certain issues regarding the present state of research and future directions for the hydrophobic modification of concrete.

Eficacy of sulfurous water from Mangalia in Helicobacter Pylori infection: a clinical study

Mangalia balneary resort is situated in the south of the Black Sea and uses sulphurous water springs for rehabilitation therapy. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of Mangalia sulphurous water on Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) infection. Considering that sulfurous water has a bacteriostatic effect and that most gastritis are caused by H. Pylori infection, we propose that a group of 27 H. Pylori positive patients with or without digestive symptoms ingest sulfurous water daily, for a few days. At the end of the study, 15 of the patients tested negative for H pylori antigen. The curative effects are due to the bacteriostatic effect of sulfurous water and its stimulating action on the digestive tube.

Total mercury and methylmercury in lake water in years before and after removal of mercury-polluted pulp fiber sediment

There is an elevated presence of mercury (Hg) in the biosphere because of anthropogenic activities. The resulting damage to ecosystems and human health increases dramatically when microorganisms produce highly toxic methylmercury (MeHg). Total Hg (THg), MeHg and ancillary water chemistry were measured in two connected lakes, separated by a short stream stretch, before (1996, 1998 and 2003) and after (2007, 2009 and 2010) the removal of Hg-polluted pulp fiber sediment. Over the study period, there was a decrease in sulfate in the surface water of both lakes, presumably because of declining atmospheric sulfate deposition. Together, the reductions in OM, sulfate, and Hg, resulted in decreased MeHg concentrations as well as decreased MeHg:THg ratios in the bottom water overlying the sediment. There was also a reduction in zooplankton MeHg and fish total Hg in both lakes. Multiple regressions, using the bottom water data before and after remediation from both lakes, indicated that both the yearly maximum MeHg concentration [MeHgmax] and MeHgmax:THg correlated positively with the simultaneously measured sulfate deficit (a proxy for microbial sulfate reduction) and inorganic Hg concentration (IHg = THg – MeHg). This may suggest that the removal of Hg and the decreased sulfate reduction not only led to a decrease in available Hg substrate for methylation but also disfavored the Hg methylation process. As opposed to sulfate deficit, other measurements reflecting heterotrophic microbial activity such as inorganic carbon (IC), ammonium (NH4+), and iron (Fe) did not show significant correlations with MeHg or MeHg:THg when the data from both lakes were combined.

Identifying sulphurous water discharge from legacy oil and gas wells using spectral band analysis of aerial and satellite imagery

Legacy oil and gas wells are a significant source of hydrogen sulphide and methane gas release to the atmosphere. Unanticipated occurrences of gas release in urbanized areas can pose human health risks. Several high hydrogen sulphide-emitting wells have been identified in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada, based on the remote detection of sulphurous water discharging to the surface along the wellbore. Although oil and gas well records report well status and location, community reports of noxious hydrogen sulphide odours suggest potentially compromised well seals and inaccuracies in their documented location. Given the broad-scale nature of this issue and limitations in site access, a remote-sensing based methodology utilizing satellite and high-resolution aerial photography could support identification of undocumented sulphurous water leaks associated with compromised oil and gas wells and subsequent characterization of hydrological and ecohydrological impacts over time. This study presents a multifaceted approach to identifying sulphurous leaking wells utilizing complimentary remote sensing imagery and image analysis tools within ArcGIS. Southwestern Ontario Orthophotography Project air photos and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery were determined to be the most applicable sources of imagery based on their respective advantages in resolution and revisit time. The application of a normalized difference vegetation index showed that major well leaks could exhibit signs of vegetative scarcity, while minor well leaks may have only a limited impact on vegetation. A band combination utilizing the green and near infrared bands was created to enhance the detection of sulphurous water leaks. Utilizing the identified band combination, a pair of potentially undiscovered leaks were located west of a fluvial river channel. Continued research should attempt to employ an automated approach for discerning additional sulphurous water leaks in the region or at different points in time. Possible techniques may involve the deep learning object and change detection models incorporated in ArcGIS.

Efficient elimination of organic contaminants via a non-radical pathway involving activation of sulfite by synergistic adsorption-catalysis bifunctional chitosan-modified MOF derivative

Usually, Metal-based sulfite activation systems follow a radical generation pathway but are rare in non-radical pathways. Singlet oxygen (1O2) generation-targeted catalyst was synthesized by introducing non-redox metal oxides ZnO into chitosan-modified cobalt-zinc bimetallic oxides (CZ1.0C) via template method. Compared with Co3O4, the catalyst CZ1.0C coupled to the sulfite system (CZ1.0C/SO32-) maintained good adaptability in a common water background and a wide pH range (7–11). In addition, the CZ1.0C/SO32- system showed high efficiency in the degradation of Congo red (kobs = 0.190 min−1) and 100 % sulfite utilization. EPR, probe experiments, and DFT calculations proved the dominant role of 1O2, with a concentration three orders of magnitude higher than that of radicals. The controlled generation of non-radicals was achieved owing to the doping of ZnO and the conversion of lattice oxygen and oxygen vacancies. The catalytic oxidation intermediate HSO5- has also been demonstrated in the system, which achieves non-radical pathway oxidation through electron-mediated interactions. This article aims to develop a new “waste control by waste” strategy, which combines high selective adsorption and catalysis to achieve sulfur resource recovery and water pollutants elimination.

Selective extraction of lithium and solidified fluoride from overhaul slag by the calcium sulfate roasting and water leaching

Overhaul slag is a hazardous waste which is from the process of aluminum electrolysis industry. In this work, a technology of calcium sulfate roasting and water leaching was developed to dispose of overhaul slag. The effects of roasting and leaching parameters were investigated in detail. Under the optimal roasting conditions, the fluorine could be stably solidified into CaF2, and lithium could be converted into soluble NaLi(SO4). The roasted clinker was then subjected to water leaching for the selective extraction of lithium. About 99.74 % of lithium was extracted and 99.82 % of fluoride was solidified by the leaching process under the optimal leaching conditions. After water leaching, the concentration of lithium can reach 2.3 g/L. XRD analysis shows that the main phases of the aqueous solution after evaporation and crystallization are NaLi(SO4) and Na2SO4, and a small amount of impurities can be further removed and concentrated to prepare Li2CO3. The main components of leaching slag are C, Al2O3 and CaF2, which can be used as fast setting cement. The process proposed in this paper is not limited to the recovery of high-value lithium from overhaul slag, and can be applied to the extraction of other valuable waste substances in aluminum industry.

Tracing sulfate sources in a tropical agricultural catchment with a stable isotope Bayesian mixing model

Sulfate (SO42−) is an essential anion in drinking water and a vital macronutrient for plant growth. However, elevated sulfate levels can impact ecosystem or human health and could be an important indicator of acid rock drainage or pollution. Therefore, monitoring SO42− sources and transport is important for water quality assessments. This study focused on exploring the sources and transformations of SO42− as well as estimating the proportional contribution of the potential SO42− pollutant sources to groundwater and surface water in a tropical river basin, the Densu River Basin. The study used major ions combined with stable sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions and a Bayesian isotope mixing model, MixSIAR. The major ion characteristics indicate that SO42− concentrations remain stable throughout the rainy and dry seasons but originate from diverse sources. The multi-isotope model (δ34SSO4, δ18OSO4) identified four potential SO42− sources: detergent, precipitation, sewage, and sulfate fertilizer. However, the δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 values of the fertilizer source signatures overlapped with those of precipitation and sewage. Nevertheless, the contributions from each source were disentangled using the MixSIAR model, which revealed sewage as the most dominant SO42− pollutant in the Densu Basin, accounting for ~47 % of sulfate in groundwater and ~ 56 % of sulfate in surface water. Sulfate fertilizer (~33 %) was the second most important source after sewage for groundwater, while detergent (~23 %) was the second most important source for surface water. The redox processes of bacterial sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation were determined to have a minimal impact on the sulfur isotope fractionation within the basin. This study highlights the benefits of combining major ions, sulfur isotopes and the MixSIAR model for identifying sources of sulfate. This approach accounts for uncertainties in source contributions which allows for more robust and reliable apportionment of sulfate sources. The study emphasizes the need for effective waste management and pollution control measures to protect water quality and provides vital guidelines on how to partition sulfate sources on a large catchment scale and evidence for making pollution management decisions on water resources.

Potential Possibilities of Using Peat, Humic Substances, and Sulfurous Waters in Cosmetology

Balneology is one of the oldest fields of medicine related to the use of natural raw materials (medicinal waters, medicinal gases, peloids, climatic values) in the treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation of many diseases but also increasingly in cosmetology. Currently, balneotherapy (spa therapy) combines tradition and modernity. The interest in spa treatments, the popularity of a healthy lifestyle, as well as the constant search for active substances of a natural origin for cosmetics make peloids, medicinal, and mineral waters very popular in the cosmetics industry. The main aim of this review was to present current, scientifically proven knowledge about the potential use of peat, huic substances, and sulfurous water in cosmetology. The work describes the potential possibilities of using medicinal waters, especially sulfurous waters, as well as peats and humic compounds, which are the source of active substances with biological activity e.g., antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant, and possess a positive effect on psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, or acne. The therapeutic effects of these substances have been well documented in the literature; however, the validity of their use in cosmetology requires further confirmation.

Analisis Uji Kuat Tekan Beton pada Campuran Air Payau Desa Tellumpanua Kecamatan Suppa

Increased economic growth in the city of Parepare with the presence of buildings around the estuary. In general, the composition of concrete making materials is taken from good materials. The problem encountered in the field is that the quality of concrete in construction decreases due to brackish water, causing structural elements in the construction to become porous. Meanwhile, preventive measures are rarely or never taken. As a result, the construction life is very short. Brackish water is one of the causes of structural failure. This is due to the content of sulfate and chloride ions in water containing salt/salts that react with chemical elements in reinforcing steel resulting in corrosion of the reinforcement. The purpose of the study was to analyse the compressive strength of concrete with a mixture of clean water against the percentage of brackish water with a maintenance age of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that brackish water had an impact on reducing the compressive strength of concrete due to the high chemical content in brackish water such as Sulfate (SO²¯) of 52.5 in brackish water in Kenjeran and 62.5 in brackish water in mangrove. Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 15188 mg/l in kenjeran brackish water and 3436 mg/l in mangrove brackish water. Organic Content (KMnO) of 8.05 mg/l in kenjeran brackish water and 6.69 mg/l in mangrove brackish water is too high, so the chemical content contained in brackish water can damage the compounds in the cement content and decrease the strength of the materials contained in the concrete. In this case it can result in concrete having a very low durability.