Upeneus Research Articles

The effect of sulphur goatfish, sesarma, and green mussel as feed on the growth and survival of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) in recirculation systems

The effect of sulphur goatfish, sesarma, and green mussel as feed on the growth and survival of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) in recirculation systems

Characterization of microplastic in trawl fish caught in Padang City (Indonesia) coastal area

Abstract. Edwin T, Primasari B, Purnama RA. 2023. Characterization of microplastic in trawl fish caught in Padang City (Indonesia) coastal area. Biodiversitas 24: 516-522. Marine organisms can ingest microplastics that are distributed in the oceans. It can harm marine organisms because carcinogenic materials easily attach to microplastics. Trawl fish is a commercial fish with a high demand from people in Padang City, West Sumatera, Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the abundance of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Also, analyze the microplastic characteristics in trawl fish caught on Pasir Jambak Coast and Purus Coast in Padang City. The species studied were Sulphur goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus), Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), and White sardinella (Sardinella albella). Microplastics were identified using microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Microplastic abundance in Sulphur goatfish, Indian mackerel, and White sardinella was 3.89±1.36 per fish, 4.22±1.28 particles per fish, and 2.50±0.46 particles per fish, respectively. The size of the most commonly found microplastics ranged from 1-5 mm and was categorized as the Large Microplastic (LMP) type. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis showed that the origin of the type of microplastic polymer found was Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). Statistically, it shows that the difference in the location and time of sampling does not provide a significant difference in the concentration of microplastics in fish and seawater. The results of this study indicated that microplastics were found in the waters and all fish samples on the coast of Padang City studied. Microplastics in the trawl fish can be used to manage plastic waste in the city to prevent a worse impact due to plastic pollution in the future.

The population status of sulphur goatfish Upeneus sulphureus in the Iraqi marine waters, northwest Arabian Gulf

The status of the sulphur goatfish Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, 1829 population in the Iraqi marine waters, north-west of the Arabian Gulf was assessed using FiSAT program from March 2007 to September 2008. A total of 7574 specimens of U. sulphureus were collected by trawl net, their lengths ranged from 5 to 17cm. Length-weight relationship was W = 0.0621 L3.0125. The growth parameters estimated were L∞= 18.85cm and K= 0.72. The growth performance index (ø) of the species was computed as 2.36. Total mortality rate (Z) was computed as 2.43, natural mortality rate (M) was 1.85, fishing mortality rate (F) was 0.58 and the exploitation ratio was 0.32. The values of F and E of U. sulphureus obtained in the present study were lower than those recorded for the same species in the previous studies, whereas the population of the species exposed to higher natural mortality rate. The results indicated that the present levels of E and F were lower than those of the maximum (Y/R)'.

LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND REPRODUCTION OF SULPHUR GOATFISH Upeneus sulphureus (Cuvier, 1829) AT PPI KALIANDA, SOUTH LAMPUNG

Sulphur goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus) is the dominant caught with a fairly high level of utilization. This research aimed to analyze aspects of growth and reproduction sulphur goatfish caught by rampus nets landed at the fishing port of PPI Kalianda. Growth aspects that were observed included the length-weight, while the reproductive aspects observed is the sex ratio, gonad maturity level, and the size of sulphur goatfish at first maturity. This research was conducted in May-July 202 with the research method used simple random sampling method. The fish samples obtained during the study were 600 individuals, the results showed that Sulphur goatfish had negative allometric growth. The equation for the long-weight relationship of sulphur goatfish is log W = -4,6 + 2,9 log L or W = 2,8x10-5L2,9. The sex ratio of sulphur goatfish in May and July were not 1: 1, while the ideal condition was achieved in June. The gonad maturity level distribution of sulphur goatfish was dominated by TKG III and IV for female, while male sulphur goatfish was dominated by TKG II and III. Size at first maturity of sulphur goatfish females was 169,1 ± 1,03mm.

Assessing and managing demersal fisheries in Sunda Strait: Bio-economic modelling

Management of demersal fisheries in Sunda Strait has recently decreased productivity, especially Sulphur goatfish (Upeneus spp.), one type of demersal fish with economic value. The increasing demand for demersal fisheries causes high pressure on the existence of these resources due to the increasing intensity of capture. Based on these conditions, the study aims to determine the utilization level of demersal fisheries (Sulphur goatfish) in the Sunda Strait. The catch and fishing trips data were collected from Labuan Coastal Fishery Port (PPP), Pandeglang Regency, Banten, Fisheries Office of Pandeglang Regency, and Fisheries and Marine Agency of Banten Province during 2008-2017. Surplus production models are used to estimate the biological parameters of Sulphur goatfish. The regression and the modeling show that the CYP is the most suitable model based on the highest?! (0.74) and the values of the biological parameters consisted of the intrinsic growth rate (0.7670), the catchability coefficient (0.0002454), and the carrying capacity (5,914.06 tons per year). The bio-economic analysis shows that utilization of Sulphur goatfish (Upeneus spp.) have experienced biological and economic overfishing, as shown on the average of the actual catch of 1,734.84 tonnes/year, above the MSY and MEY values of 1,133 tonnes/year, and the actual effort of 4,198.81 trips/year, which is far above the effort of MSY and MEY in the range of 1,500 trips/year. Consequently, the management strategies that can be suggested are regulating catch effort, fishing time, and mesh size, as well as improving cooperation among stakeholders, thus creating sustainable fisheries management.

Pendugaan Stok Ikan Kuniran (Upeneus sulphureus, Cuvier 1829) di Perairan Selat Sunda, Banten

Sulphur goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus) is one of a demersal fish as the main commodity in Sunda Strait. This research aimed to assess the stocks of sulfur goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus) in Sunda Strait, Banten as a basic management for optimum and sustainable used. Collecting samples were conducted with Stratified Random Sampling approach in May-October 2018 at PPP Labuan, Banten. The research showed the gender ratio of sulfur goatfish was 0.92:1. The growth pattern of the males fish was negative allometric and the female was isometric. Pukat cincin was the fishing gear become the standard for other fishing gears. Stock status of sulfur goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus) fisheries in Sunda Strait, Banten had indicated overfishing.

Reproduction, Growth, Mortality and Yield of the Goatfish Upeneus sulphureus in Northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Information on stock condition and reproductive biology are important for fisheries conservation and management planning. This study examined reproduction, growth, mortality and yield of sulphur goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier 1829), which is a low-value food fish abundantly caught as bycatch in artisanal and industrial fishing from the southeast coast of Bangladesh at northern Bay of Bengal. Data were collected monthly obtaining samples from local fish landing center. The gonadosomatic index indicated that U. sulphureus spawns twice a year during January–May and August–October. Fecundity of the fish was positively correlated with the body and gonad weight, and varied from 15 128–97 274 eggs with fish weight 11.30–58.73 g. Monthly length–frequency distribution was analyzed through FISAT software, thus the estimated seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L∞ = 21.80 cm, K = 0.54 per year, C = 0.5, WP = 0.1 and Rn = 0.300, respectively. Moreover, the value of seasonalized total mortality coefficient Z (2.24) was smaller than that of the non-seasonalized Z (4.16). The instantaneous natural mortality and fishing mortality, calculated for non-seasonalized total mortality, were 1.31 and 2.86, respectively. Furthermore, the high exploitation rate (E = 0.69) was close to maximum exploitation level (Emax = 0.75) in yield-per-recruit analysis, suggesting that U. sulphureus is being exploited at the MSY (maximum sustainable yield) level. Therefore, further increase in fishing effort may reduce U. sulphureus stocks in the coastal waters of Bangladesh.

Spawning potential ratio (SPR) of Sulphur Goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus): biological basis for demersal fishery management in Java Sea

Goatfish is one of the most dominant demersal-fish species currently caught by local fishermen in North-Coast of East Java and Madura using modified Danish-Seine. This research aimed to investigate species diversity goatfish and spawning potential ratio (SPR) of most representative species, U. suphureus. Identification was completed through morphometric and meristic investigation. A total of 2,550 fish were sub-sampled from catches for length-frequency analysis, length at first maturity (Lm), length-weight relationship and SPR. The results showed that there were five species within catches, being: U. sulphureus, U. moluccensis, U. tragula, U. sundaicus, and P. heptacanthus. Length-weight followed cubic formula with Wt = 0.0159 * Lt3.124 (p< 0.05; r2 = 0.92). Female length-at-first mature was reached at 11.67 cm Fork-Length, with total female biomass in the sample 6.5 kg. Total biomass was 93.1 kg, hence the SPR was < 7%. The minimum value of SPR while maintaining stock at good parent stock was >20%. From these results, it was very clear that demersal fishery in North-Coast of East Java, represented by U. sulphureus is unsustainable. Management measure, either size or effort limitation should be implemented, otherwise, the stock will soon collapse.

Spermatozoa Morphology of Goatfishes (Mullidae): Upeneus sulphureus

Spermatozoa morphology of sulphur goatfish Upeneus sulphureus is studied by the methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The shapes of spermatozoon heads are compared in U. sulphureus, U. tragula, U. margarethae, and Parupeneus multifasciatus. The U. sulphureus spermatozoon is characterized by the oval head flattened on a side, a nucleus with a deep U-shaped fossa, coaxially located centrioles, and two mitochondrial sections in the midpiece. On the flattened side of the head, its apical end is slightly pointed and bent. Based on the spermatozoon head shape, U. tragula and U. margarethae differ from all representatives of the family Mullidae with described sperm morphology in strongly bent and pointed apical end of the spermatozoon head and a single mitochondrial section in the midpiece. The data on comparative spermatozoa morphology are discussed in connection with current phylogenetic schemes.

Characteristics of Dry Noodles with the Addition of Different Fish Scales

Noodles is an easy-to-serve food product and widely consumed. The weakness of the noodle is in its hard texture, less elastic and easily broken, so it requires the addition of gelling agent for texture improvement. Gelatin is a gelling agent that can be extracted from fish scales. The addition of gelatin from scales of fish that were caught from different habitat (fresh, brackish, and sea) might affects the characteristics of the dried noodles. This study aimed to determine the effect of gelatin prepared from the scales of tilapia, milkfish and sulphur goatfish on the characteristics of dry noodles.The research method was experimental laboratories using a Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with one factor which was gelatin from the difference fish scales (tilapia, milkfish, and sulphur goatfish). The parameters that were observed include protein content, tensile strength, water content, and hedonic analysis (appearance, smell, taste, and texture). The results show that the addition of tilapia, milkfish and sulphur goatfish scales gelatin significantly affected protein levels, tensile strength, moisture content and hedonic analysis of dried noodles. Dry noodles with the addition of gelatin scales of sulphur goatfish were not significantly different from milkfish gelatin, meanwhile dry noodles with the addition of tilapia scales gelatin shows a significant different from the control. Hedonic scores on a scale of 1 to 5 for dry noodles with fish scales gelatin and controls resulted to the appearance, aroma, taste, and texture values which were favored by panelists. These results indicate that the addition of fish scales gelatin produces characteristics of dry noodles that are suitable for consumption according to SNI 8217.2015.

Estimation of CPUE and CPUA of three caught fish by bottom trawler in the Motaf fishing grounds, Bushehr Province, Persian Gulf, Iran

Seyed Hosseini SM, Paighambari SY, Pouladi M, Shabani MJ. 2018. Estimation of CPUE and CPUA of three caught fish by bottom trawler in the Motaf fishing grounds, Bushehr Province, Persian Gulf, Iran. Biodiversitas 19: 1434-1440. This study was conducted to estimate catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catch per unit area (CPUA) of Giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis Forsskål, 1775), Bigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793), and Sulphur goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus (Cuvier, 1829). Sampling operations were done by a stern trawler in the Motaf fishing grounds located in the Persian Gulf during summer 2016. Overall, 36 hauls were done in two depths of 50-60 m and 60-70 m. In this research, the highest length frequencies of C. ignobilis, S. crumenophthalmus, and U. sulphureus were in the length classes of 56.5-61.5, 22-23.5 and 14-15.5 cm, respectively. The results of CPUE for C. ignobilis, S. crumenophthalmus, and U. sulphureus were 3, 0.159 and 0.078 kg h-1, while the results of CPUA were 45.03, 2.44 and 1.91 kg km-2, respectively. Also, CPUE values for mature and immature forms of C. ignobilis were 5.05 and 0.65 kg h-1, for S. crumenophthalmus were 0.2 and 0.07 kg h-1, and for U. sulphureus were 0.13 and 0.04 kg h-1, and CPUA values for C. ignobilis were 22.51 and 5.02 kg km-1, for S. crumenophthalmus were 22.03 and 10.95 kg km-1, and for U. sulphureus were 27.4 and 12.77 kg km-1 at the depths of 50-60 m and 60-70 m, respectively. Finally, it was concluded that effective fishing of C. ignobilis and U. sulphureus is affordable at depths above 60-70 m, and it was not different for S. crumenophthalmus at fishing depths.

Spatial variation in benthopelagic fish assemblage structure along coastal East Africa from recent bottom trawl surveys

The structure of benthopelagic fish assemblages of the continental shelves and upper slopes along coastal East Africa (Kenya and Tanzania) was studied based on data from bottom trawls during 2012. These surveys are the most recent since the historical bottom trawls conducted in the 70s and 80s along costal East Africa. The bottom trawls sampled fishes in 27 stations along the Kenyan coast using FV Vega, while in Tanzania 24 stations were sampled by MV Mafunzo. A total of 66 fish species in 43 families were trawled in Kenya, while 40 species belonging to 22 families were sampled in Tanzania in depth ranges of 10 m to 230 m. The highest fish biomass was in shallow (<50 m) areas for both Kenya (123.08 kg/km2) and Tanzania (49.17 kg/km2). Numerically dominant species in Kenyan trawls included the largehead hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus (21.44%), the filesnout grenadier, Coelorhinchus denticulatus (9.50%) and the orangefin ponyfish, Photopectoralis bindus (7.57%), while in Tanzania, the hipfin ponyfish, Leiognathus leuciscus (27.09%), sulphur goatfish, Upeneus sulphureus (19.56%) and the finstripe goatfish U. taeniopterus (12.05%) dominated the trawls. The nMDS analysis indicated the fish assemblages to be influenced by both depth and area for Kenya, and mostly area sampled for Tanzania, while multivariate Correspondence Anlysis (CA) provided characteristic species associated with depth and area for both Kenya and Tanzania. Results of rarefaction curves showed the highest species diversity occurring in Tanzanian shallow depths (>50 m) of the south coast and shallow and mid-depths (50–150 m) of north coast. The lowest species diversity was associated with Kenyan samples of north coast in the mid-depth (50–150 m) and deep (>150 m) waters. The dominant species in the trawls differed with those documented in the historical trawls of the 1970–1980s. The results provide a taxonomic database on the fish species off coastal East Africa useful for monitoring spatio-temporal changes in fish assemblages in the face of climate change effects and increasing exploitation levels.

The relationship among spawning period, length at first maturity and depth distribution of Mullus barbatus and Upeneus moluccensis inhabiting the Northeastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey

This study examined the spawning characteristics and distribution of Mullus barbatus and Upeneus moluccensis in Babadillimani Bight, in the northeastern Mediterranean (near Mersin, Turkey) between of May 1999 and April 2000. Sampling was carried out monthly at depths of 0-50 m, 50-100 m and >100 m using commercial trawl net mesh size 22 mm knot to knot. The results showed no difference between the length at first maturity of males and females (t-test, P>0.001) in either M. barbatus or U. moluccensis . This length for the combined sexes was calculated to be 11.7 cm and 10.9 cm in M. barbatus and U. moluccensis , respectively. When monthly changes in the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) values were evaluated, the spawning period was determined as July-November for M. barbatus and May-August for U. moluccensis . The mean total lengths from the individuals belonging to M. barbatus from depth layers of 0-50 m, 50-100 m and >100 m were calculated as 8.65 cm, 8.70 cm and 12.70 cm, respectively. Total lengths for U. moluccensis were calculated as 8.40 cm, 11.66 cm and 13.32 cm, respectively. The mean total length of M. barbatus and U. moluccensis increased from coastal areas to deeper waters. Therefore bottom trawl fishing must be conducted in waters deeper than 100 m for both M. barbatus and U. moluccensis .

A complex of Transversotrematidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) associated with mullid fishes of the Indo-West Pacific Region, including the descriptions of four new species of Transversotrema

Phylogenetic analysis based on ribosomal DNA markers indicates that there is a discrete clade of species of Transverso- trema Witenberg, 1944 associated with mullid fishes of the Indo-West Pacific, although there is only one previous recordof transversotrematids from these fishes. Each of the species in this clade bears broad morphological similarity to previousconcepts of either Transversotrema haasi Witenberg, 1944 or Transversotrema licinum Manter, 1970, yet none of them isattributed here to either of these species. Four new species of Transversotrema are described from mullid fishes of thetropical and sub-tropical Indo-West Pacific using a combination of morphology, morphometric analysis and DNA se-quencing. Transversotrema cabrarum n. sp. is described from Parupeneus spilurus (Bleeker) from Ningaloo Reef (Aus-tralia), and recorded from Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacepede), Parupeneus pleurostigma (Bennett) and Parupeneus trifasciatus (Lacepede) from the same location. Transversotrema chevrarum n. sp. is described from Lizard Island (GreatBarrier Reef, Australia) from Parupeneus ciliatus (Lacepede), and further recorded from Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepede), P. cyclostomus, Parupeneus indicus (Shaw), Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard) and P. trifasciatus at the same location. Transversotrema cutmorei n. sp. is described from Upeneus tragula Richardson from Moreton Bay,Australia. Transversotrema tragorum n. sp. is described from Parupeneus indicus from Lizard Island and recorded from P. barberinus, P. ciliatus P. cyclostomus, P. multifasciatus and P. trifasciatus from the same location. An additional spe-cies, also from mullids from Lizard Island, is delineated on the basis of molecular data, but not formally described. Like many other transversotrematids, the species described here appear to have limited geographical distributions.