Sullivan's Approach Research Articles

ON TOPOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF GORENSTEIN SPACES

In this paper, using Sullivan's approach to rational homotopy theory of simply-connected finite type CW complexes, we endow the $\mathbb{Q}$-vector space $\mathcal{E}xt_{C^{\ast}(X;\mathbb{Q})}(\mathbb{Q}, C^{\ast}(X;\mathbb{Q}))$ with a graded commutative algebra structure. This leads us to introduce the $\mathcal{E}xt$-version of higher (resp. module, homology) topological complexity of $X_0$, the rationalization of $X$ (resp. of $X$ over $\mathbb{Q}$). We then compare these invariants and their respective ordinary ones for Gorenstein spaces.
 We also highlight, in this context, the benefit of Adams-Hilton models over a field of odd characteristics especially through two cases, the first one when the space is a $2$-cell CW-complex and the second one when it is a suspension.

Estimating Disability-Free Life Expectancy of Malaysian Population Using the Sullivan's Approach

As we age, the chances of becoming disabled tend to increase due to an accumulation of health risks from a lifetime of illness, injury, and disability. This research examines the increasing life expectancy of the Malaysian population in relation to their disability status from 2015 to 2019. Disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) was computed using the Sullivan's approach; subsequently, compression or expansion of disability over the two observation years, 2015 and 2019, were analysed. Malaysian disability prevalence rates by age groups for 2015 and 2019 were used to execute this research. In addition, the respective mortality rates by age were gathered from the Department of Statistics of Malaysia. Results showed that, as life expectancy increases, the number of years lived without a disability would rise significantly while the anticipated number of years with a disability will be concurrently declining, suggesting evidence of disability compression. It was also observed that the median age at which the number of years spent with a disability higher than without a disability was 55 in 2015, then delayed to 67.5 in 2019. This study informs medical practitioners and health policymakers about the average lifespan of Malaysians without disabilities, which can indicate the population's general health status.

The cross-sectional average length of healthy life (HCAL): a measure that summarizes the history of cohort health and mortality

BackgroundHealthy life years have superseded life expectancy (LE) as the most important indicator for population health. The most common approach to separate the total number of life years into those spent in good and poor health is the Sullivan method which incorporates the health dimension to the classic period life table, thus transforming the LE indicator into the health expectancy (HE) indicator. However, life years derived from a period life table and health prevalence derived from survey data are based on different conceptual frameworks.MethodWe modify the Sullivan method by combining the health prevalence data with the conceptually better fitting cross-sectional average length of life (CAL). We refer to this alternative HE indicator as the “cross-sectional average length of healthy life” (HCAL). We compare results from this alternative indicator with the conventional Sullivan approach for nine European countries. The analyses are based on EU-SILC data in three empirical applications, including the absolute and relative level of healthy life years, changes between 2008 and 2014, and the extent of the gender gap.ResultsHCAL and conventional HE differ in each of these empirical applications. In general, HCAL provides larger gains in healthy life years in recent years, but at the same time greater declines in the proportion of healthy life years. Regarding the gender gap, HCAL provides a more favourable picture for women compared to conventional HE. Nonetheless, the extent of these differences between the indicators is only of minor extent.ConclusionsAlbeit the differences between HE and HCAL are small, we found some empirical examples in which the two indicators led to different conclusions. It is important to note, however, that the measurement of health and the data quality are much more important for the healthy life years indicator than the choice of the variant of the Sullivan method. Nonetheless, we suggest to use HCAL in addition to HE whenever possible because it widens the spectrum of empirical analyses and serves for verification of results based on the highly sensitive HE indicator.

Decomposing cross-country differences in quality adjusted life expectancy: the impact of value sets

BackgroundThe validity, reliability and cross-country comparability of summary measures of population health (SMPH) have been persistently debated. In this debate, the measurement and valuation of nonfatal health outcomes have been defined as key issues. Our goal was to quantify and decompose international differences in health expectancy based on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We focused on the impact of value set choice on cross-country variation.MethodsWe calculated Quality Adjusted Life Expectancy (QALE) at age 20 for 15 countries in which EQ-5D population surveys had been conducted. We applied the Sullivan approach to combine the EQ-5D based HRQoL data with life tables from the Human Mortality Database. Mean HRQoL by country-gender-age was estimated using a parametric model. We used nonparametric bootstrap techniques to compute confidence intervals. QALE was then compared across the six country-specific time trade-off value sets that were available. Finally, three counterfactual estimates were generated in order to assess the contribution of mortality, health states and health-state values to cross-country differences in QALE.ResultsQALE at age 20 ranged from 33 years in Armenia to almost 61 years in Japan, using the UK value set. The value sets of the other five countries generated different estimates, up to seven years higher. The relative impact of choosing a different value set differed across country-gender strata between 2% and 20%. In 50% of the country-gender strata the ranking changed by two or more positions across value sets. The decomposition demonstrated a varying impact of health states, health-state values, and mortality on QALE differences across countries.ConclusionsThe choice of the value set in SMPH may seriously affect cross-country comparisons of health expectancy, even across populations of similar levels of wealth and education. In our opinion, it is essential to get more insight into the drivers of differences in health-state values across populations. This will enhance the usefulness of health-expectancy measures.

THE PROGRESS MOVEMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: THE ZION NON-PROFIT CHARITABLE TRUST

One of America's greatest leaders arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1950 to begin what would become one of the nation's most successful community development initiatives, the Movement. Born in Charleston, West Virginia, on 16 October 1922, the young Rev. Leon Howard Sullivan spent time as assistant pastor at Abyssinian Baptist Church in New York City, under the leadership of Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., and in East Orange, New Jersey, as pastor of the First Baptist Church before coming to Philadelphia. When the 28-year-old minister accepted the position as pastor of Zion Baptist Church, the first hint of his audacity and forward thinking was when he asked the church's board of deacons to pay on his behalf a $100 membership fee for the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce. One deacon who was on the board at the time recalled how stunned the board members were at this request. When asked about it, Sullivan responded, Chamber of Commerce has advance knowledge of major economic trends, and membership would allow me to take immediate action on actions potentially beneficial to the congregation and our people. Thus from the beginning Rev. Sullivan was considered an unusual preacher. Indeed, several years ago one preacher confided to this writer that initially he did not respect Sullivan's approach because hardly heard him preach about Jesus in his sermons, it was always about money and economics. Today, that preacher is a convert and has incorporated Sullivan's economic approach in his ministry. One might ask: Why did Rev. Leon Sullivan concentrate on economics as the basis for African Americans realizing full citizenship, along with civil and political rights? Sullivan himself traced this particular concern to the sermon he delivered to his congregation on 15 June 1962. One day I preached a sermon at Zion Baptist about Jesus feeding the five thousand with a few loaves and a few fishes. Everybody put in their little bit and you had enough to feed everybody with some left over. So I said, that is what I am going to do with the church and the community. I said, am going to ask 50 people to put $10 down for 36 months of loaves and fishes and see if we could accumulate resources enough to build something that we would own ourselves. (1) The response was overwhelming and over 200 families joined the plan that Sunday morning and that was the beginning of the that formed the basis of his far-reaching community economic development programs. The funds contributed to the 10-36 Plan accumulated rapidly and Sullivan launched Zion Investment Associates (ZIA), which after 1977 was renamed the Investment Associates, a for-profit corporation that would undertake income-generating projects. At the end of thirty-six months, subscribers would receive shares of the common stock and would be entitled to participate in yearly shareholders' meetings. Given the lack of access to adequate housing in Philadelphia's racially divided neighborhoods, in 1964 ZIA's first investment was in an apartment complex. This was the beginning of the Progress Movement in Philadelphia. It was followed by the building of Zion Gardens, a middle income apartment complex in North Philadelphia. Financed by ZIA with assistance from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and a loan from the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), this $1 million project was completed in 1966. The next project funded by ZIA through funds generated from the investors in the 10-36 Plan was the building of a shopping center in North Philadelphia, Progress Plaza. Working with the Philadelphia Council for Community Development (PCCD), a private group focused on economic development, and the Philadelphia Recovery Authority, a municipal department, Sullivan was able to obtain prime land on Broad Street, near Temple University. To get the project started, the ZIA went to the local branch of First Pennsylvania Bank to seek out a construction loan. …

On Our Memory of Gay Sullivan: A Hidden Trajectory

ABSTRACT This article examines psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan's approach to the issue of homosexuality. Sullivan (1892–1949), well-known for his interpersonal theory of mental illness, is believed to have accomplished a high recovery rate in his treatment of schizophrenia during the 1920s. Most of his patients, as well as Sullivan himself, were concerned about their “homosexual” orientations. He encouraged physical affection between male patients and male attendants, believing that it would free patients from their guilt for their “unconventional” sexuality. But he kept his compelling practice hidden, not bringing it into open discussion to confront the definition of homosexuality as “sickness.” This article traces the process in which the omission of the important aspect of Sullivan's practice began during his lifetime and continued in the scholarship since. In so doing, the article suggests a nuanced understanding of this important figure in the U.S. intellectual and cultural history of homosexuality.

Sullivan's Approach to Inner Psychotic Experiences: A Case Illustration

Harry Stack Sullivan's concept of interpersonal psychiatry has been recognized as a landmark in the American psychoanalytic movement, in particular his influence on the development of object-relations theory. He is an influential figure in interpreting the inner experiences of persons with schizophrenia. Psychotic experiences represent a failure of one's self-system and the dissociation dynamism. Delusions and hallucinations are experiences in lost control of self-awareness. The person regresses to dreams or experiences from infancy and childhood in facing spontaneous conflicts and anxiety in interpersonal transaction. As a result, the tripartite self-system is fractured. In this paper, the writer applies Sullivan's concept in interpreting the inner psychotic experiences of a client with schizophrenia. Its implication for clinical social work practice is also discussed.

An aptitude–treatment interaction approach to transfer within training.

The issues of skill specificity and transfer of training were examined from an aptitude-treatment interaction approach. The current investigations extended A. M. Sullivan's (1964) approach by using a procedural transfer task and training conditions that differed in amount of training task practice and the degree of training task similarity to the transfer task. Two experiments were conducted with 232 college students. Experiment 1 examined the effects of a length-of-training manipulation on reasoning ability and transfer task performance relationships, and on the amount of transfer. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of 2 training tasks that differed in terms of similarity to the transfer task on ability-performance relationships and the amount of transfer. Results suggest that Sullivan's approach partially generalizes to the acquisition of procedural knowledge.

A Markov process interpretation of Sullivan's index of morbidity and mortality.

Using intuitive arguments Sullivan described a method of combining morbidity data and certain ordinary life table to produce an estimate of illness-free life expectancy. In this paper we use an increment-decrement life table specified in terms of a Markov process to characterize illness-free life expectancy. We show that when the illness under consideration satisfies certain properties Sullivan's approach provides a convenient method of approximation. We illustrate theoretical results with hospital morbidity data on Canadian males for 1981.

The Sullivan Approach to Horizontal Restraints

The Sullivan Approach to Horizontal Restraints

The Sullivan Approach to Horizontal Restraints

In considering antitrust law's treatment of horizontal restraints then and now, I am tempted to say that we began with United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co.' in 1898, we are back to Addyston Pipe in 1987, and all the false starts in between have been for naught. We have not gone in a straight line, as Professor Sullivan suggests,2 but in a circle, or by some other geometrical pattern that has taken us back to the starting point. Unfortunately, the problem is not quite so simple. The basic naked-ancillary restraint distinction drawn in Addyston Pipe is not the final analysis but a starting point, albeit a fundamental one.3 In the search for standards synthesizing what Professor Sullivan describes as self-executing rules,4 on the one hand, and virtually unbridled discretion, on the other, the law is focusing on what Addyston Pipe left unanswered. Courts are attempting to structure antitrust analysis in a way that takes into account a wide variety of factors, confines judicial discretion to acceptable levels, and leads to generally acceptable outcomes.5 I believe that while self-executing (or per se) rules may have a place, their role is limited to the relatively few cases in which we are confident both about the characterization such rules require, and about the generalizations upon which they are predicated. In other words, per se rules are legitimate if, and only if, the conduct they prohibit is generally anticompetitive (however we may define it) and presents little oppor-

Social-indicator model building: A multiple-indicator design

The purpose of the paper is to illustrate and apply a technique for building social-indicator models when concepts are measured by multiple indicators. The multiple-indicator approach discussed in the paper is based on the work of John L. Sullivan in which multiple-partial correlation is used in block-recursive model building. Sullivan's approach is based on the earlier work of Hubert M. Blalock with partial correlation.

Sullivan's Clinical Contribution During the Sheppard Pratt Era-19,23-1930.

HARRY STACK SULLIVAN came to The Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital in Towson, Maryland, upon the initiative of Ross McClure Chapman, who had been appointed superintendent of the hospital in 1920. Sullivan had been at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., where he had been associated with the foremost clinicians during there heyday of St. Elizabeths--William Alanson White, Edward J, Kempf, Ernest Hadley, and Lucile Dooley. Under Chapman's sponsorship Sullivan enjoyed complete autonomy in being able to set up a special unit at Sheppard, with free rein to hire his own nursing personnel. Although the date usually given for the initiation of his work at Sheppard is 1923, there is some indication from the correspondence with Chapman that he might have started as early as the latter part of 1922, either Novemeber or December. At the time, he was a quite young 30 or 31. Of special interest to us today is the fact that Sullivan arranged to have a stenographer take down a number of his interviews with patients during the years 1926 and 1927. These interviews, plus the routine records of staff conferences, including verbatim records of the case presentation, questioning of the patient, and various staff members' comments, constitute the bulk of the data for my presentation. This material enables us to develop some idea of Sullivan's clinical approach to a variety of psychiatric syndromes, as represented either by direct interview or by case conference comments 50 years ago. In this presentation I will outline Sullivan's approach to various clinical topics, and will include sample interviews which illustrate his clinical interviewing technique at that time.

Notes on Sullivan's Approach to the Science of Man

Notes on Sullivan's Approach to the Science of Man

Sullivan's Concept of Scientific Method as Applied to Psychiatry

H. S. Sullivan's approach to the study of psychiatry reflects the fact that his conception of scientific method was derived from work in physics rather than in the biological sciences. His definition of psychiatry as the study of “interpersonal process” appears to have been influenced partly by his previous training in physics, and also by his conclusion that the most significant aspects of personality could be revealed only through an understanding of the person's actual behavior in relation to others.