Sulfonated Oil Research Articles

Experimental Study on Strength and Microstructure of Glacial Till Stabilized by Ionic Soil Stabilizer

Glacial till, widely distributed in southwest China, is a special soil directly deposited by detritus formed from melting Quaternary glaciers. In this paper, the F1 ionic soil stabilizer was adopted for stabilizing the glacial till to improve its mechanical strength. A series of micro and macro tests were carried out to study the mechanical properties and microstructure of stabilized soil with the F1 ionic soil stabilizer. The results show that the F1 ionic soil stabilizer can destroy the diffuse double layer structure on the surface of glacial till particles and reduce the thickness of the adsorbed water layer through strong cation exchange and hydrophobic interactions of active sulfonated oil, which reduce the spacing of glacial till particles, enhance the aggregation of glacial till particles, and effectively suppress the swelling deformation of the glacial till. It can be concluded that the water sensitivity and compaction characteristics of glacial till can be significantly improved by the stabilization of the F1 ionic soil stabilizer. Moreover, the mechanical strength of the glacial till can be significantly improved by the stabilization of the F1 ionic soil stabilizer. This article is helpful as a guideline for practical design and future research on applying the F1 ionic soil stabilizer to improve the bearing capacity of foundations in glacial till areas.

Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of Polyhydroxy Benzene Sulfonate Oil Displacement Agent Based on Enhanced Interfacial Wettability Control

Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of Polyhydroxy Benzene Sulfonate Oil Displacement Agent Based on Enhanced Interfacial Wettability Control

Experimental Study on Mechanics and Water Stability of High Liquid Limit Soil Stabilized by Compound Stabilizer: A Sustainable Construction Perspective

Sustainable highway construction and operation are threatened by high-liquid-limit soil with low strength and poor water stability in Dongting Lake areas. In order to obtain a soil stabilizer that can effectively improve its strength and water stability, first the author selected inorganic materials (cement, quicklime and fly ash) and sulfonated oil (SO) as the main components of the composite soil stabilizer. Then, a series of single admixture tests were carried out to explore the strength and water stability mechanism of single admixture stabilized soil. Finally, a series of orthogonal experiments and cost analyses were carried out to obtain the formula of the composite stabilizer. According to the results of single doping, inorganic materials can significantly enhance the strength and stiffness of high-liquid-limit soil. The content of SO has a strong correlation with the water stability of high-liquid-limit soil. On a microscopic scale, X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy images explained this law. According to the orthogonal results, the formula of the composite soil stabilizer is: cement 4.5%, quicklime 1.5%, fly ash 2.5%, and SO 0.2%. This paper provides a method to improve high-liquid-limit soil, which is beneficial to sustainable construction and operation of the highway.

Synthesis of sulfonated Sesamum indicum L. seed oil and its application as a fatliquor in leather processing

Fatliquor is an oil-in-water emulsion that improves the physical properties of leather such as tensile strength, flexibility, and softness by lubricating the leather fibres. Sulfonated Sesamum indicum oil was synthesized, characterized, and examined for consideration as a substitute for imported fatliquor in Nigeria. The sulfonation of the oil was confirmed by the significant observations made in the FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 13C NMR DEPT analysis results. A remarkable difference was observed in the physicochemical properties results of both unsulfonated and sulfonated oils. The sulfonated sesame fatliquor was applied onto goatskin and compared with a commercial sulfated fatliquor in the processing of shoe upper leather using standard methods. The average results for tensile strength, double edge tear, elongation, and softness results for the commercial and synthesized fatliquors are as follows: 14.27 N/mm2; 13.77 N/mm2, 50.61 N; 60.11 N, 38.06%; 54.28%, 25.2; 25.0. A comparable level of lubrication of the leather treated with the sulfonated Sesamum indicum oil and that treated with the commercial leather fatliquor was revealed by the Sudan IV stain test as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis results. Experimental analyses, therefore, show that the as-synthesized sulfonated Sesamum indicum oil could be considered as a substitute for imported fatliquor in the leather industry.Graphical abstract

Cyclic swell–shrink behaviour of an expansive soil treated with a sulfonated oil

The effects of a sulfonated oil (SO) stabiliser on the swell–shrink properties of an expansive soil were investigated through cyclic wetting–drying tests. The cyclic wetting–drying action led to the reconstruction of the soil microstructure by inducing clay particle aggregation. Accordingly, the greater the number of applied cycles, the lower the swell–shrink potential up to the fourth cycle, beyond which the swelling and shrinkage strains attained elastic equilibrium. At any given cycle, the tendency for swell–shrink reduction was in favour of the SO concentration up to 0·75%, beyond which the excess SO molecules self-associated in the form of aggregates, thereby acting as a ‘lubricant’ rather than a clay-stabilising agent. As a result of SO treatment, the accumulated axial strain progressively transitioned towards a desirable, ‘neutral’ state, with 0·75% SO exhibiting the highest resistance against cyclic wetting–drying. For any given SO concentration, the equalised void ratio–moisture content curves for wetting and drying followed the same S-shaped path, further corroborating that the swelling and shrinkage processes, on achieving elastic equilibrium, become reversible. The shrinkage and liquid limits indicated a progressive transition towards a desirable, aggregated fabric, with 0·75% SO identified as the optimum concentration.

Benchmarking and optimization of molecular simulation models of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and calcium sulfonate oil additives.

We present an ab initio based molecular mechanics model for prominent additives used in lubricants to moderate oil-steel interfaces. The force field is created for zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and calcium sulfonate charge neutral ligand-ion-ligand complexes and benchmarked to the widely spread generalized amber force field (GAFF). For the latter, comparison to quantum chemical calculations shows significant errors in terms of complex structure and formation energy. This is corrected by the newly created force field that is commensurate with GAFF but uses tailor-made ion-ligand van der Waals parameters. On this basis, we elucidate the association of additives with oil-hematite interfaces from molecular dynamics simulations.

An innovative method for the solidification/stabilization of PAHs-contaminated soil using sulfonated oil

Stabilization/solidification (S/S) has been successfully employed in many superfund sites contaminated with organic materials. However, this method’s long-term effectiveness has not been fully evaluated and the increase in soil volume following treatment is unfavorable to follow-up disposal. The present study developed a novel method for the S/S of PAHs-contaminated soil with the facilitation of sulfonated oil (SO). Adding SO significantly improved the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of Portland cement and activated carbon (PC-AC) treated soil samples, and the UCS values of the soil sample treated with 0.02% of SO were up to 2.3 times higher than without SO addition. When the soil was treated with PC-AC-SO, the PAHs leaching concentrations were 14%–25% of that in leachates of the control soil, and high molecular weight PAHs including benzo(a)pyrene were rarely leached. Freeze/thaw durability tests reveal that the leachability of PAHs was not influenced by freeze-thaw cycles. The UCS values of PC-AC-SO treated soil samples were 2.2–3.4 times greater than those of PC-AC treated soil samples after 12 freeze-thaw cycles. The PC-AC-SO treated soils resist disintegration better when compared to the PC-AC treated soils. The SEM micrographs reveal that the soils’ compactness was significantly improved when treated with SO.

Evaluación de aditivos usados en el tratamiento de arcillas expansivas

Se utilizaron tres aditivos (cal, cenizas volantes y aceite sulfonado) para disminuir las propiedades de una arcilla altamente expansiva (bentonita), con el fin de determinar las ventajas técnicas de cada alternativa bajo las mismas condiciones y ensayo. Para tal fin la bentonita se mezcló con diferentes concentraciones de aditivo y se realizaron ensayos de caracterización física y mecánica que permitieron analizar el comportamiento de cada uno. Se encontró que las cenizas volantes requieren ser adicionadas en cantidades excesivas para lograr disminución del potencial de expansión a valores admisibles. Con la cal se encontró un valor óptimo del 10% ya que logró una reducción considerable en las propiedades expansivas de la bentonita. Los resultados obtenidos con el aceite sulfonado evidenciaron que la estabilización electroquímica que lleva a cabo, requiere de factores ambientales favorables para desarrollar su efecto.

Statistical thermodynamics of phase equilibria in microemulsions

The statistical thermodynamics of microemulsions is investigated on the basis of a model which represents microemulsion structure as a random geometry of interspersed oil and water domains generated by a Voronoi tesselation, with the surfactant adsorbed at the boundary. The resulting one-parameter free energy function predicts two- and three-phase equilibria bearing a strong resemblance to experimental observations on certain alkyl aryl sulfonate–oil–brine microemulsion systems.

SULFONATED OIL AS A DETERGENT

There has been much interest among dermatologists in the new substitutes for soap as cleaning agents for the skin. 1 One of these preparations, a sulfonated oil, has been under study in the dermatologic department of the Massachusetts General Hospital for the past four years. Enough preliminary work has been done with patch tests and the effects on the hands have been sufficiently satisfactory to warrant a wider use of the preparation in the treatment of various diseases of the skin. Therefore during the year 1940 a sulfonated oil preparation 2 was used with water as a detergent by all patients admitted to the dermatologic ward, of nineteen beds, at the Massachusetts General Hospital. This preparation has been described previously 3 as a mixture of 25 per cent sulfonated mixed olive and teaseed oils, 25 per cent liquid petrolatum and 50 per cent water. It is miscible with water and

Effect of Formulation with Sulfonated Oil

Effect of Formulation with Sulfonated Oil