Sulfathiazole In Honey Research Articles

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on tetracycline hydrochloride and sulfathiazole residues in various food matrices – comparison with ultrasound and heat treatment

Antibiotic residues in food pose serious direct and indirect risks for consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) on tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and sulfathiazole (STZ) residues in honey, milk, and water. Three different pressures were tested for their efficiency and treatment at 580 MPa for 6 min was finally selected. Qualitative and quantitative determination of antibiotics were performed with HPLC and LC-MS. HHP treatment was compared to ultrasound and heat treatment. HHP treatment was found to be more effective than the other two methods for both antibiotics in water and milk. The reduction of STZ in honey was over 90%, while no reduction was observed for TCH. The highest TCH reduction was recorded after HHP treatment in water (76.4%) and the highest STZ reduction after ultrasound treatment in honey (94.3%). Reduction of the two antibiotics in different matrices did not follow a similar pattern. For the HHP treatment, the effect of the initial concentration of the two antibiotics was studied under two different storage conditions (refrigerated and frozen storage). The effectiveness of the method was found to be affected by the initial concentration, in both storage conditions for STZ, while for TCH significant differences were observed only for refrigerated storage.

High Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance (HFF-QCMD) Immunosensor for detection of sulfathiazole in honey

In this study, a piezoelectric immunosensor based on High Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance (HFF-QCMD) technology was developed for detection of sulfathiazole in honey. The biorecognition was based on a competitive immunoassay in the conjugate-coated format, using monoclonal antibodies as specific immunoreagents. The quantification of sulfathiazole was performed by building the corresponding calibration standard curve in diluted honey (1/140). Due to the competitive nature of the immunoassay, the standard curve showed a sigmoidal pattern with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.10 μg/kg and 2 μg/kg honey, respectively. The LOD reached by this immunosensor is 40–50 times lower than those reported by other techniques for antibiotic detection. Moreover, this method requires minimum honey pre-treatment, making it faster and simpler than other methods. This immunosensor meets the precision and accuracy requirements established by SANCO guidelines, when sulfathiazole concentration in honey is not lower than 10 μg/kg. These findings could be the basis for reaching enough reliability for lower concentrations. Therefore, HFF-QCMD immunosensors can be considered a feasible alternative to current techniques for rapid and highly sensitive determination of sulfathiazole in honey with minimum sample preparation.

Development of chemometric models using infrared spectroscopy (MID-FTIR) for detection of sulfathiazole and oxytetracycline residues in honey

Chemometric models using mid-infrared (MID-FTIR) spectroscopy were developed for detection and quantification of oxytetracycline and sulfathiazole contamination in honey samples. Low standard error of calibration (SEC) and prediction (SEP) values were achieved using a partial least squares algorithm (SEC= 1.02 and SEP=1.39 for oxytetracycline and SEC=1.24 and SEP=1.79 for sulfathiazole). Chemometric model-predicted concentrations of antibiotics were compared with ELISA results with coefficient of determination R 2=0.8577 for oxytetracycline and R 2=0.8216 for sulfathiazole. Classification of antibiotic contaminated honey samples and uncontaminated samples was carried out using Soft Independent Modeling Class Analogy analysis with a 100% correct classification rate with interclass distances in the range of 6.93–13.3. MID-FTIR chemometric models developed for detection and quantification of oxitetracycline and sulfathiazole in honey samples have been demonstrated.

Distribution of Sulfathiazole in Honey, Beeswax, and Honeybees and the Persistence of Residues in Treated Hives

This study was performed to evaluate the distribution and depletion of sulfathiazole in different beehive matrices: honey, honeybees, "pre-existing" honeycomb, "new" honeycomb, and capping wax. Sulfathiazole was dissolved in sugar syrup or directly powdered on the combs, the matrices were sampled at different time points, and sulfathiazole residues were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. In honey, the higher concentration of sulfathiazole (180 mg kg(-1)) occurred 2 weeks after the last treatment in syrup. In beeswax, drug concentration was higher than in honey, particularly with powder administration, with a maximum level (340 mg kg(-1)) 3 days following the last treatment. The strongest contamination in honeybees (28 mg kg(-1)) was achieved with sulfathiazole administered in powder 3 days after the second treatment. The high persistence of sulfathiazole in the different beehive matrices suggests that it could be a reliable marker of previous treatments performed by beekeepers.

HPLC Determination of Sulfathiazole in French Honeys

A rapid reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method, with fluorimetric detection, is described for routine analysis of sulfathiazole (STZ) residues in honey. Samples were dissolved in 1 M hydrochloric acid and submitted to pre‐column derivatization with fluorescamine. Liquid chromatographic analysis of the fluorescent derivative is performed on a C18 column using a mobile phase of 2% acetic acid/ acetonitrile (60:40, v/v). The quantification limit obtained for STZ in honey was 10 µg/kg.

Enzyme Immunoassay For Screening Of Sulfathiazole In Honey

A simple enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed to screen honey samples for sulfathiazole (ST) adulteration. Honey samples required only a 30-fold dilution before use in the procedure. Because 96 well microtiter plates were used and only 100 microL of diluted honey sample was required per well, numerous replicates or samples could be tested simultaneously. The EIA was able to detect at least 0.3 ppm levels of ST in honey and also provide a rough quantitation of ST amounts.

Studies on the Fate/Loss (?) of Sulfathiazole in Concentrated Carbohydrate (Honey) Solutions

Sulfathiazole (ST) contamination of honey has recently become a major concern for regulatory agencies. Although numerous chemical methods to test for ST in honey have been developed, none of these methods has examined the binding of ST to reducing carbohydrate (Maillard reaction) in honey. While ST treated at pH 3.6 and 80°C in water was completely stable over a thirty day period, ST treated under similar conditions in the presence of excess reducing carbohydrate (D-glucose and D-fructose) resulted in greater than 50% loss of free sulfathiazole in only 65 hours. Free ST also disappeared at slower rates from reducing carbohydrate solutions held at room temperature. ST bound to carbohydrate had different chromatographic properties from free ST and did not react with Bratton-Marshall reageant. Problems associated with present rapid detection methods for free ST in honey were investigated and a modified procedure to detect free ST to levels of 125 ppb developed. Since all chemical methods for ST analysis in honey did not detect carbohydrate bound ST, these methods not only underestimated the original ST contamination of honey but also could underestimate the antibiotic contamination of honey if bound ST acted as a reservoir for free ST and/or bound ST still maintained antibiotic activity.

Studies on the Fate/Loss (?) of Sulfathiazole in Honey

Studies on the Fate/Loss (?) of Sulfathiazole in Honey

Practical Screening Procedure for Sulfathiazole in Honey

A simple, inexpensive procedure is described for rapidly screening small samples of honey for sulfathiazole (ST), a drug formerly used but not approved in the United States for the prophylactic treatment of American foulbrood disease of bees. The method uses 2 plastic tubes arranged in tandem. The upper tube contains a bed of alumina, which removes some interfering pigments. The lower tube contains a very small bed of anion exchange resin in the HSO4- form, which traps the ST. The drug is eventually eluted and detected using the Bratton-Marshall diazotization-coupling reagents. Honey containing 0.1 ppm ST can be readily detected. An optional dye concentration step permits the detection of as little as 25 ppb ST.

Determination of Sulfathiazole in Honey from Medicated Honey Bee Colonies by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography on a Cyano-Amino Polar Phase 1

Sulfathiazole, one of four sulfonamide drugs separated on a PXS 1025 PAC chromatographic column, was measured in samples of honey collected from colonies fed medicated sugar solutions. Honey taken from locations in the brood nest contained up to 4 ppm of sulfathiazole, whereas honey in added supers contained less than 0.2 ppm, the detection limit for the method.