Sulfate Monohydrate Research Articles

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of sulfamethoxazolium methyl-sulfate monohydrate.

The mol-ecular salt sulfamethoxazolium {or 4-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)sulf-amo-yl]anilinium methyl sulfate monohydrate}, C10H12N3O3S+·CH3O4S-·H2O, was prepared by the reaction of sulfamethoxazole and H2SO4 in methanol and crystallized from methanol-ether-water. Protonation takes place at the nitro-gen atom of the primary amino group. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds (water and methyl-sulfate anion) and inter-molecular N-H⋯N inter-actions involving the sulfonamide and isoxazole nitro-gen atoms, link the components into a tri-dimensional network, additional cohesion being provided by face-to-face π-π inter-actions between the phenyl rings of adjacent mol-ecules. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to verify the contributions of the different inter-molecular inter-actions, showing that the three most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H⋯O (54.1%), H⋯H (29.2%) and H⋯N (5.0%) inter-actions.

Nitrogen Requirement and Nitrogen Form Preference by Radermachera hainanensis and R. sinica Plug Seedlings

Abstract Radermachera hainanensis Merr. and R. sinica Hemsl. are popular foliage plants raised from seeds. Nitrogen fertilizer can significantly influence medium pH and EC, plug seedling growth, and photosynthesis. Plug seedlings of both species, each with one pair of leaves, were subjected weekly to nutrient solutions with nitrogen (N) concentrations ranging from 0 to 32 mM. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibited the lowest leaf area, SPAD-502 value, and shoot dry weight but the highest root-to-shoot ratio. Leaf area, SPAD-502 value, and root and shoot dry weights increased with increasing N concentration up to 12-16 mM, and gradually decreased thereafter. Well-grown plants with 12-16 mM N exhibited peak maximal fluorescence (Fm), photochemical quenching (qP) and the lowest minimal fluorescence (Fo) and non-photochemical quenching (qN). Seedlings received nutrient solutions with varying proportions of NH4-N: NO3-N (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, in percentages) at 16 mM N. Both species exhibited reduced leaf area, SPAD-502 value, and plant dry weights when supplied with only NO3-N or NH4-N. Maximum growth was achieved at a 50% NH4-N: 50% NO3-N ratio. Species used in this study: Golden jasmine tree, Radermachera hainanensis Merr.; China Doll, Radermachera sinica Hemsl. Chemicals used in this study: ammonium nitrate; sodium dihydrogen phosphate; potassium sulphate; potassium nitrate; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate; calcium sulfate dihydrate; calcium nitrate tetrahydrate; ammonium sulfate; boric acid anhydrous; potassium chloride; ferrous sulfate heptahydrate; disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate; copper sulfate pentahydrate; zinc sulfate heptahydrate; molybdic acid; manganese sulfate monohydrate; nickel sulfate hexahydrate; sodium hydroxide.

An Electrolytic Elemental Iron Powder Effectively Regenerates Hemoglobin in Anemic Rats and Is Relatively Well Absorbed When Compared to Ferrous Sulfate Monohydrate.

Elemental iron powders are used as food fortificants to reduce the incidence of iron deficiency anemia. However, many commercially available iron powders are relatively untested in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine the hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) and relative iron bioavailability (RBV) of an electrolytic elemental iron powder (EIP), by treating anemic rats with 14 d iron repletion diets fortified with four different concentrations (12, 24, 36, or 48 mg iron/kg diet) of EIP and bakery-grade ferrous sulfate monohydrate (FS; FeSO4•H2O), or no added iron (control); n = 9-12/group. The HRE of FS was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than EIP at each concentration of dietary iron tested. For EIP, the HREs (ratios) of diets containing 12, 24, 36, and 48 mg iron/kg were 0.356, 0.205, 0.197, and 0.163, respectively. For both EIP and FS, HRE was inversely associated with increasing dietary iron. The RBVs (%) of iron from EIP in diets at 12, 24, 36, and 48 mg iron/kg as compared to FS were 64.5, 59.1, 50.6, and 54.3%, respectively. Overall, findings show that at the concentrations of iron tested, EIP has RBVs greater than 50% and is an effective fortification agent to replenish hemoglobin and correct iron deficiency anemia.

Effects of the dietary supplementation of manganese on growth, skeletal development, oxidative stress and bone metabolism related genes in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element necessary for normal growth, antioxidant defense and maintaining bone health. Knowledge about the effects of dietary Mn levels in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae performance is still scarce. To determine the effects of dietary Mn levels on growth, survival, skeletal development and expression of antioxidant and bone metabolism related genes, gilthead seabream larvae were fed six experimental microdiets supplemented with manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4.H2O) (contained 6.3, 39, 75, 79, 200 and 270 mg Mn/kg diet). After 26 days of feeding, dietary Mn levels had no effect on larval survival. However, larvae fed the non-supplemented diet (6.3 mg Mn/kg) showed signs of Mn deficiency, including growth reduction, low whole body Mn content, lower expression of mnsod, runx2, oc, and reduced bone mineralization. The poor vertebral body mineralization and low bone relative gene expression in seabream larvae was related to a marked increase in the number of fish with total skeletal anomalies and anomalies of the caudal vertebrae region. On the contrary, larvae fed with Mn supplemented diet up to 270 mg Mn/kg showed increased growth and whole body Mn content, up-regulated mnsod, runx2, alp, opn and oc expression, as well as increased bone mineralization, and reduced number of fish with skeletal anomalies. Therefore, the findings suggest that adequate dietary Mn supplementation positively influences the growth, skeletal development, and antioxidant defense of gilthead seabream larvae, preventing the manifestation of Mn deficiency-related issues.

Hemoglobin Regeneration Efficiency and Relative Iron Bioavailability of Four Elemental Iron Powders in Rats.

Effective food fortification strategies using elemental iron powders (EIPs) are needed to combat iron deficiency anemia. The purpose of this study was to determine hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) and relative iron bioavailability (RBV) of four food-grade EIPs (El-Lyte (EL), Hi-Sol (HS), H-325 (H3), and A-131 (A1)) by treating anemic rats with 14 d iron repletion diets (uncooked and cooked), fortified with a 12, 24, or 36 mg iron/kg diet of the EIPs, ferrous sulfate monohydrate (FS, FeSO4•H2O), or no added iron (control), n = 9-12/group. The ability of EL and HS to maintain hemoglobin for 6 weeks on the 6 mg iron/kg diet was also studied. The dissolution rate of iron from the EIPs was measured in hydrochloric acid at pH 1.0. Compared to FS, the EL, HS, and A1 EIPs had >50% overall RBV, with the following order: HS > A1 > EL > H3 (p ≤ 0.05); the effect of cooking was not significant (p > 0.05). Dissolution testing revealed that the mean RBV of the EIPs was positively associated with the percentage of iron solubility. In the 6-week maintenance study, EL and HS maintained hemoglobin as well as FS. Overall, the findings show that at the concentrations of iron tested, these EIPs are effective fortification agents to replenish hemoglobin and correct iron deficiency anemia.

Effect of pH on Toxicity of Zinc Sulphate Hydrate Solutions Using the Spirotox Test

Introduction: Spirostomum ambiguum is commonly used as a biological indicator due to its high sensitivity to heavy metals. It functions normally across a wide pH range of 4.5 to 8.0. Testing on protozoan organisms provides a general understanding of the impact of pH on the toxicity of zinc in pharmaceuticals. By investigating the toxicity of zinc in environment with varying pH levels, the optimal environment for zinc absorption can be determined. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of zinc sulphate solutions using different forms of hydrating and at various pH levels, applying the Spirotox method. Methods: An experiment was conducted using a solution of pharmaceutical substances, specifically zinc sulphate heptahydrate and zinc sulphate monohydrate, with a concentration of 0.01 M. The study aimed to investigate the effect of the solution on the lifespan of S.ambiguum within the pH range of 4.8-6.5. Results: Arrhenius activation energy (Ea linear correlates with LD50 oral toxicity for rats) decreases as pH increases from 4.8 to 6.5 for ⋅7 and ⋅ solutions. The values decrease from 140±10 kJ/mol to 55±10 kJ/mol and from 110±2 kJ/mol to 60±10 kJ/mol, respectively. Conclusion: It was found that the toxicity of zinc sulphate hydrate solution towards S. ambiguum increased as the pH value increased. Hydrating of the active pharmaceutical substance was a crucial factor, it is critically important for preparation of solutions of an active pharmaceutical substance. Keywords: zinc sulphate, Spirotox test, pH, activation energy, toxicity.

Efficient Removal of Nickel from Wastewater Using Copper Sulfate-Ammonia Complex Modified Activated Carbon: Adsorption Performance and Mechanism.

The necessity to eliminate nickel (Ni) from wastewater stems from its environmental and health hazards. To enhance the Ni adsorption capacity, this research applied a copper sulfate-ammonia complex (tetraamminecopper (II) sulfate monohydrate, [Cu(NH3)4]SO4·H2O) as a modifying agent for a Phragmites australis-based activated carbon preparation. The physiochemical properties of powdered activated carbon (PAC) and a modified form ([Cu(NH3)4]-PAC) were examined by measuring their surface areas, analyzing their elemental composition, and using Boehm's titration method. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of various factors, such as Ni(II) concentration, contact time, pH, and ionic strength, on its substance adsorption capabilities. Additionally, the adsorption mechanisms of Ni(II) onto activated carbon were elucidated via Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The findings indicated that modified activated carbon ([Cu(NH3)4]-PAC) exhibited a lower surface area and total volume than the original activated carbon (PAC). The modification of PAC enhanced its surface's relative oxygen and nitrogen content, indicating the incorporation of functional groups containing these elements. Furthermore, the modified activated carbon, [Cu(NH3)4]-PAC, exhibited superior adsorption capacity relative to unmodified PAC. Both adsorbents' adsorption behaviors conformed to the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The Ni(II) removal efficiency of PAC and [Cu(NH3)4]-PAC diminished progressively with rising ionic strength. Modified activated carbon [Cu(NH3)4]-PAC demonstrated notable pH buffering and adaptability. The adsorption mechanism for Ni(II) on activated carbon involves surface complexation, cation exchange, and electrostatic interaction. This research presents a cost-efficient preparation technique for preparing activated carbon with enhanced Ni(II) removal capabilities from wastewater and elucidates its underlying adsorption mechanisms.

Effect of Impurities on Solubility and Metastable Zone Width of Manganese Sulfate Monohydrate

AbstractRecovering manganese from waste batteries is an important issue to promote the development of new energy. Herein, nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate, representative impurities in waste battery leachate, are selected to examine their influence on the crystallization thermodynamics and crystal nucleation of manganese sulfate monohydrate. This work assessed alterations in solubility and metastable zone width (MSZW) due to the presence of impurities. The results showed a decrease in manganese sulfate monohydrate solubility in water with increasing impurity concentrations of either nickel sulfate or cobalt sulfate. The effects of initial concentration, heating rate, and impurity concentration on MSZW demonstrated a consistent increase in MSZW as these factors increased. The MSZW data are fitted using the self‐consistent Nývlt‐like model and the classical 3D nucleation theory model. The results revealed a general increase in the nucleation rate constant, K, with increasing saturation temperature or decreasing nickel sulfate concentration. Conversely, the solid‐liquid interface energy, γ, generally decreases with increasing saturation temperature or decreasing nickel sulfate concentration. Based on the influence observed on the interface energy, a possible mechanism is proposed that suggests that impurities inhibit crystal nucleation through adsorption.

The Use of Magnesium Fertilizer Can Improve the Nutrient Uptake, Yield, and Quality of Rice in Liaoning Province

In this study, the effects of the soil application and foliar spraying with magnesium fertilizers on rice yield and quality in Liaoning Province were investigated. Field experiments were conducted at Kaiyuan, Xinmin, and Dawa in 2022 and 2023. Magnesium fertilizers were used in the soil as magnesium sulfate monohydrate and silicon–magnesium fertilizer and on leaves was magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. The results showed that the application of 12 kg magnesium hm−2 in the soil at the Kaiyuan site can significantly increase rice yield by 14.8% compared with sites without magnesium fertilizer. The use of silicon–magnesium fertilizer showed a more obvious yield increase of 22.2%. The application of 3 kg magnesium hm−2 or 6 kg magnesium hm−2 on the leaf surface increased the rice yield at Kaiyuan by 19.4% and 21.6% and at Xinmin by 17.8% and 5.4%, respectively. The yield increase was more significant under the optimal fertilization treatment compared with the conventional fertilization treatment. The application of magnesium fertilizer increased the magnesium, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents in rice shoots and the potassium and crude protein contents in rice grains. The effect of foliar spraying with magnesium fertilizers was more obvious than soil application. Therefore, the magnesium fertilizer used on the leaf surface plays an important role in improving rice yield and quality in rice-growing areas with relatively rich soil magnesium content. Magnesium fertilizer can compensate for the yield decrease caused by the reduced use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers by promoting nitrogen and phosphorus absorption in rice. Conclusively, the application of magnesium fertilizer is a promising measure to improve rice production in Liaoning province under a reduced nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer background.

Effects of manganese glycine on eggshell quality, eggshell ultrastructure, and elemental deposition in aged laying hens

Poor eggshell quality of eggs laid by aged laying hens is the major problem affecting the length of the rearing period in the laying hen industry. Trace elements are required and play vital roles in the eggshell quality of laying hens. Appropriate dose of organic microelements is environmentally friendly and sufficient to satisfy the needs of hens because of their greater bioavailability and lower excretion than inorganic forms. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of manganese (Mn) glycine (MG) on eggshell quality, elemental deposition, and eggshell ultrastructure in aged laying hens. A total of 720 Hy-Line Brown hens 70 weeks old were assigned equally to four groups with six replicates of 30 birds each. The hens were fed basal diets (without Mn supplementation) supplemented with 120 mg/kg of Mn from manganese sulfate monohydrate (MSM), or 40, 80, or 120 mg/kg Mn from MG for 12 weeks. Dietary supplementation with 80 mg/kg Mn from MG resulted in the greatest eggshell strength after 6 weeks of treatment (P = 0.047), and in greater eggshell strength than observed in the MSM control after 12 weeks of treatment (P = 0.025). After 12 weeks of treatment, the eggs of hens in the MG groups showed lower mammillary layer thickness in the blunt end, equator, and acute end than observed in the MSM control group (P < 0.001). With the exception of the blunt ends of eggs from hens in the 120 mg/kg MG group, the eggs of hens in the MG groups, compared with the MSM control group, exhibited a lower mammillary layer ratio, and greater palisade layer ratio and effective layer ratio in the blunt end, equator, and acute end (P < 0.001). Dietary supplementation with 80 mg/kg Mn from MG, compared with the MSM control and 40 and 120 mg/kg MG, resulted in the greatest palisade layer thickness and effective layer thickness, and the lowest mammillary layer thickness in the equator (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, supplementation with 80 mg/kg Mn from MG exhibited the greatest ratio of the palisade layer and effective layer, and the lowest mammillary layer ratio in the blunt end and equator (all P < 0.001). The Mn content of eggshells in hens-fed diets supplemented with 80 and 120 mg/kg Mn from MG was greater than that in the MSM control and 40 mg/kg MG groups (P = 0.035). Dietary supplementation with 80 or 120 mg/kg Mn from MG resulted in greater tibia Mn content than observed in the 40 mg/kg MG group (P = 0.019), and greater yolk Mn content than observed in the 40 mg/kg MG and MSM control groups (P = 0.018). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 80 mg/kg Mn from MG, compared with the MSM control (120 mg/kg Mn), may increase the deposition efficiency of Mn, alter eggshell elemental composition, improve eggshell ultrastructure, and enhance eggshell strength in aged laying hens.

Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacy of different inorganic and organic zinc forms against multidrug-resistant Escherichia, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas

In our study antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of 2 inorganics (Zn(II) sulphate monohydrate; Zn(II) sulphate heptahydrate) and 3 organic Zn(II) substances (Zn(II) chelate of protein hydrolysate: Zn-Bio; Zn(II) chelate of amino acid hydrate: Zn-AMK; Zn(II) chelate of glycine hydrate: Zn-Gly) were explored and compared against multidrug resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) using by the 96- wells microtiter plate-based resazurin and/or crystal violet assay. Our finding confirmed that Zn(II)-sulphates and Zn(II)-amino acid complexes exhibit dose and genus-based antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential. Organic compounds (Zn-AMK and Zn-Gly) were more effective against bacterial growth, except P. aeruginosa. Besides Zn-AMK, others organic and inorganic forms of Zn(II) caused predominantly statistically significant decrease of biofilm production in all of tested bacteria. Current data highlights that Zn(II) in various forms has a great potential to be developed as antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents.

The effects of zinc sulfate mineral supplementation on Achilles tendon healing in rats.

The Achilles tendon is the most commonly injured and ruptured tendon in the body and typically occurs during participation in sports or recreational activities in men between 30 and 50 years of age. Treatment options for Achilles tendon rupture include conservative and surgical approaches. Conservative treatment is associated with a higher risk of rerupture, while surgical treatment carries a risk of wound site complications. Generally, both methods result in a prolonged tendon healing time. Studies are ongoing to identify biomolecules that aid tendon repair. The main objective of our study is to investigate the effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) mineral supplementation on Achilles tendon healing in rats. Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups (C-15, C-30, ZnSO4-15, and ZnSO4-30) after standard Achilles tendon repair surgery. The ZnSO4-15 and ZnSO4-30 groups received an oral zinc sulfate monohydrate solution (50 mg/kg/day) for 15 and 30 days, respectively. The C-15 and C-30 groups were given 1 mL of distilled water per day orally during the experimental periods. Rats were sacrificed on the 15th and 30th day depending on their groups, and the healing of the operated tendons was evaluated using Movin and Bonar histopathologic scoring. For biomechanical analyses, the operated and intact Achilles tendons of all groups were removed, and tensile tests were performed to determine the tensile strength and toughness values for each tendon. Movin and Bonar scores were significantly lower in the ZnSO4-15 group than in the C-15 group and in the ZnSO4-30 group than in the C-30 group (p<0.05). Although we did not find the biomechanical results statistically significant, the intact tendons of the ZnSO4-15 group exhibited higher toughness than those of the C-15 group, and the tensile strength and toughness values of the operated and intact tendons of the ZnSO4-30 group were also higher than those of the C-30 group. Zinc sulfate monohydrate mineral supplementation had histopathologically positive effects on the proliferation and remodeling stages of Achilles tendon healing and may biomechanically benefit both operated and intact tendons.

Kinetics of the antisolvent crystallization of manganese sulfate monohydrate from a pregnant leach solution

Kinetics of the antisolvent crystallization of manganese sulfate monohydrate from a pregnant leach solution

Additional degradants in the impurity profile of atropine low-dose ophthalmic solution

WHO has identified the increase in myopia as the world's greatest threat to vision health due to its association with vision-threatening complications like myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataract and open angle glaucoma. Pharmacological treatment with atropine is assessed as one of the best option in op-tical approaches to the control and inhibit of myopia progression. The aim of this study was to develop analytical method for quality control of 0.1 mg/mL atropine ophthalmic solution. UPLC analytical method for simultaneous determination of atropine sulfate monohydrate and its related substances described in Eur. Ph. and for additional impurities was developed. For method development low-dose of atropine formulations with a wide range of pH 4.5-6.6 were tested and the impact of formulation pH on the impurity profile was noted. The ionized form of tropic acid was observed in our studies in all buffered formulations with pH above 5. Additionally two isomers of atropine N-oxide were observed in the tested preparation with pH 6.6 in the presence of an oxidizing agent and were just possible to integrate with our new developed UPLC method. The ionized form of tropic acid was already defined in Berton et al. publication (1) and observed in the buffered formulation with pH 6.0. Our result complement and extend the impurity profile of atropine in wider pH range of atropine ophthalmic solutions.

Supramolecular interactions in some organic hydrated 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium carboxylate and sulfate salts.

Four salts, namely, 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium 6-chloronicotinate dihydrate, C4H8N5+·C6H3ClNO2-·2H2O, (I), 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinediium pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate dihydrate, C4H9N52+·C7H3NO42-·2H2O, (II), 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinediium sulfate monohydrate, C4H9N52+·SO42-·H2O, (III), and 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium 3,5-dinitrobenzoate dihydrate, C4H8N5+·C7H3N2O6-·2H2O, (IV), were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques. Proton transfer from the corresponding acid to the pyrimidine base has occurred in all four crystal structures. Of the four salts, two [(I) and (IV)] exist as monoprotonated bases and two [(II) and (III)] exist as diprotonated bases. In all four crystal structures, the acid interacts with the pyrimidine base through N-H...O hydrogen bonds, generating an R22(8) ring motif. The sulfate group mimics the role of the carboxylate anions. The water molecules present in compounds (I)-(IV) form water-mediated large ring motifs. The formation of water-mediated interactions in these crystal structures can be used as a model in the study of the hydration of nucleobases. Water molecules play an important role in building supramolecular structures. In addition to these strong hydrogen-bonding interactions, some of the crystal structures are further enriched by aromatic π-π stacking interactions [(I) and (II)].

Investigation of structural, mechanical, dielectric, and thermal behaviour of pure and L-H doped LSMH single crystals

Lithium Sulphate Monohydrate (LSMH) and L-histidine amino acid doped Lithium Sulphate Monohydrate single crystals in a conjugate solution were grown using a slow evaporation process. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and dielectric properties have all been confirmed by using various characterization techniques. Powder X-Ray diffraction studies were used to examine the space group and its lattice parameters, and the results showed that both crystals were arranged in a monoclinic system that was non-Centro symmetric and had the space group P21. Functional groups that were present in the grown samples were explained in great detail by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. EDAX analysis was used to identify the measurements of the various elements that were present in the crystal sample of Lithium Sulphate Monohydrate doped with L-histidine amino acid. A Vickers micro hardness analyzer was used to determine the crystals' hardness characteristics. In-depth explanations were provided for the thermal stability of the samples, which was determined by TG/DTA analysis. The electrical behaviour of the pure LSMH and L-Histidine-doped LSMH crystal was observed using the LCRZ metre.

A Study on the Soil Passivation of Nano-Manganese Dioxide-Modified Biochar under High-Arsenic Water Irrigation

[Objective] The irrigation area in northern Henan is an important grain producing area in China. Native high arsenic groundwater exists in the area and has long been used for agricultural irrigation. Increased soil arsenic (As) content under long-term irrigation threatens the quality and safety of crop products. Soil passivation is the use of adding passivators to the soil to fix pollutants to achieve the purpose of limiting their migration. Therefore, the preparation of an efficient and clean passivator and its arsenic fixation effect in soil are important research areas to reduce the risk of high arsenic groundwater. [Method] Firstly, nano-manganese dioxide (MnO2)-modified biochar was prepared via the pyrolysis of sawdust biochar, potassium permanganate and manganese sulfate monohydrate at a mass ratio of 1:0.18:0.29. Secondly, the adsorption characteristics were explored using adsorption kinetics and adsorption isothermal experiments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) feature mapping and other characterization methods were used to study its physical properties and adsorption mechanism. Finally, a potting experiment was designed to explore the changes in arsenic content in soil when the passivator dosages were 0%, 1% and 5%. [Results] (1) The nano-MnO2 modified biochar could reach the adsorption dynamic equilibrium after 180 min, and its maximum adsorption capacity was 58.12 μg/g. (2) When the dosing ratio was 1%, the fixed efficiency of soil effective As content in potted crops of unplanted crops and planted crops was 4.18–5.51% and 1.99–3.83%. When the dosing ratio was 5%, it was 7.48–8.75% and 5.58–9.58%. [Conclusions] The results show that when the addition ratio is 0–5%, the passivation effect of soil effective As is positively correlated with the passivator dosage.

Management of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. Causing Leaf Blight Disease in Mung Bean in Maharashtra State

Leaf blight (LB) disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, an important constraint in mung bean production in India. In the present investigations, the aimed to evaluate the loss in yield, better mung bean cultivars against LB and the efficient management. Based on symptomatology, cultural and morphological characteristics the pathogen isolated from cv JL-781 it was identified as M. phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. inducing LB disease. Pathogenicity of M. phaseolina was proved on the mung bean cv JL-781. Subsequently, field experiment was conducted for the management of LB disease using seed treatment with carbendazim 50 WP a.i. 0.2% (2 g/kg) + spraying of zinc sulphate monohydrate @ 0.01% + soil application of Trichoderma viride @ 5 g/ha mixed with 3 kg of FYM + foliar spray of garlic extract (10%) showed 15.45% incidence. This result was followed by 16.79% disease incidence and 15.44% disease severity by seed treatment with carbendazim, foliar spray of zinc sulphate, and soil application with T. viride @ 5 g/ha mixed with 3 kg of FYM.

Assessment of shock wave assisted crystallographic structural stability of poly-crystalline and single crystalline lithium sulfate monohydrate crystals

In the present work, we demonstrate the interesting findings of shock wave recovery experiment conducted on poly-crystalline lithium sulfate monohydrate crystals (Li2SO4.H2O) under 50 and 100 shock pulses loaded conditions and the obtained results are compared to the obtained results of single crystal Li2SO4.H2O. The poly-crystalline Li2SO4.H2O samples neither undergo any crystallographic phase transitions nor shock wave assisted dehydration. But, the attained diffraction and Raman results indicate that, at shock loaded conditions, lots of structural deformation and distortions occur in the mother crystal structure by the impact of shock waves. Also, at shocked conditions, the super-paramagnetic state of Li2SO4.H2O is significantly affected and remarkable reduction (10–1 to 10–7) of the saturation magnetization is found. Note that, in the case of single crystalline Li2SO4.H2O, the disordered crystal structure has been witnessed for shock loaded samples.

Structural and spectroscopic study of the kieserite-type (Mg,Mn)SO4·H2O solid solution at ambient and low temperatures relevant to Mars and the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn

The presence and importance of sulfates in our solar system have become common knowledge among the dedicated scientific community, as well as their crucial role in governing the water budget of planets such as Mars. The formation of subsurface oceans and cryovolcanism on icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn owe their existence to melting equilibria influenced by sulfate hydrates in the deeper parts of these celestial bodies. In such a setting, it cannot be ruled out that lower-hydrated sulfates including kieserite, MgSO4·H2O, are also present, given their stability under geologic pressures relevant even down to the lower mantle of the icy satellites. With regard to the composition of the water-soluble fraction in C1 and C2 chondritic meteorites presumed to correspond to that of the rocky cores of the Jovian moons, local kieserite may contain significant amounts of Mn in addition to Ni (and also some Fe). Minor Mn contents are probable even in kieserite occurring on the surface of Mars. Substantial lattice parameter changes and spectral band shifts between kieserite and its isostructural Mn-analogue szmikite, MnSO4·H2O, are well known, nevertheless neither the existence of a potential MgMn solid solution series nor its crystal chemical and spectroscopic behavior has yet been investigated.This work provides the first evidence for such a continuous solid solution, describes its structural properties, and gives a detailed insight into the position changes of prominent bands in FTIR- and Raman spectra of synthetic samples, as the Mn/Mg ratio increases, with the measurement having been performed both at ambient and low temperatures relevant for Mars and the icy satellites. It reveals that contents of Mn do not cause any significant shift in the H2O stretching vibrational bands, yet influence the position of sulfate-related vibrations much in the same way as the incorporation of other relevant transition metal cations, such as Ni. The contrasting behavior of the ν3 and ν1 stretching vibrations of the H2O molecule in case of Mn- (no shift) and Ni-incorporation (significant shift to lower wavenumber) along with their comparable influence on the position of sulfate bands allow to deduce the chemical composition of kieserite in a ternary Mg–Mn–Ni system based on spectroscopic remote sensing or in situ data from celestial bodies. The assessment of chemical composition from vibrational spectra is facilitated by the observed Vegard-type behavior, where lattice parameters as well as the spectral band positions change along linear trends with increasing substitution of Mg, regardless if by Mn, Fe, or Ni. The observed shift of mainly the H2O stretching vibrations to lower wavenumber values as temperature decreases (in contrast to the bands related to the sulfate group) match thermal behavior observed in other binary solid solutions of sulfate monohydrate phases isostructural with kieserite.