Sulfanilamide In Concentration Research Articles

Effect of antibiotics, hormones and anthelmintic on high molecular weight protein fractions in the common carp

We assumed that effect of sulfanilamide, chlortetracycline, nandrolone, and albendazole on the carp fishes depends on substance concentration in the water and associated with changes in the fractional composition of plasma protein. We found that sulfanilamide in concentration of 0.015 mg/dm3 in water practically had no effect, while at concentrations of 0.15 and 0.30 mg/dm3 it changed the protein spectrum of carp blood plasma, reduced the level of proteins with molecular weights of 260 and 140 kDa. Chlortetracycline in the concentration of 1.10 mg/dm3 did not affect the protein content of macromolecular fractions in the blood plasma of fish, and at the doses of 3.15 and 6.30 mg/dm3 it reduced the content of proteins with molecular weights of 450, 340, 260 and 140 kDa. Nandrolone in the concentration of 1.10 mg/dm3 increased the content of individual proteins in carp plasma compared to the control, and in the concentration of 0.10 and 0.50 mg/dm3 it did not affect the fractional composition of proteins with high molecular weight. Albendazole in the concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.00 mg/dm2 reduced the protein content of macromolecular fractions in carp plasma. Such xenobiotics, like sulfanilamide, chlortetracycline, and albendazole in different concentrations did not affect the total protein content of fish plasma, while the nandrolone increased it. The number of respiratory movements, behavior, body surface, and pathomorphological parameters of the main internal organs in the fish from the experimental groups did not differ from the control. Our results indicated the important role of proteins of high molecular weight fractions in carp blood plasm as these proteins determine the fish adaptation to the water xenobiotics. Keywords: carp, blood plasma, proteins, sulfanilamide, chlortetracycline, nandrolone, albendazole.

Bacteriostatic Activity of Sulfonamides Against B. morganii and Paracolon Bacilli

(1) Sulfanilamide and sulfa -thiazole exert bacteriostatic activity toward B. morgarni type I and paracolon bacillus. (2) Sulfathiazole in a concentration of 100 mg % is somewhat more effective than sulfanilamide in like concentration, but is less growth-inhibitory than sulfanilamide in a concentration of 1,000 mg %.

Action of Sulfamido Compounds upon M. lysodeikticus and Lytic and Bactericidal Activities of Lysozyme

Summary(1) Sulfanilamide in high concentration (1000 mg %) exerts bacteriostatic activity toward small numbers of M. lysodeikticus. (2) Sulfanilamide in concentrations up to 1000 mg % and sulfapyridine and sulfathiazol in concentrations up to 100 mg °/c do not interfere with the lytic activity of lysozyme (egg white). (3) The combined use of lysozyme (egg white) and sulfamido compounds (sulfanilamide and sulfapyridine) exerts somewhat greater bactericidal effects upon M. lysodeikticus than either agent alone.

Comparative in vitro Study of Various Sulfanilamide Derivatives on Typhoid-Dysentery Organisms

ConclusionsThe effect of sulfathiazole, sulfamethylthiazole, sulfapyridine and sulfanilamide in concentrations of 10 mg per 100 cc on large and small inocula of E. typhosa, S. paratyphi, S. schottmuelleri, Shigella dysenteries, Shigella paradysenterice and Shigella sonnei in veal infusion peptone broth, urine and blood was studied. It was found that sulfanilamide had little bacteriostatic effect in broth cultures, whereas, if a small inoculum is used, sulfathiazole, sulfamethylthiazole and sulfapyridine showed a bacteriostatic action. In urine and blood, sulfanilamide usually caused some inhibition of growth. The action of sulfathiazole, sulfamethylthiazole and sulfapyridine in urine and blood was not only bacteriostatic but was often bactericidal. Sulfathiazole was only slightly superior to sulfamethylthiazole and sulfapyridine when urine and blood were used as media.Of the 6 organisms studied, S. paradysenteriae (Flexner) appears to be most susceptible to the action of the sulfonamide drugs. No further c...

THE ANTICATALASE ACTIVITY OF SULFANILAMIDE AND SULFAPYRIDINE IN VIVO

Article1 September 1940THE ANTICATALASE ACTIVITY OF SULFANILAMIDE AND SULFAPYRIDINE IN VIVOMARTIN CLYMAN, M.D.MARTIN CLYMAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-14-3-406 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAn anticatalase activity of sulfanilamide in concentrations in vitro equivalent to those found in vivo during sulfanilamide therapy, was first observed by Main, Shinn and Mellon.13In extending these observations Locke, Main and Mellon11have concluded that hydrogen peroxide, which accumulates due to the diminished catalase activity, and not the sulfanilamide per se, is the active agent in combating bacterial infections. Hydrogen peroxide in pneumococcus cultures (Type 1, 18 hr. growth) was estimated by Shinn, Main and Mellon25who were able to detect concentrations as small as 0.0003 per cent. Retardation of growth of cultures containing sulfanilamide was accompanied by...

Action of Sulfanilamide on Hemolytic Enterococcus (Streptococcus fecalis hemolyticus)

It is generally agreed that sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, and related compounds are effective in the treatment of infections due to a limited number of microorganisms only. In vitro, these chemo-therapeutic substances may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal toward susceptible strains. There is, however, no absolute parallelism between the effectiveness of sulfanilamide in vivo and in vitro; nor between susceptibility or resistance of certain species or groups of microörganisms and their respective position in the system of bacteria. The susceptibility toward the action of sulfanilamide may be quite different even among relatively closely related groups. Thus, sulfanilamide may inhibit the growth of Lancefield Group A hemolytic streptococci in broth, while strains of hemolytic streptococci Group D (hemolytic enterococci) are quite resistant toward this drug (Bliss and Long). Recently, it was reported, that sulfanilamide in a concentration of 800 mg per 100 ml may continuously inhibit the growth of fibrinolytic hemolytic streptococci even when relatively large numbers were used for inoculation; in contrast, strains of hemolytic enterococci, characterized by their growth on 40% bile agar, by their capacity to reduce methylene blue and litmus in skimmed milk, by their production of a pH below 4.8 in 1 % glucose broth, and by their ability to ferment mannitol, were only slightly or not at all inhibited in 0.8% sulfanilamide broth. The culture medium used in these experiments was phenol-red broth (Difco), to which 1% soluble starch, 0.2% agar, and 1% maltose or dextrose, respectively, were added. Subsequently, it was found that essentially the same results were obtained when starch and agar were omitted from this medium. These observations are in agreement with the findings of Long and Bliss, who showed that streptococci of Group D are resistant toward the bacteriostatic action of sulfanilamide in concentrations up to 0.8%, while in higher concentrations this drug slightly retarded the growth of a few strains.

Effect of Sulfanilamide upon the Shwartzman Phenomenon and upon the Growth of Meningococci in Vitro

The manner in which sulfanilamide or prontosil exert their therapeutic effect is unknown. Long and Bliss1 have suggested that these drugs exert their action by virtue of the ability to enhance the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes. Gross, Cooper and Peebles,2 and Weinberg, Mellon and Shinn,3 however, were unable to demonstrate any increased phagocytosis in treated experimental animals. Gay and Clark4 believe that the drugs exert a bacteriostatic action upon the micro-organisms, thereby protecting the leukocytes and allowing them to set up a defense against invasion. Osgood and Brownlee,5 using bone marrow cultures, concluded that sulfanilamide exerted its effect against beta hemolytic streptococci, chiefly by neutralization of hemotoxins formed, in addition to some bacteriostatic effect upon the organisms. Hemmens and Dack,6 however, dispute this, and Huntington7 was unable to demonstrate any effect of sulfanilamide upon fibrinolysis or formation of erythrogenic toxin in vitro, and he failed to inactivate small amounts of toxin. Subsequently, Osgood and Powell8 found that sulfanilamide in concentration of 1:1000 or less did not inactivate in vitro significant amounts of the hemotoxins of the beta hemolytic streptococcus, hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus, Cl. oedematis maligni, Cl. tetani, or B. perfringins, nor did sulfanilamide significantly affect the course of intoxication in guinea pigs elicited with as little as 1 MLD of diphtheric or tetanus toxin. By means of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity (Shwartzman phenomenon) the activity and neutralization of certain bacterial toxins can be determined. Therefore, it was decided to ascertain the influence of sulfanilamide and prontosil upon the Shwartzman phenomenon elicited by means of meningococcus agar washings filtrates. Meningococcus was selected because it produces a stabile potent toxin for the Shwartzman phenomenon, and favorable experimental and clinical effects of sulfanilamide have been reported with this organism as well as with the beta hemolytic streptococcus. Furthermore, for elucidation of the results studies were made on the effect of the drugs upon the growth of meningococcus in vitro.