Suitable Varieties Research Articles

Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal that GA3ox regulates the dwarf trait in mango (Mangifera indica L.)

BackgroundMango is a tropical fruit with high economic value. The selection of suitable dwarf mango varieties is an important aspect of mango breeding. However, the mechanisms that regulate mango dwarfing remain unclear.ResultsIn this study, we compared the transcriptomes and metabolomes of mango varieties Guiqi (a dwarfed variety) and Jinhuang (an arborized variety). A total of 4,954 differentially expressed genes and 317 differentially abundant metabolites were identified between the two varieties, revealing the molecular mechanism of the gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase gene GA3ox in regulating dwarfing traits in mangoes using joint transcriptome and metabolome analyses. The results showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in the diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway and that differentially abundant metabolites were annotated to their upstream pathway, the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. A gene regulation network based on these two pathways was constructed, indicating the upregulation of the GA3ox gene and the accumulation of gibberellin in dwarfed mangoes. We then transferred the GA3ox gene to tobacco plants following the application of gibberellin, and the morphology and height of the transgenic tobacco plants largely recovered the phenotype.ConclusionsThese results demonstrated that GA3ox plays a role in the regulation of dwarf traits. Our study provides an important theoretical basis for studying the regulatory mechanisms underlying mango dwarfism to facilitate mango breeding.

Assessing the Performance and Flower Quality of Dendrobium Varieties Grown Under Shade-net in Konkan Region

Dendrobium orchids are highly valued for their aesthetic appeal and durability, constituting a major segment of the global orchid market. A study was conducted in the Konkan region of Maharashtra (India) to determine the most suitable varieties for the specific climatic conditions of this area. The research was carried out under shade-net condition at the Hitech Nursery, College of Horticulture, Dapoli, in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) that included twelve varieties and thrice replications. The research revealed significant differences in various characteristics, including the timing of inflorescence emergence, spike length, the number of florets per spike, as well as flower length, diameter, and overall lifespan among different cultivars. During the findings, ‘Areedang Blue’ showed early inflorescence emergence as well as flowering (14.5 days), while ‘Thongchai Gold x Udom Yellow’ had late inflorescence emergence and flowering (19.89). The variety ‘White 5N’ was particularly noted for its extended spike length (57.60 cm) and consistently high florets per spike (10.66), while ‘Sonia Red’ was recognized for having the longest flower lifespan (62.59 days) with good flower size. Conversely, certain varieties such as ‘King Dragon’ and ‘Burana Jade x Madam Vipa’ did not expressed their potential to the local environment. This investigation offers prime information for the selection of best Dendrobium varieties suitable for cultivation in Konkan region under shade-net condition.

Rice Fallow Pulses for Agricultural Potential for South Asian Region

Rice fallows refer to lowland areas where rice is cultivated during the monsoon (kharif season) is left unplanted during the winter season (rabi) due to various factors. These include the early cessation of monsoon rains which resulted in soil moisture stress during winter season; waterlogging and excessive moisture in November/December, led to unsuitable for winter crops; the absence of suitable varieties for late planting at winter season and socio-economic issues such as damage by stray cattle or blue bulls. India accounts for a significant majority of about 79% of South Asia's total rice fallows which amount to 11.65 million hectares out of the region's total of 15.0 million hectares. The review assess the scenario of rice fallow pulses, production technologies and its constraints in the present trend.

Economic Benefits and Uses of Indigenous Seasonal Weather Forecasts in Zimbabwe

This study presents a seminal contribution regarding the economic value of indigenous seasonal weather forecasts in Zimbabwe. Many farmers (58%) use indigenous seasonal weather forecasts to make maize farming decisions such as selecting suitable varieties. The main indicators used for indigenous seasonal weather forecasts are flowering and fruition of specific trees. Based on travel cost analysis, which incorporates a multi-purpose visit scenario, the study establishes the economic importance of indigenous seasonal weather forecasts with a consumer surplus of US$1,044 per year among the 290 farmers using the forecasts. There is therefore a need to integrate indigenous weather forecasts into national seasonal weather forecasting and disaster risk reduction systems to complement modern seasonal weather forecasts. Co-production of seasonal weather forecasts with farmers is proposed in this regard. This further calls for the need to digitally document, visualize, and disseminate indigenous seasonal weather forecast indicators to a wider audience to increase their use.

Effects of Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth under Different Temperature Stresses in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) by Metabolome.

The dramatic temperature fluctuations spurred by global warming and the accompanying extreme weather events inhibit mango growth and threaten mango productivity. Particularly, mango flowering is highly sensitive to temperature changes. The mango fruit setting rate was significantly positively correlated with pollen activity, and pollen activity was regulated by different metabolites. In this study, the in vitro pollen of two mango varieties ('Renong No.1' and 'Jinhuang'), in which sensitivity to temperature differed significantly, were subjected to different temperature stresses (15 °C, 25 °C and 35 °C), and their metabolomics were analyzed. The present results showed that 775 differential metabolites were screened by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and divided into 12 categories. The two varieties had significant differences in metabolite expression under different temperature stresses and the effect of low temperature on 'Renong No.1' mainly focused on amino acid metabolism, while the effect on 'Jinhuang' was mainly related to glycolysis. However, under the 35 °C temperature stress, 'Renong No.1' responded by redistributing riboflavin and betaine in vivo and the most obvious metabolic pathway of 'Jinhuang' enrichment was pyrimidine metabolism, which had undergone complex main body formation and extensive regulatory processes. The changes of metabolites of different varieties under low temperature and high temperature stress were different. Among them, flavonoids or flavonoid derivatives were included in class A (216 metabolites), C (163 metabolites) and D (233 metabolites) metabolites, indicating that flavonoid metabolites had an obvious regulatory effect on mango pollen metabolism under different temperature stress. The present results provide valuable information for reproductive biology studies and breeding in mango, in particular, the selection and breeding of the most suitable varieties for different production areas.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and quality parameters of three sugarcane (<em>Saccharum Officinarum</em> L.) varieties

This study examines the effects of nitrogen on the growth, yield and quality of three sugarcane varieties under irrigated conditions in the low country dry zone of Sri Lanka. Three sugarcane varieties (SL96-128, SL04-624 and SL8306) were tested at four nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 100, 200, 300 kg/ha) in a split plot design with four replicates. Selected growth, yield and quality parameters were studied in this field experiment. The results of the study demonstrated that application of 100kg/ha or 300kg/ha N fertilizer has shown highest girth of stem (cm), partitioning biomass to millable stalk (PBMS), brix and pol percentage in all three varieties, SL04-624, SL8306 and SL96-128. In addition, variety SL04-624 have shown highest total above ground biomass production (dry matter) (41987.8kg/ha), partitioning biomass to millable stalk (PBMS) (74.5%), brix (19.4%), pol (17.1%) and pure obtainable cane sugar (POCS) (12.3%). Therefore 100k/ha (N2) could be concluded as the best rate of N fertilizer application for the varieties tested in this study considering the cost of production, environmental and groundwater pollution. SL04-624 could be recommended as the most suitable variety for low country wet zone of Sri Lanka responding to 100kg/ha N fertilizer.

Studies on Effect of Genotypes and Planting Time on Growth and Corm Characters of Gladiolus

Gladiolus is an important cut flower crop, grown commercially in many parts of the globe. This flower has gained popularity owing to its incomparable beauty, attractive colours, various sizes and shapes of florets, variable spike length and long vase life. Gladiolus produces beautiful spikes from December to March in the plains and from June to September in the hills of India.Gladiolus is very rich in its varietal wealth therefore, varietal evaluation in a particular growing condition becomes necessity of time to find out suitable variety for a particular region. Improvement of any crop is a continuous process and long process as well and, in this crop, tremendous scope is available to improve the existing cultivars, besides, other economical plants, the growth and development of gladiolus is governed by its genetic makeup and environmental factors of the growing region and various management practices. Among the various agro-techniques, the optimum planting time is of outmost importance. The Present investigation efforts aim to standard time of planting and suitability of varieties for local climate and edaphic conditions of the Nalanda (Bihar). A field investigation was conducted during winter season of 2018-19 at Research Farm of Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai, Nalanda, Bihar. Corms of gladiolus cultivars viz., Red Beauty, Candyman, White Prosperity and Intrepid were planted at different planting dates. The soils of experimental site are newly formed alluvial soils with pH 7.40. The experiment consisted of 16 treatment combinations with four (04) varieties and four planting dates (D1- 25th Sept., D2- 10th October and D3- 25th Oct. and D4-10th Nov.) were laid out in split-plot-design with three replications. Minimum days to sprouting of corm (16.33 days), number of leaves per plant (11.27), length of leaves (86.87cm.) were with D2V2. However, maximum plant height (146.07 cm.) was in D2V1. Minimum days to initiation of spike (80.47 days), days taken to open first floret (95.07 days) and maximum length of spike (126.07cm.) were observed in D2V1. On the other hand, maximum numbers of florets per spike (21.20), fresh weight of flower spike (170.25 gm.), floret diameter (11.17cm.) and vase life (14.80 days) were in D2V3. Highest values for no. of corms per plant (1.40) and no. of cormels per plant (111.53) were noticed in D2V3. Besides, corm diameter (7.53 cm) and average weight of corm per plant (123.08 gm.) were found maximum in D2V1.

Assessment of suitable thermal sensitive varieties of black gram at Parbhani Maharashtra

Assessment of suitable thermal sensitive varieties of black gram at Parbhani Maharashtra

Efficacy of Different Priming Methods on Germination and Growth of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Under Field Conditions in Mugu, Nepal

Low seed germination and poor growth have been major problems in French bean production in the hilly region of Nepal. An effective solution may lie in seed priming, which enhances rapid and uniform seed emergence, thereby improving yield. A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different seed priming methods on various varieties of French beans under field conditions in Chhaayanath Rara-4, Mugu, Nepal. The experiment was conducted in two factorial RCBD with three replications. Factor A was three French bean varieties; black, ghoratte, and red beans, and Factor B included two methods of priming; hydro and halo along with control. The results revealed that the germination parameter was significantly influenced by the method of priming and it was found non-significant in the case of varieties. Maximum germination percentage and higher speed of germination were found in seeds treated with hydro-priming. Similarly, the growth parameter was found significant for both varieties as well as priming methods. Vegetative growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of primary and secondary branches were found significantly higher in hydro-primed seeds and ghoratte variety. Likewise, the yield parameters such as days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, and yield per hectare were found significantly higher in hydro-primed ghoratte beans. Hence, hydro-priming can be used as a simple and cost-effective technique to improve germination and growth of French beans along with suitable variety under field conditions in Mugu district, Karnali province, Nepal. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(3): 137-144.

Quality analysis and assessment of representative sea buckthorn fruits in northern China

Sea buckthorn (SB) primarily grows in northern China and is rich in nutritional components, making it popular among consumers. This study aims to select suitable SB varieties for processing by analyzing physicochemical components, color, taste, and volatile compounds. The results showed that the physicochemical content of Chinese SB from Gansu were as follows: total soluble solids 13.50 ± 0.37°Brix, titratable acidity 6.46 ± 0.39 %, ascorbic acid 578 mg/100 g, polyphenols 517 mg/100 g, and flavonoids 194 mg/100 g, which were higher than those of the other four SB samples; the content of organic acids was relatively abundant. Taste analysis via electronic tongue indicated that Chinese SB had the highest ANS (sweetness) value and the lowest SCS (bitterness) value, exhibiting the richest flavor. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that Gansu Chinese SB had a rich variety of volatile components, totaling 74. In summary, Gansu Chinese SB is a variety suitable for processing.

The Determination of Woody Biomass Resources and Their Energy Potential from Hazelnut Tree Cultivation

The aim of this study was to estimate the shoot weight of four selected hazelnut cultivars and to see if the morphological characteristics of the cultivar and the age of the shoots affect their quality when used as fuel. This study shows that the cultivar ‘Olga’ generated the highest amounts of woody biomass (6507 t·ha−1), while ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’ generated the lowest (3843 t·ha−1). ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’ had the highest calorific values (HHVs) (18.08 MJ·t·ha−1 for annual shoots and 18.03 MJ·kg−1 for perennial shoots) and ‘Olga’ had the lowest calorific values (16.64 MJ·kg−1 for annual shoots and 16.39 MJ·kg−1 for perennial shoots). The age of the shoots had a minimal effect on the chemical and energy parameters. Emissions were the highest for ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’ (CO: 57.74 MJ·kg−1 for perennial shoots, CO2: 1414.05 MJ·kg−1) and lowest for ‘Olga’ (CO: 50.57 MJ·kg−1, CO2: 1238.46 MJ·kg−1). The cultivar ‘Olbrzymi z Halle’, which generated the least amount of biomass compared to the other cultivars, stands out for its high energy value due to its low moisture and ash contents and its high carbon and hydrogen contents, making it attractive for the purposes of biofuel production and supporting sustainable agriculture. The practical implications of the research findings include the selection of suitable varieties for biofuel production, the management of biomass moisture content, and the optimisation of combustion techniques to reduce emissions. The potential for using hazelnut shoots as a biofuel highlights the importance of sustainable agriculture and renewable energy production. The results provide valuable information that can support decisions regarding the cultivation and use of hazelnut shoots for biofuel production while minimising negative environmental impacts.

Exogenous metabolite application is a potential strategy for expanding the use of direct rice seeding with the aim of reducing seeding costs

Rice is a staple food for over half of the global population, necessitates efficient and cost-effective production methods to ensure food security. However, direct seeding of rice often encounters challenges due to adverse environmental conditions, resulting in increased seeding costs. In this study, we analyzed the germination and physiological data of sixty-six rice varieties under cold and submergence conditions. Our results demonstrate that selecting rice varieties with superior germination capacity in these adverse conditions can improve germination rates by 39.43%. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of two contrasting varieties revealed potential regulatory mechanisms involving hormonal pathways and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. Furthermore, we found that the exogenous application of specific metabolites provides a cost-effective seed enhancement strategy for varieties with poor germination capacity. These findings suggest that combining suitable variety selection with seed enhancement treatments can significantly reduce seeding costs in rice production. This research offers valuable insights for developing resilient rice varieties and cost-effective seeding strategies, potentially contributing to improved rice cultivation practices and enhanced global food security.

SCREENING OF POTENTIAL INDIAN POTATO VARIETIES FOR EXPORT PROMOTION FROM WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH AND GUJARAT

Indian potato production potential (54 million tonnes) strengthens the cause of export of this crop from the country. Government of India has identified districts of Agra and Farrukhabad in Uttar Pradesh, and Sabarkantha and Banaskantha in Gujarat for potato export promotion in the Agri- export policy-2018. However, issues like suitable varieties, sustainable production and protection technologies, and efficient marketing channel are challenges for acceleration of potato export in a significant way. One of the critical gaps, suitable export potential varieties was taken up in current study. Eight potato varieties were evaluated in replicated field trials at farmer’s fields in district Agra and Gandhinagar. Based upon yield performance and feedback from exporters, potato varieties Kufri (K) Frysona (35.3), K Ganga (31.8), K Chipsona-3 (28.2), K Sangam (28.0) and K Bahar (24.0) have better export-grade (>55mm) tuber production potential (tha-1) in western Uttar Pradesh. Variety K Chipsona-3 (30.7), K Sangam (29.6), K Ganga (27.2) and K Frysona (24.9) are exhibiting prospects of export from Gujarat. Newly released specialty potato cv. K Neelkanth has also attracted the attention of exporters. Suitable potato varieties acceptable for importing destinations and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) developed by ICAR- CPRI holds a better future for Indian potato export.

Impact of CO2 Enrichment on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of F1 Hybrid Strawberry Grown under Controlled Greenhouse Condition

Carbon dioxide enrichment inside a greenhouse is a sustainable approach to increasing crop production worldwide. Recently, the F1 hybrid strawberry became an alternative to runner-propagated cultivation as an innovative method to shorten the production period and increase strawberry production. This work aims to present CO2 enrichment as a sustainable tool that improves the yield in a controlled greenhouse and addresses the efficiency of three F1 hybrid strawberry varieties grown under Saudi Arabian conditions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the National Research and Development Center for Sustainable Agriculture (Estidamah), KSA, to study the impact of two CO2 levels (400 ppm (“ambient”) and 600 ppm (“enrichment”)) on the growth, photosynthesis traits, fruit yield and fruit quality of three F1 hybrid strawberry varieties grown under soilless culture conditions. The results show that CO2 enrichment significantly improved the phenotyping of strawberry growth traits at 60 days post-transplanting. The physiological response of the varieties to CO2 enrichment reveals a significant increase in the photosynthetic rate (129.7%) and intercellular CO2 (43.7%) in the leaves of strawberry exposed to CO2 enrichment rather than in ambient conditions, combined with a significant increase in the number of fruits per plant (27.5%) and total fruit yield (42.2%). A similar pattern was observed with varieties D and S in terms of fruit number, length and diameter. However, CO2 at 600 ppm promoted total soluble solid accumulation and vitamin C for the tested varieties. In contrast, CO2 enrichment significantly decreased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium accumulation in the leaves of the exposed plants in comparison to 400 ppm of CO2. These results suggest that increasing CO2 enrichment could contribute to an increase in strawberry yield and nutritional value and demonstrate that understanding the response of each variety to CO2 enrichment is important to support selecting suitable greenhouse strawberry varieties to improve crop yield.

Intellectual property rights and plants made by new genomic techniques: Access to technology and gene-edited traits in plant breeding

Gene editing has the potential to make new crop varieties faster and more efficiently. New and more suitable crop varieties can increase sustainable agriculture, for instance, in the form of disease-resistant varieties that facilitate integrated pest management. The European Commission's proposal on the regulation of gene-edited and cisgenic plants produced with New Genomic Techniques (including CRISPR/Cas) has re-opened the discussion on Intellectual Property Rights on plants in Europe. We provide an overview of the possible impact of patent rights and Plant Variety Rights on the availability of technology and gene-edited alleles to breeders on an European level. We highlight potential problems with the two Intellectual Property Right systems and indicate potential avenues to solutions.

Identification of suitable chickpea variety (S) under different growing environments in cotton-based cropping system

Identification of suitable chickpea variety (S) under different growing environments in cotton-based cropping system

Quality of jujube wines fermented by different jujube varieties: Physicochemical parameters, antioxidant activity, non-volatile and volatile substances

The varieties of raw materials are significant to the quality of jujube wine. In this study, the physicochemical quality, antioxidant activity, non-volatile and volatile substances of different jujube wines were analyzed. The alcohol content of the different wines ranged from 12.70% (v/v) to 14.19% (v/v). Wine fermented by J60Z showed the highest alcohol content. ZHDZ-fermented wine was the yellowest and its color quality was the best. The main monomeric phenols in date wine are chlorogenic acid, epicatechin and catechin. DZ-fermented wine had the strongest DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP. The organic acids in date wine were mainly succinic acid, malic acid and lactic acid. JUZ-fermented wine had the highest content of total free amino acids, essential amino acids, and sweet amino acids, which were 817.42, 53.23, and 751.01 mg/L, respectively. Seventy-nine volatile compounds were found in the nineteen jujube wines. Wine fermented by JUZ had the highest total volatiles content (8329.52 mg/L). Principal component analysis and sensory evaluation revealed that DZ-fermented date wine had the highest composite and sensory scores. Therefore, this study showed that DZ was more suitable for making jujube wine. This study provides theoretical guidance for screening suitable varieties for jujube wine fermentation.

Analysis of influencing factors of raw cotton quality and prospect of optimisation pathway

The paper discusses the issue of raw cotton quality and summarises it in the context of the current state of research. The article highlights the importance of cotton seeds for improving cotton quality and points out the problems in cotton seed selection and breeding. The article also mentions other factors affecting cotton quality, such as planting technology, light factors, defoliation and ripening technology, anisotropic fibre content and cotton picker operation quality. Based on these findings, ways to optimize the quality of raw cotton are proposed, including exploring suitable cotton varieties for machine picking, mitigating differences in raw cotton quality due to differences in geographic location and climatic conditions, and optimizing the use of picking techniques and processing machinery to reduce the impact on raw cotton quality. In conclusion, the paper provides a useful reference for promoting the application of cotton mechanical picking technology.

Long-term integrated agronomic optimization maximizes soil quality and synergistically improves wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency

Integrated agronomic optimization (IAO) adopts suitable crop varieties, sowing dates, planting density and advanced nutrient management to redesign the entire production system according to the local environment, which can achieve synergistic improvements in crop yields and resource utilization. However, the intensity and magnitude of the impacts of IAO on soil quality under long-term intensive production and high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) require further clarification. Based on a 13-year field experiment conducted in Dawenkou, Tai'an, China, we investigated the effects of four cultivation modes on the grain yield, NUE, soil aggregate structure, as well as the fraction of organic matter (SOM) and soil quality, reflected by integrated fertility index (IFI) during the winter wheat maturation period in 2020–2022. The four cultivation modes were traditional local farming (T1), farmer-based improvement (T2), increased yield regardless of production cost (T3), and integrated soil–crop system management (T4). As IAO modes, T2 and T4 were characterized by denser planting, reduced nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates, and delayed sowing compared to T1 and T3, respectively. In this long-term experiment, IAO was found to maintain aggregate stability, increase SOM content (by increasing organic carbon and total nitrogen of the light fraction (LF) and the particulate organic matter fraction (POM)), and improve SOM quality by increasing the proportions of LF and POM and the ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen in SOM. Compared to T1, the IFI of T2, T3, and T4 increased by 10.91, 23.38, 25.55%, and by 17.78, 6.41, 28.94% in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers, respectively. The grain yield of T4 was 22.52% higher than that of T1, reaching 95.98% of that in T3. Furthermore, NUE of T4 was 35.61% higher than that of T1 and T3. In conclusion, our results suggest that T4 synergistically increases grain yield and NUE in winter wheat, while maximizing soil quality.

Genetic Variability and Diversity Analysis in Yard Long Bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) verdcourt] Accessions under Coastal Saline Ecosystem

Background: Yard long bean despite being highly nutritive summer legume vegetable crop, it is not cultivated on large scale due to seasonal constraints with progressing research activities, Tamil Nadu is yet to came up with a suitable commercial variety of yard long bean with higher yield and superior pod quality. Considering this, the present study with 30 yard long bean germplasm accessions was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters and deciphering the extent of genetic divergence for nine quantitative traits in yard long bean. Methods: The genetic material comprising 30 different sources of germplasm accessions were evaluated for various quantitative traits in randomized block design (RBD) with triplicate replication at the Garden land, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University during 2022. TNAUSTAT and R Software has been used for data analysis. Result: Analysis of variance exhibited significant differences among the accessions for all the nine quantitative traits indicating the presence of genetic variability. The magnitude of high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was obtained for all the traits except days to maturity and days to fifty per cent flowering. High heritability coupled with genetic advance per cent as mean was observed for pod yield per plant followed by number of pods per plant, test weight, pod girth, number of seeds per pod, plant height and pod length indicating the predominance of additive gene action. Direct selection for above indicate traits could be valuable for yield improvement programme. Further, genetic divergence analysis revealed that seven clusters could be identified from 30 genotypes. The cluster I was largest having twelve genotypes. The maximum inter cluster distance was found between cluster I and cluster VII followed by cluster I and IV and the intra cluster distance was noted in cluster III followed by cluster I. Among the yield contributing traits, maximum contribution towards genetic divergence existed for pod length followed by test weight, days to maturity and pod yield per plant. Hence, hybridization between cluster VII (IC-630381), V (IC-630379), IV (IC-630383) and I (IC-626143) could be utilized for superior recombinants with desirable traits in segregating generations of yard long bean.