Suitable Substrate Research Articles

Integrating Machine Learning and Large Language Models to Advance Exploration of Electrochemical Reactions.

Electrochemical C-H oxidation reactions offer a sustainable route to functionalize hydrocarbons, yet identifying suitable substrates and optimizing synthesis remainchallenging. We report an integrated approach combining machine learning (ML) and large language models (LLMs) to streamline the exploration of electrochemical C-H oxidation reactions. Utilizing a batch rapid screening electrochemical platform, we evaluated a wide range of reactions, initially classifying substrates by their reactivity, while LLMs text-mined literature data to augment the training set. The resulting ML models for reactivity prediction achieved high accuracy (>90%) and enabled virtual screening of a large set of commercially available molecules. To optimize reaction conditions for selected substrates, LLMs were prompted to generate code that iteratively improved yields. This human-AI collaboration proved effective, efficiently identifying high-yield conditions for 8 drug-like substances or intermediates. Notably, we benchmarked the accuracy and reliability of 10 different LLMs -including LLaMA, Claude, and GPT-4 -on generating and executing codes related to ML based on natural language prompts given by chemists to showcase their tool-making (code generation) and tool-use (function calling) capabilities and potentials for accelerating research across four diverse tasks. We also collected an experimental benchmark dataset comprising 1071 reaction conditions and yields for electrochemical C-H oxidation reactions.

Growth and Yield Performance of Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivated on Agricultural Residues

Food insecurity and malnutrition are among the major problems in most developing nations recently. Mushroom cultivation is one of the promising strategies to overcome these challenges. The growth and productivity of mushrooms differ because of their wide range of cultivation substrates. Cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus on suitable substrates is one of the key factors affecting its growth and productivity. This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate the effect of cultivation substrates, namely straws of tef (Trt1), barley (Trt2), and wheat (Trt3), husks of faba bean (Trt4) and field pea (Trt5), and sawdust (Trt6) alone, and their mixture (1:1, w/w) (Trt7) on the growth and yield of P. ostreatus. Mycelial colonization, primordial formation, and days to first harvest were faster (13.00, 19.67, and 22.67 days) for the P. ostreatus cultivated on Trt7 whereas those grown on Trt6 were delayed (18.00, 27.00, and 29.67 days), respectively. Trt7 gave a higher (67.33) fruiting body/bunch and total yield (2001.70 g/bag). Biological efficiency was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher for Trt7 (238.64%). Strong relationships between cap diameter and mushroom yield (r = 0.84***), number of bunches (r = 0.76***), number of fruiting bodies (r = 0.80***), stipe length (r = 0.83***), and total yield (r = 0.84***) were among significant positive correlations observed. In conclusion, cultivating P. ostreatus on the Trt7 (mixed substrate) is recommended rather than using either of the residues alone.

Mixing oak and eucalyptus sawdusts improves shiitake (Lentinula edodes) yield and nutritional value.

The study aimed to explore suitable substrates comprising locally available hardwood sawdusts for the cultivation of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) in Lebanon. Sawdusts of oak (OS), maple (MAP), and eucalyptus (EUC) were used alone or in combination, supplemented equally by wheat bran (WB). Results showed that complete mycelia run, fruiting, and harvest dates were the minimum in OS-WB: 800-200 by 72.2, 75.5, and 79.5 days after spawning (DAS) respectively, and the maximum in EUC-MAP-WB: 400-400-200 (by 88.3, 87.5, and 92.0 DAS, respectively). The substrate EUC-OS-WB: 400-400-200 had the highest biological efficiency (74.1%) compared to all treatments. Mushroom numbers ranged between 13.0 and 29.5 at harvest 1 (H1) and between 9.5 and 26.5 at harvest 2 (H2), showing a significant decrease in H2 in comparison to H1 in all treatments. Mushroom weight ranged between 8.8 and 25.9 at H1 and between 5.9 and 14.6 at H2. Furthermore, stepwise correlation showed that total biological yield (TBY) was positively affected by the biological yield at first harvest (BYH1) in OS-WB: 800-200 (R2 = 0.943), and at BYH2 in EUC-WB:800-200 (R2 = 0.944) and MAP-WB: 800-200 (R2 = 0.998), and it was negatively affected by BYH1 and stipe diameter in MAP-OS-WB: 400-400-200 (R2 = 0.946). Also, there was an improvement in mushroom protein, crude fibers, and vitamin C contents, and a decrease in carbohydrate contents on most substrates compared to control. Mushrooms obtained in EUC-OS-WB:400-400-200 recorded the highest protein and crude fiber contents (15.1 and 5.4%). Therefore, the mixture containing oak and eucalyptus sawdust has a good potential to improve shiitake yield and nutritional value compared to oak sawdust and could be an appropriate alternate for producing shiitake mushrooms.

Physical reservoir computing: a tutorial

This tutorial covers physical reservoir computing from a computer science perspective. It first defines what it means for a physical system to compute, rather than merely evolve under the laws of physics. It describes the underlying computational model, the Echo State Network (ESN), and also some variants designed to make physical implementation easier. It explains why the ESN model is particularly suitable for direct physical implementation. It then discusses the issues around choosing a suitable material substrate, and interfacing the inputs and outputs. It describes how to characterise a physical reservoir in terms of benchmark tasks, and task-independent measures. It covers optimising configuration parameters, exploring the space of potential configurations, and simulating the physical reservoir. It ends with a look at the future of physical reservoir computing as devices get more powerful, and are integrated into larger systems.

Mechanically Interlocked Macrocycles on Covalent Networks for Energy and Environmental Applications.

Macrocycles' unique properties of interacting with guest molecules have been an intriguing scientific endeavor for many decades. They are potentially practically useful for engineering applications, especially in energy and environmental applications. These applications are usually demanding, involving a high temperature, pH, voltage, etc., thus, finding suitable substrates that can endure working environments and sustain macrocycles' properties is highly desirable. In that sense, covalent networks are ideal as they are chemically/electrochemically/thermally stable and can be porous by design. Emerging porous materials, especially covalent organic frameworks (COFs), could be suitable as their porous spaces allow macrocycles to interact with guest species. In the past seven years, we have seen the rise of mechanically interlocked macrocycles on covalent networks (MIMc-CNs) that translate macrocycles' properties into macroscale materials. In this conceptual review, we first describe the idea of integrating MIMcs into COFs or conventional amorphous polymers. Next, we review the reported representative MIMc-CNs used in energy and environmental applications. We also provide a brief outlook for the future directions for the MIMc-CNs research.

Antimicrobial Peptide SAAP-148-Functionalized Hydrogels from Photocrosslinkable Polymers with Broad Antibacterial Activity.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics for treating skin wound infections. Nonetheless, their short half-life in biological environments restricts clinical applicability. Covalent immobilization of AMPs onto suitable substrates offers a comprehensive solution, creating contact-killing surfaces with long-term functionality. Here, a copolymer of poly[(hydroxy ethyl acrylamide)-co-(4-benzophenone acrylamide)-co-(pentafluorophenyl acrylate)-co-(ECOSURF EH-3 acrylate)], in short poly(HEAAm-co-BPAAm-co-PFPA-co-EH3A), is synthesized by free radical polymerization. Subsequent modification of active ester groups with the amine groups of SAAP-148, results in a copolymer, that is non-cytotoxic to human lung fibroblasts. UV photocrosslinking of the benzophenone units yields a polymer network that forms a hydrogel after swelling with aqueous medium. Both the SAAP-148-modified polymer in solution and the photocrosslinked hydrogels show good antimicrobial activity against strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii, including multidrug-resistant strains, frequently found in wound infections. The covalent attachment of SAAP-148 prevents leaching, ensuring sustained antimicrobial activity for at least 48 h in diluted human blood plasma and 14 days in PBS. This prolonged retention of antimicrobial activity in human blood plasma significantly enhances its clinical potential. Overall, this study shows the potential of the AMP-functionalized photocrosslinkable polymer as antimicrobial wound dressings, providing an effective alternative to antibiotics.

Biodegradable Polyurethane Foams Based on Polyols Obtained from Cellulose and Its Hydroxypropyl Derivative.

Three methods of cellulose-derived polyol synthesis were elaborated. The suitable substrates were (hydroxypropyl)cellulose or cellulose, which were hydroxyalkylated in reactions with glycidol and ethylene carbonate in triethylene glycol or in water. The products were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and MALDI ToF spectroscopies. For all polyols, IR spectra showed strong bands at 1060 cm-1 from the ether group formed upon the ring opening of GL and EC. The polyol obtained from (hydroxypropyl)cellulose in the triethylene glycol solvent was accompanied by oligomeric products of glycol hydroxyalkylation and oligomeric glycidol. The polyol obtained by the hydroxyalkylation of cellulose with glycidol and ethylene carbonate in the water contained units of hydroxyalkylated cellulose and products of hydroxyalkylation of water. The physical properties of the obtained polyols, like density, viscosity, and surface tension, were determined. The polyols were then used to obtain rigid polyurethane foams. The foams have apparent density, water uptake, and polymerization shrinkage similar to classic rigid PUFs. The foams showed advantageous thermal resistance in comparison with classic ones. After thermal exposure, their compressive strength improved. The biodegradation of the obtained materials was tested by a respirometric method in standard soil conditions by the measurement of biological oxygen demand and also using the cellulases or the enzymes responsible for cellulose degradation. It has been found that polyols are totally biodegradable within one month of exposure, while the foams obtained thereof are at least 50% biodegraded in the same conditions. The enzymatic biodegradation of the PUFs by the action of microbial cellulase was confirmed.

Exploring the role of graphene-metal hybrid nanomaterials as Raman signal enhancers in early stage cancer detection

Molecular diagnosis plays a significant role in detection of biomolecules linked to early stage cancer since it offers greater sensitivity and reliability for identification of biomarker level changes as the disease progresses. The application of vibrational spectroscopy in biomarker detection is defined by the fingerprint spectrum of a molecule originating from single-molecule vibrations. This characteristic makes surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) a promising tool for identification of biomarkers. The performance of the SERS technique largely depends on the material being used as the SERS substrate. Graphene, with its large surface area and abundance of aromatic regions, is considered advantageous as SERS substrate. Combining graphene with metal nanomaterials considerably increases SERS signal intensity, thereby enhancing detection sensitivity. Therefore, this review emphasizes the significance of selecting graphene-metal nanohybrids as suitable SERS substrates for signal amplification. The detail understanding of the mechanism of graphene-metal hybrid in SERS based detection of early stage cancer is also presented. Furthermore, several examples demonstrated the application of graphene-metal hybrid nanomaterials in detecting biomarkers and cancer cell differentiation using SERS imaging.

Optimisation of the Ethanol Fermentation Process Using Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Cellulose Waste-Effect of Fermentation Pattern and Strain.

Suitable fermentation substrates and fermentation modes can effectively improve the fermentation ethanol yield. In this study, we optimised the hydrothermal pretreatment conditions by orthogonal optimisation using waste tissue paper as substrate. These conditions consisted of 50 min duration in a high-pressure reactor with pure water as solvent at a temperature of 160 °C. The biomass to water ratio was maintained at a constant level. The cellulose content of the pretreated TP was 81.19 ± 4.06%, which was an increase of 21.59% compared to the blank control. The 72 h reducing sugar yield of pretreated TP was 0.61 g sugar/g paper, which was 38.64% higher than that of untreated TP. Subsequently, the pretreated TP was fermented under optimal conditions. The mixed group of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida shehatae (SC) showed a distributed saccharification fermentation pattern, with an ethanol yield of 28.11 g/L in 72 h. On the other hand, the single Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S) exhibited a homobloc saccharification fermentation pattern, with an ethanol yield of 35.15 g/L in 72 h.

Enabling Efficient Oxygen Evolution via Anchoring Carbon-Layer-Confined RuOx on a Well-Matched Substrate.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a multistep proton-coupled four-electron process with sluggish kinetics, which seriously limits the hydrogen production efficiency, thus it is of great importance to develop an efficient and stable OER catalyst. In this study, a two-step differential pyrolysis strategy is employed to design a three-dimensional porous microstructured material consisting of RuOx nanoparticles coated by a thin-layer carbon, where the active particles were isolated in separate chambers and the RuOx nanoparticles mainly existed in the form of a heterogeneous interface between RuO2 and partial metallic Ru. The preparation parameters of the catalysts are optimized via combining transient and steady-state polarization properties, and the target catalyst Cat-500-1.5t shows the best OER catalytic performance after ca. 60 h of a chronopotentiometry test in an acidic medium with a much smaller performance change than other samples. The unique design of adopting a carbon layer to form separate reaction chambers largely mitigates the excessive oxidation loss of the active components under strong oxidation potential. The suitability of the catalyst with the loaded substrate and test media is explored, and in an acidic medium, the carbon paper is much better than the titanium fiber, while in an alkaline medium, the titanium fiber is obviously superior to the carbon paper. On both carbon paper and titanium fiber, the performance in an alkaline medium outperforms that in an acidic medium, and the possible reasons for the performance difference are analyzed. Herein, to obtain the actual electrocatalytic performance, the optimal design of the catalyst structure and matching suitable conductive substrate in a specific medium are quite necessary, which provides a feasible strategy for the acquisition of efficient and stable electrocatalysts and the desirable presentation of performance.

Whitefly‐Pathogenic Beauveria bassiana JEF‐507 as a Competitive Biopesticide, Chongchae‐Stop

ABSTRACTSilverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a destructive insect pest damaging to diverse crops by vectoring several plant pathogenic viruses, which consequently causes economic losses in crop production. As the resistance of whiteflies to chemical insecticides is increasing, this study aimed to investigate the potential of entomopathogenic fungi as an alternative. A total of 72 entomopathogenic fungal isolates, collected from soils using Tenebrio molitor larvae as an insect baiting method, were assessed for their virulence against 2nd nymphs of whitefly. Their virulence was assayed by dipping whitefly‐infested tomato leaves in fungal conidia suspensions at 1.0 × 107 conidia/mL. Among the tested isolates, two isolates of Beauveria bassiana JEF‐462 and JEF‐507 showed high virulence. In the assessment of virulence depending on conidia concentrations, the estimated LC50 values for JEF‐462 and JEF‐507 were similarly 8.7–14.0 × 107 conidia/mL. However, B. bassiana JEF‐507 showed higher conidial productivity and thermotolerance on most of tested 12 grain substrates than B. bassiana JEF‐462, and millet was the most suitable grain substrate. Additionally, siloxane as a surfactant was able to sufficiently exhibit the insecticidal activity of JEF‐507 against whitefly nymphs compared with other surfactants. In a pot‐based greenhouse trial, JEF‐507 showed higher control efficacy than chemical insecticides, dinotefuran and spinetoram. This work suggests that B. bassiana JEF‐507 could be competitively used as a biopesticide to control silverleaf whiteflies while overcoming current resistance issues. The JEF‐507 isolate has been registered in Korea, 2022 and successfully commercialised as the name of Chongchae‐Stop in this local market to control whitefly and thrips.

High-performance electrochemical detection for trace minocycline based on boron-doped-diamond/carbon nanowalls biosensor

Highly sensitive electrochemical detection of trace minocycline (MCL), one of the most important antibiotics, presents a challenge due to the lack of suitable substrates and low detection efficiency. In this work, an electrochemical biosensor with an electrode consisting of boron-doped diamond (BDD) and carbon nanowalls (CNWs) (named BDD/CNWs) is designed for the detection of MCL. The electrochemical behavior of MCL at varying scan rates suggests an adsorption-controlled mechanism dominating the process on the BDD/CNWs electrode. The sensor demonstrates good linearity in the range from 0.02 to 100 μM and achieved a limit of detection as low as 9.8 nM, ascribed to the synergistic effect of the combination of BDD with CNWs, which provide a broad potential window (2.63 V), more reaction sites, and low charge transfer resistance (87 Ω) from the electrode. Examinations of trace MCL in citric acid-phosphate buffer, tap water, rat blood, as well as interference tests, reveal high sensitivity, specificity, stability, and repeatability of the BDD/CNWs electrode, which shows promise for practical applications.

Floating photothermal fabric based on spike-like dendrite fiber for highly efficient solar-thermal clean water production

Solar energy-driven interfacial water evaporation devices are expected to play a crucial role in obtaining fresh water from seawater. Using suitable micro-nano substrate materials can enhance the evaporation rate of flexible interfacial evaporators. However, current flexible micro-nano evaporator substrates are often made of porous gels, which are prone to undesirable heat loss during evaporation due to water filling the pores. In this study, we present a flexible photothermal fabric evaporator that integrates micro-nano structured nickel dendrite photothermal fibers as the photothermal layer with hydrophilic cotton wire serving as the water channel. These components are seamlessly combined through a traditional weaving process, creating an innovative design. The dendrite substrate is fabricated via an electrodeposition process, which can be tailored to produce an enhanced micro-nano surface. Following this, the dendrite is coated with a PANI photothermal conversion material using the electrophoresis method. The hydrophilic cotton wire effectively ensures a continuous water supply and efficiently channels water toward the dendrite's surface through a pronounced gradient capillary effect. As a result, the photothermal fabric achieves a remarkable surface temperature of 97.2 °C, an impressive evaporation rate of 2.13 kg·m−2·h−1, and a high evaporation efficiency of 85.6 % under illumination intensities of 1 kW·m−2. Additionally, it demonstrates robust long-term stability, enduring at least 15 consecutive cycles without significant degradation. This efficient construction and utilization of the micro-nano interface, combined with a sustained and adequate water supply, highlight the potential of dendrite photothermal fabric for seawater desalination applications.

Production and analysis of synthesized bacterial cellulose by Enterococcus faecalis strain AEF using Phoenix dactylifera and Musa acuminata fruit extracts.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly versatile biopolymer renowned for its exceptional mechanical strength, water retention, and biocompatibility. These properties make it a valuable material for various industrial and biomedical applications. In this study, Enterococcus faecalis synthesized extracellular BC, utilizing Phoenix dactylifera and Musa acuminata fruit extracts as sustainable carbon sources. LC-MS analysis identified glucose as the primary carbohydrate in these extracts, providing a suitable substrate for BC production. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a network of BC nanofibers on Congo red agar plates. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic cellulose functional groups, further supporting BC synthesis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated a high crystallinity index of 71%, consistent with the cellulose I structure, as evidenced by peaks at 16.22°, 21.46°, 22.52°, and 34.70°. Whole-genome sequencing of E. faecalis identified vital genes involved in BC biosynthesis, including bcsA, bcsB, diguanylate cyclase (DGC), and 6-phosphofructokinase (pfkA). Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone, while susceptibility to imipenem was observed. Quantitative assessment demonstrated that higher concentrations of fruit extracts (5.0-20mg/mL) significantly enhanced BC production. Cytotoxicity testing via the MTT assay confirmed excellent biocompatibility with NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells, showing high cell viability (97-105%). Unlike commonly studied Gram-negative bacteria like Acetobacter xylinum for BC production, this research focuses on Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis and utilizes Phoenix dactylifera and Musa acuminata fruit extracts as carbon sources. This approach offers a sustainable and promising avenue for BC production.

Comparative analysis of biofilm bacterial communities developed on different artificial reef materials.

Artificial reefs play a vital role in restoring and creating new habitats for marine species by providing suitable substrates, especially in areas where natural substrates have been degraded or lost due to declining water quality, destructive fishing practices, and coral diseases. Artificial reef restoration aimed at coral larval settlement is gaining prominence and initially depends on the development of biofilms on reef surfaces. In this study, we hypothesized that different artificial reef materials selectively influence the composition of biofilm bacterial communities, which in turn affected coral larval settlement and the overall success of coral rehabilitation efforts. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the impact of six different reef-made materials (porcelain, granite, coral skeleton, calcium carbonate, shell cement, and cement) on the development of biofilm bacterial communities and their potential to support coral larval settlement. The biofilm bacterial communities were developed on different artificial reef materials and studied using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysis. The bacterial species richness and evenness were significantly (P<0.05) low in the seawater, while these values were high in the reef materials. At the phylum level, the biofilm bacterial composition of all materials and seawater was majorly composed of Pseudomonadota, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes; however, significantly (P<0.05) low Bacteroidetes were found in the seawater. At the genus level, Thalassomonas, Glaciecola, Halomicronema, Lewinella, Hyphomonas, Thalassospira, Polaribacter, and Tenacibaculum were significantly (P<0.05) low in the coral skeleton and seawater, compared to the other reef materials. The genera Pseudoaltermonas and Thalassomonas (considered potential inducers of coral larval settlement) were highly abundant in the shell-cement biofilm, while low values were found in the biofilm of the other materials. The biofilm bacterial community composition can be selective for different substrate materials, such as shell cement exhibited higher abundances of bacteria known to facilitate coral larval settlement, highlighting their potential in enhancing restoration outcomes.

Optical properties of CVD-grown multilayer graphene on nickel using spectroscopic ellipsometry

Incorporating graphene into relevant technologies requires its integration with commercially suitable substrates. Understanding the interactions between graphene and these substrates is crucial, as graphene serves as an ideal model system for investigating electronic phenomena. In this work, we report the optical properties of multilayer graphene on nickel substrates using spectroscopic ellipsometry. We provide information on the spectral dependence of optical properties of multilayer graphene, such as the complex dielectric constant, refractive index, and optical conductivity in the energy range of 1.6–5.0 eV. The optical conductivity profile obtained from SE analysis showed a symmetrical peak at 4.38 eV, suggesting an interband transition from the π to π∗ orbital at the M point. The graphene/Ni interaction generated changes in the number of available states below the Fermi level, leading to significant changes in electron density. Our result provides the information essential for understanding relevant research and developing graphene-based optoelectronic applications.

Beauveria bassiana associated with a novel biomimetic hydrogel to control Aedes albopictus through lure and kill ovitraps.

Within the framework of sustainable and effective control methods for Aedes albopictus, two different conidial suspensions, BbCS-1 and BbCS-2 (respectively without and with nutrients), were used as solvents for the biopolymers water-soluble 2-hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) and sodium alginate (SA). In this way, two different classes of hydrogels were prepared for each polymer (previously shown to attract tiger mosquito oviposition) to produce HEC-based and SA-based Bb/Gel systems with and without nutrients. The aim was to achieve a long-lasting and cost-effective lure-and-kill oviposition substrate useful for lethal ovitraps. Beauveria bassiana (Bb) survival and growth in the different Bb/Gel systems were monitored for 24 days. Following the growth assay, 24-day-old Bb/Gel systems were tested against Ae. albopictus eggs through a hatching test to evaluate their lethal effect. Gel systems enhance Bb's longevity (up to 24 days) more effectively than standard liquid conidial suspensions, proving that tested HEC- and SA-based hydrogels are not toxic for Bb (biocompatibility) and create a microenvironment suitable to sustain prolonged fungal growth. In particular, the results indicate that gel system based on hydroxyethylcellulose is a suitable delivery substrate for supporting the activity of Bb and is simultaneously effective against Ae. albopictus eggs through a combined mechanism of mechanical effect and fungal action (CM > 90%). The efficacy of Bb gel systems was assessed according to its properties in favouring the growth and vitality of Bb as well as in reducing the Ae. albopictus hatching eggs rate. Further studies, in semi-field and field conditions, will be useful to evaluate the efficacy of Bb/Gel systems on adults in terms of attraction, oviposition, mortality, and potential autodissemination to propose a new tool in precision pest management. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Breathable and Stretchable Epidermal Electronics for Health Management: Recent Advances and Challenges.

Advanced epidermal electronic devices, capable of real-time monitoring of physical, physiological, and biochemical signals and administering appropriate therapeutics, are revolutionizing personalized healthcare technology. However, conventional portable electronic devices are predominantly constructed from impermeable and rigid materials, which thus leads to the mechanical and biochemical disparities between the devices and human tissues, resulting in skin irritation, tissue damage, compromised signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and limited operational lifespans. To address these limitations, a new generation of wearable on-skin electronics built on stretchable and porous substrates has emerged. These substrates offer significant advantages including breathability, conformability, biocompatibility, and mechanical robustness, thus providing solutions for the aforementioned challenges. However, given their diverse nature and varying application scenarios, the careful selection and engineering of suitable substrates is paramount when developing high-performance on-skin electronics tailored to specific applications. This comprehensive review begins with an overview of various stretchable porous substrates, specifically focusing on their fundamental design principles, fabrication processes, and practical applications. Subsequently, a concise comparison of various methods is offered to fabricate epidermal electronics by applying these porous substrates. Following these, the latest advancements and applications of these electronics are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges are summarized and potential future directions in this dynamic field are explored.

Selection of suitable filter materials for subsurface flow constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment in rice noodle handicraft village

This study aims to select suitable filter materials for Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SSF CW) to treat wastewater from rice noodle handicraft villages, based on a combination of new materials (plastic waste and rice husk) and traditional substrates (limestone, gravel, and sand). Four SSF CW models using different filter materials were tested during three months, including CW1 (limestone, gravel, and sand), CW2 (sand, plastic waste, and gravel), CW3 (sand + rice husk, limestone, and gravel), and CW4 (sand + rice husk, plastic waste, and gravel). The results indicated that CW3 and CW4 systems were more effective to plant growth. Replacing limestone with plastic waste did not show a significant difference in treatment efficiency (p &gt; 0.05), however the addition of rice husk decreased the efficiency of organic matter treatment while increasing nutrient treatment efficiency (p &lt; 0.05). The highest treatment efficiencies for TSS and COD were observed in CW1, at 83.89 ± 1.38 % and 79.56 ± 1.36 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest treatment efficiencies for TN, NH4+, and TP were recorded in CW4, at 80.14 ± 2.76 %, 88.39 ± 1.62 %, and 82.22 ± 2.51 %, respectively. The effluent water from all four SSF CW models met the Vietnamese standard for wastewater quality (QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT, column B). This study demonstrates the potential of using a combination of plastic waste, rice husk, and sand as suitable filter substrates for SSF CW in treating wastewater from rice noodle handicraft villages.

Unleashing the Potential of Different Method of Paddy Straw Substrate Bag for Enhanced Yield and Biological Efficiency of Milky Mushroom

Mushrooms, particularly Calocybe indica, are highly regarded for their distinctive flavour and numerous health benefits. This study investigates various method of paddy straw substrate bags: rolled paddy straw, intact paddy straw, and chopped paddy straw to optimize the cultivation of C. indica. Employing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), we analysed growth parameters, yield, and biological efficiency of mushrooms cultivated on these substrates. The results indicated that chopped paddy straw was the most effective substrate, significantly reducing the time for spawn run to 14.20 days, pinhead formation to 11.80 days, and sporophore maturation to 10.20 days. This method yielded the highest overall production at 664.50 g, along with a biological efficiency of 66.45%. In contrast, intact paddy straw exhibited moderate growth performance, while rolled paddy straw resulted in the lowest yield at 451.30 g and took the longest time for all growth stages, which may be attributed to less compactness in the substrate beds. The number of sporophores produced also varied, with chopped paddy straw yielding an average of 10.6 sporophores, compared to 8.6 from intact paddy straw and 7.2 from rolled paddy straw. Although stipe length and pileus diameter showed non-significant differences among treatments, they did not contribute meaningfully to yield or biological efficiency. Overall, the findings highlight that chopped paddy straw is the most suitable substrate preparation method for cultivating C. indica, enhancing both yield and efficiency in production. This research contributes valuable insights for mushroom cultivation practices, particularly in tropical regions where high temperatures prevail.