Suitable Graphical Representation Research Articles

Automating statistical diagrammatic representations with data characterization

The search for an efficient method to enhance data cognition is especially important when managing data from multidimensional databases. Open data policies have dramatically increased not only the volume of data available to the public, but also the need to automate the translation of data into efficient graphical representations. Graphic automation involves producing an algorithm that necessarily contains inputs derived from the type of data. A set of rules are then applied to combine the input variables and produce a graphical representation. Automated systems, however, fail to provide an efficient graphical representation because they only consider either a one-dimensional characterization of variables, which leads to an overwhelmingly large number of available solutions, a compositional algebra that leads to a single solution, or requires the user to predetermine the graphical representation. Therefore, we propose a multidimensional characterization of statistical variables that when complemented with a catalog of graphical representations that match any single combination, presents the user with a more specific set of suitable graphical representations to choose from. Cognitive studies can then determine the most efficient perceptual procedures to further shorten the path to the most efficient graphical representations. The examples used herein are limited to graphical representations with three variables given that the number of combinations increases drastically as the number of selected variables increases.

Sea based container culture (SBCC) hydrodynamic design assessment for European lobsters (Homarus gammarus)

The presented work describes the hydrodynamic assessment studies of a much needed technical innovation of Sea Based Container Culture (SBCC) as part of a semi-intensive, passive aquaculture culture system for farming the European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Factors that are known to influence growth and survival rates were obtained from previous literature, including flow rate, wave energy and motion characteristics; these factors defined performance criteria for SBCC containers.The internal flow velocities and external flow patterns for different SBCC container designs were measured and used to inform design decisions. Suitable graphical representations have been developed to assess SBCC containers on specific performance criteria. Oyster SBCC containers were found to provide stable motion characteristics but perform poorly against the lower velocity limit, indicating insufficient supply of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) to allow for optimal growth of European lobsters. Internal flow velocities were also measured on un-fouled and fouled SBCC containers; results showed SBCC 2 would not provide enough DO with 66% biofouling coverage (66% biofouling replicates one year deployment) and triggered a redesign. SBCC 1 at 90° yaw angle of attack demonstrated all round good performance against upper and lower velocity limits and motion characteristics; thus showed greatest promise for cultivation of European Lobster.

Failure Surfaces for Common Brickwork Settings Used in Historical Masonry Structures

ABSTRACTThe need to preserve and protect the historical masonry structures has been the emergence of researches directed towards the analytical modeling of failure in masonry. However, since masonry is a composite material made of units (brick, blocks, etc.) and mortar, the fracturing mechanism in masonry is a complex phenomenon due to its components’ distinct material properties. Masonry is also a material which exhibits distinct directional properties because the mortar joints act as planes of weakness. An accurate analysis of masonry structures in a macro-modeling (or composite) perspective requires a material description for all stress states. Uniaxial behavior of masonry is dictated by the tensile cracking and compressive crushing mechanisms, while in-plane mechanical behavior of masonry panels under biaxial loading is a more complex phenomenon. Due to the orthotropic nature of masonry, its failure cannot be defined simply in terms of a criterion based on the principal stresses at any point; therefore, the influence of a third variable, must be also considered. One suitable graphical representation of the failure surface for in-plane behavior of masonry panels could be in terms of the full stress components (σx, σy, τxy) whereas the material axes are assumed to be defined by the bed joints direction (y direction). Another possible representation can be obtained in terms of principal stresses and an angle, θ, which measures the angle between the principal stress axes and the material axes. Clearly, different diagrams in the principal stress planes are found according to different values of θ. This study focusing on a series of masonry models with the roman brick setting (Wright 2009) aimed to develop a complete (σ1, σ2, θ) failure surface for all principal stress combinations. Employing micro-modeling approach, the Distinct Element Method was used to numerically model the brickwork unit discrete medium, in which both geometric and physical nonlinearities of the intact bricks and brick-mortar discontinuities are taken into account. For two other types of brickwork settings used in ancient buildings (such as historical vaulted constructions in Tabriz Bazaar) so called Herringbone arrangements (Brunskill 1997), a graphical representation of the failure surface in terms of the full stress vector (σx, σy, τxy) was also obtained.

Caesarean Risk Factors in Northern Region of Bangladesh: A Statistical Analysis

Purpose: To explore the measurement of a scale of caesarean (C-section) risk factors and degree of risk contribution in different health facilities and to determine a suitable graphical representation (image) of caesarean cases.Methods: Based on seventeen indicators, a composite index was computed for each respondent and classified into three groups using Beta distribution of first kind. For the analysis of contribution of risk factors between private and public patients, principal component analysis (PCA) was also used. An attempt was made to visualise a suitable graphical representation of caesarean cases by independent component analysis (ICA).Results: The selected risk factors were more contributory to public hospital patients than to those in private hospitals on the basis of higher estimated value of range (R = 0.134) but a higher proportion of C-section occurred in private (93.4 %) than in public hospitals (30.3 %). On the other hand, PCAshowed that the contribution of selected risk factors accounts for approximately 60.0 % and 68.5 % in private and public hospitals, respectively. Furthermore, from the various graphical representation, thenumbers of private patients were more interlinked by ICA but not of the other graphical representations of PCA.Conclusion: We had expected the rate of C-section would be higher among public hospital patients than private hospital patients but the results obtained indicate the reverse. It seems that the combination of the propensity of private practice doctors to carry out C-section and the financial benefits on the part of private hospitals may be contributory factors to the caesarean section rates in private health facilities.Keywords: Caesarean risk factors, Composite index, Principal component analysis (PCA), Independent component analysis (ICA).

Extrema of Young’s modulus for elastic solids with tetragonal symmetry

For a homogeneous and linearly elastic solid the general expression of Young’s modulus E( n ) is given, and a constrained extremum problem is formulated for the evaluation of the directions n corresponding to stationary values of the modulus. The formulation follows that presented in [International Journal of Solids and Structures 40 (2003) 1713–1744] for the cubic and transversely isotropic elastic symmetries. In this paper the tetragonal elastic symmetry class is considered, and explicit solutions for the directions n associated to critical points of E( n ) are analytically evaluated. Properties of these directions and of the corresponding values of the modulus are discussed in detail. The results are presented in terms of three material parameters, which are responsible of the degree of anisotropy. For the tetragonal system, the complete description of the directional dependence of Young’s modulus leads to the identification of 12 classes of behavior. For each of these classes several examples of real materials are shown and suitable graphical representations of the function E( n ) are given as well.

DATA MINING IN DRUG AND THERAPY DESIGN

Drug development and therapy design are typical areas where relatively large databases are often encountered. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination are very complex and patterns are hard to find. Therefore, methodology, called data mining, is often needed to extract every possible information from the data. Detailed analysis of the databases can shorten drug development time, reduce costs, and provide more efficient dosage regimens. The aim of this article is to present and discuss problems of data analysis in pharmacokinetic studies which are illustrated with the example of a bioequivalence study database analysis. Suitable graphical representation of data is a simple tool in data mining, however, combined with modelling and simulation can become very effective.

ρ Graph: Rendezvous ordering graph for Ada concurrent programs

In disciplined Ada software development and maintenance, an adequate and suitable graphical representation for concurrency is important. To describe rendezvous ordering, tasking and executing flow of tasks, ρ graph—Rendezvous Ordering Graph is presented in this paper. ρ graph is a kind of hierarchical oriented graph with nodes representing rendezvouses and edges showing ordering relations between rendezvouses as well as flow of tasks. It can be used in software understanding, design description and documentation.

Mesh design and reliability assurance in hybrid-Trefftz p-element approach

This paper is concerned with the reliability of a uniform p-extension process based on the hybrid-Trefftz (HT) finite element model. In this model, introduced more than fifteen years ago, the assumed displacement field of the element a priori satisfies the governing differential equations of the problem, while the interelement continuity and the boundary conditions are enforced in an average weighted residual sense. One of the most important advantages of this concept is the existence, inside each element, of a large internal zone of super convergence where the errors are currently one to two orders of magnitude lower than those in the narrow perturbed zone along its boundary. The final aim of this paper is to present a very simple and efficient way of producing reliable results (displacement, internal forces) in the form of contour lines or other suitable graphical representation. To take full advantage of the HT elements, only the results of a regular grid of internal sampling points in the super convergent zone of the elements are used along with a post-processing approach known as ‘krigeing’. The assessment of reliability is based on the control of undesired displacement and traction jumps along the element interfaces rather than checking the smallness of any kind of global error measure. Special attention is paid to singularities associated with angular corners. In contrast to the traditional HT singularity calculation, involving the use of very accurate but costly to implement special purpose functions, use is made of a local mesh refinement. For a practical application of the HT p-element approach, general guidelines for prior design of the element meshes and the choice of the grids of internal sampling points are presented. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated on a series of examples of thin (Kirchhoff) plates in bending. In the last part of the paper some further possible improvements of the basic approach presented are briefly discussed. They include in particular the automatic identification of corner singularities and the quantitative reliability assessment of the smoothed results at nodes of the FE mesh.

Visualizing and representing knowledge for the end user: a review

The field of visualization and its various aspects are discussed. Visual programming and program visualization are discussed, with particular reference to visual programming languages. A collection of recent systems taken from the scientific literature are then described. The factors of particular importance to the development of such systems are briefly mentioned. The outstanding areas for research are discussed with the finding of suitable graphical representations being seen as particularly important.

Statistical Analysis Tools for Learning in Engineering Laboratories

SUMMARY ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Interesting and effective environments to encourage students' understanding of concepts and ideas in the engineering curriculum are faciliated by the application of statistics in laboratory experiments, by the availability of automated PC-controlled data acquisition systems, and by the use of statistical analysis tools in data collection. This paper provides a description of engineering programmes that have successfully used automated data acquisition systems to implement data collection and analysis experiments. The goal is to challenge students to make decisions about statistical issues such as the following: sample measurement design; appropriate statistics for summarizing measurement data and their reliability; suitable graphical representation formats; the choice of procedures for making salient comparisons; and suitable procedures for estimating the parameters of a theoretical model in the presence of variability in the measurement data. Reference is made to engineering labor...