Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire Research Articles

Suicide risk in the context of relationship breakup among young adults: emotional pain and mental health indicators

ABSTRACT Objective This study examined the relationship between the experience of emotional pain and psychological distress, suicidal behaviours, and mental wellbeing following romantic relationships and interrelationship breakups among young adults from Ghana. Method This study adopted a quantitative approach. Three hundred and thirty-three (330) university students, comprising of 86 males and 239 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 24 were conveniently sampled. The sample responded to items on the Psychache Scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale – K10, Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire – Revised and Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Results Analysis revealed that there were no gender and age differences in the experience of psychological distress following relationship breakup; however, differences existed in relation to the type of relationship breakup. Further, majority of the respondents experienced various suicidal behaviours following relationship breakup. Also, some of the respondents were at risk of suicide death. There was a significant positive relationship between the experience of unbearable emotional pain and suicidal behaviours and suicide risk. There was a strong positive association between unbearable emotional pain and psychological distress. Both unbearable emotional pain and psychological distress were significantly and negatively related to one’s mental wellbeing. Discussion In the midst of other socio-demographic variable and psychological distress, unbearable emotional pain only was the strongest significant predictor of suicide risk. This study highlights the importance of providing students with periodic education/information on relationships and emotional pain in formal educational setting to ensure students are well equipped to handle these experiences so it does not impact their psychosocial and academic life.

Validity, Reliability, and Factor Structure of the Suicide Crisis Scale in Turkish.

In our study, we aimed to adapt the Suicide Crisis Inventory (SCI), which can be used specifically to assess the acute phase of suicide, to the Turkish population by examining its Turkish validity and reliability in a non-clinical sample. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 300 university students aged 18-24 years were evaluated online using the Socio-demographic and Clinical Data Form, the SCI, and the Suicide Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ). Criterion validity, discriminative validity, and factor analyses (exploratory and confirmatory) were conducted for the validity of the SCI, and internal consistency and item-total correlations were examined for reliability analyses. Additionally, a linear regression model was constructed to assess the predictive validity of the SCI. The predictive validity of past SCI scores was evaluated using a simple regression model. When the linear regression model was tested with SCI scores as the independent variable and SBQ scores as the dependent variable [F(1-298) = 203.625; P = .000], it was found that the independent variable explained 41% of the variance in the dependent variable (r = 0.637; r 2 = 0.406). SCI scores significantly predicted SBQ scores (t = 14.270; B = 0.047; Bsth = 0.003; β = 0.647; P = .000). In the validity analysis, the items removed from the scale could be evaluated for the total score, as they did not belong to any factor as originally specified. When items were removed, the total item reliability was Cronbach's alpha = 0.981. We believe that the SCI will be a useful tool in assessing short-term suicide risk in a Turkish sample and in conducting scientific research. The SCI was found to be sufficient for use in a Turkish sample for the evaluation of short-term suicide risk, considering some limitations.

Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

This survey study uses data from the Mental Health and Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire to examine the age at onset of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 years who have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

A Study on the Impact of Psychosocial Factors on the Nature and Incidence of Suicide among Adolescent Students

ABSTRACT Adolescence is a time for existential confrontations and at this stage, the adolescent is philosophical, and often thinks of death in more abstract terms. This research is a study on the impact of psychosocial factors on the nature and incidence of suicide among adolescent students. The study was conducted using The Students Stress Inventory, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), The Learned Helplessness Scale and The Suicide Behaviour Questionnaire Revised (SBQ-R) on a group of 10 male and female adolescent students whose age ranged from 13 to 17 years. The mixed research design was adopted using quantitative and qualitative analysis. The research findings reveal that all subjects of the group had moderate levels of stress, anxiety and helplessness. The students who participated in the study demonstrated suicidal ideation and behaviour. The correlation between stress and anxiety with suicide risk behaviour was high for the group of students. It is found that there was a low correlation between feelings of helplessness and suicide risk behaviour. The reports of the students who participated in the study throws light on social, economic and academic pressures which create stress and could make them contemplate attempting suicide.

Symptoms characteristics of personality disorders associated with suicidal ideation and behaviors in a clinical sample of adolescents with a depressive disorder.

Pathological personality traits have repeatedly been identified as important risk factors for suicidal ideation and behaviors. Moreover, impulsive-aggressive traits, have shown a consistent association with suicidal behaviors across the lifespan. Adolescence represents a critical period for the emergence of different personality traits, mood disorders, and suicidal behaviors, but the relationship between these variables remain poorly understood. These variables were examined in a cross-sectional case-control design involving three groups: 30 adolescents with a depressive disorder and past suicide attempt (Mean Age = 16.2, Females = 26), 38 adolescents with a depressive disorder but without past suicide attempt (Mean age = 16.0, Females = 29), and 34 healthy adolescent controls (Mean age = 15.2, Females = 22). Suicidal ideations were indexed using Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ-R), psychiatric disorder assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire (K-SADS-PL), depressive symptoms with the Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI), symptoms characteristics of personality disorders with the Scheduled Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID-II) screening questionnaire, and impulsivity with the Barratt Impulsivesness Scale (BIS). Findings showed that impulsivity (F = 11.0, p < 0.0001) and antisocial symptoms characteristics of personality disorders (p < 0.001, d = 0.70) displayed the most robust association with adolescent suicide attempts. Borderline symptoms characteristics of personality disorders did not discriminate attempters from non-attempters but presented high correlations with suicidal ideation and depression severity. In an item-wise analysis, suicide attempt status was uniquely correlated with symptoms characteristics of an antisocial personality disorder. Suicide attempt status also correlated with non-suicidal self-injury and a chronic feeling of emptiness. The caveats of this cross-sectional study include the stability of symptoms characteristics of personality disorders in adolescence and the limited sample size. In sum, suicidal behaviors were characteristically correlated with increased impulsivity and antisocial symptoms characteristics of personality disorders, but other symptoms characteristics of personality disorders were relevant to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. Understanding the emergence of symptoms characteristics of personality disorders and suicidal behaviors in a developmental context can ultimately inform not only the neurobiological origin of suicidal behaviors, but also provide new avenues for early detection and intervention.

The Relationship between Internet Addiction, Mental Health and Suicidal Behavior among Undergraduate Students in Malaysia

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between internet addiction, mental health and suicidal behavior among undergraduate students in Malaysia. Online survey method is used in this study. 150 undergraduate students were recruited through convenience sampling. There were three instruments used in this study which were The Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Mental Health Inventory-18 (MHI-18) and The Suicide Behavior Questionnaire Revised (SBQ-R). Descriptive analysis is conducted to determine the prevalence of university students with internet addiction. The results showed that undergraduate students with severe internet addiction was 5.3 %, while 51.3 % of the undergraduate student had moderate level of internet addiction, 28.7% of them had mild level of internet addiction and the rest were normal users of internet. Next, Pearson’s Correlation analysis showed that there is a low negative correlation between internet addiction and mental health (r_150 = -.27, p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, the Pearson’s Correlation analysis also showed that there is a weak positive correlation between internet addiction and suicidal behavior (r_150 = .23, p &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, we can observe that internet addiction is significantly related to mental health and suicidal behavior. We need to take this issue more seriously as mental health is an important aspect in our life.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Internet addiction, Mental health, Suicidal behavior, Undergraduate students

Effects of sleep and impulsivity on suicidality in shift and non-shift workers

IntroductionShift workers are known to have a higher suicide risk than non-shift workers. Sleep disturbance and impulsivity are also risk factors for suicidality. This study investigated the effects of poor sleep and impulsivity on suicidality in shift and non-shift workers. MethodsIn total, 4572 shift workers (37.0 ± 9.84 years, 2150 males) and 2093 non-shift workers (37.8 ± 9.73 years, 999 males) participated in an online self-report survey. Suicidality was assessed using the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was employed to explore subjective sleep quality, the Insomnia Severity Index to detect insomnia, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) to evaluate excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale to assess depressive symptoms, and the Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) to explore impulsivity. ResultsShift workers showed poorer sleep quality, and greater impulsivity and suicidality, than non-shift workers. Impulsivity, sleep duration, sleep quality, and insomnia were significantly associated with suicidality, independent of depression. For both shift and non-shift workers, sleep quality moderated the association between impulsivity and suicidality. However, the moderating effects of sleep duration and EDS on the association between impulsivity and suicidality were apparent only in non-shift workers, while a moderating effect of insomnia was observed only in shift workers. ConclusionShift work, sleep disturbances and impulsivity may exacerbate suicide risk. In addition, the interrelationships among insomnia, EDS, impulsivity, and suicidality may differ between shift and non-shift workers.

The Relationship Between Depression, Anxiety and Stress Levels on Suicidal Behavior in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Suicide is a major public health problem, and most people, who attempt suicide, have a psychiatric disorder. The preventable nature of suicide has further warranted the conduct of studies on suicide. This cross-sectional and descriptive study aimed to investigate the effects of depression, anxiety, and stress levels on suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia. The study included 222 patients with schizophrenia. Data were collected by using the Descriptive Information Form, the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-Short Form. It was found that 47.7% of the participants had suicidal ideation and 33.8% of them had attempted suicide by taking pills, self-cutting, jumping from a height, and hanging. While the participants had moderate levels of depression and anxiety, their stress levels were normal. The study has shown that the variables of stress, a good income level, and employment affect suicidal behavior, with a 1-unit increase in stress scores leading to an increase by 0.942, a 1-unit decrease in the good income level leading to an increase by 1.132, and a 1-unit increase in employment leading to an increase by 1.316 in suicidal behavior. Stress, income status, and employment accounted for 42.3% of the change in suicidal behavior. This study has shown that suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are common in patients with schizophrenia compared to the normal population, and increased stress levels, poor income, and working in a job increased the risk of suicide among these patients. It can be suggested that efforts for improving stress management in patients during the post-pandemic period may be effective in reducing the risk of suicide.

The mediating role of sleep quality on the relationship between internet gaming disorder and perceived stress and suicidal behaviour among Indian medical students

BackgroundIn the recent digital era, individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) have reported a much higher prevalence of poor sleep quality, perceived stress and suicidal behaviour. However, the underlying mechanisms...

Trait mindfulness plays a protective role in the positive relationships between stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal behavior in an at-risk population: Music industry touring professionals

This study aimed to elucidate factors related to suicidality in a high-stress population—music industry touring professionals. It also examined whether trait mindfulness plays a moderating role in relations among these factors and suicidality. Touring professionals ( N = 1,154) responded to an online questionnaire that included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale–Revised (CES-D), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Suicide Behavior Questionnaire–Revised (SBQ-R), and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Mediation and moderated-mediation analyses were conducted on data from completed instruments ( n = 550) with PSS as the antecedent, CES-D as the mediator, MAAS as the moderator, and SBQ-R as the outcome. The indirect effect of stress through depressive symptoms on suicidality was significant. The moderation of this indirect effect by mindfulness also reached significance, with greater mindfulness scores associated with an attenuation of the impact of stress on suicidality through depressive symptoms. Mindfulness was a moderator of stress on depressive symptoms and suicidality. Mindfulness-based interventions for populations under high stress, such as touring professionals, may be an important topic for future research.

Analysis of Psychiatric Symptoms and Suicide Risk Among Younger Adults in China by Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation

Younger adults in China who are transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) experience high levels of minority stress (eg, stigma and bullying) and adverse mental health symptoms. However, there is a lack of research documenting mental health disparities compared with their cisgender and heterosexual peers. Studies that disaggregate TGNC and LGB individuals and are conducted in nonmetropolitan regions are also needed. To examine whether younger adult students' psychiatric symptoms and suicide risk vary by sexual orientation and gender identity and identify risk factors within LGB younger adults and TGNC younger adults. This cross-sectional study surveyed students at 63 universities in Jilin Province, China, between October 24 and November 18, 2021. Analyses were completed May 6, 2022. Gender identity (TGNC vs cisgender) and sexual orientation (LGB vs heterosexual). Psychiatric outcomes included depression, anxiety, traumatic stress, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), which were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Trauma Screening Questionnaire, and self-reported NSSI behaviors. The Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised was used to assess suicide risk. The analytic sample included 89 342 younger adults (mean [SD] age, 19.60 [1.75] years), including 51 438 assigned female at birth and 37 904 assigned male at birth. The sample included 2352 individuals who were TGNC, 6501 who were cisgender LGB, and 80 489 who were cisgender heterosexual. Compared with their cisgender heterosexual peers, TGNC and LGB younger adults were more likely to experience increased psychiatric symptoms across categories and suicide risk, as well as more severe forms of symptoms. In particular, overall suicide risk was 43.03% among TGNC individuals, 36.21% among LGB individuals, and 11.70% among cisgender heterosexual younger adults. Controlling for demographic variables and compared with cisgender heterosexual peers, TGNC young adults had higher odds of suicide risk (adjusted odds ratio, 5.38; 95% CI, 4.94-5.86; P < .001) and of past-year NSSI (adjusted odds ratio, 6.55; 95% CI, 5.87-7.30; P < .001). Separate within-group analyses for LGB and TGNC younger adults highlighted the vulnerability of bisexual women and gender nonbinary groups, as well as the relevance of minority stress-related risk factors, including peer bullying and assault and loneliness. This study noted disparities of mental health issues among LGB, transgender, or queer or questioning younger adults in China and suggests a high urgency to address psychological health and prevent suicide in this population. Targeted public health initiatives may be needed to reduce stigma and discrimination, train competent health care professionals, and create affirmative mental health policies and systems of care.

Suicidal Behavior and Early Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Domains.

Suicidal behavior is a risk factor for suicide attempts. Identifying the factors that increase suicidal behavior risk is paramount for overall suicide prevention efforts. One model that may contribute to our understanding of the relationship between early life experiences and suicidal behavior is the schema theory. This study aimed to examine suicidal behavior, early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), and schema domains using a large Brazilian nonclinical sample. The study included 19,060 individuals. We assessed sociodemographic variables, suicidal behavior (Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire), and EMSs (Young Schema Questionnaire) using an online, Web-based survey. Our results showed that, when comparing participants with no ideation with those with serious suicide attempts, we found significant statistical differences in all EMSs (all p 's < 0.05), with higher scores in those with serious suicide attempts. Our results suggest that specific unmet emotional needs during childhood can affect mental health and result in serious suicide attempts in adulthood.

Can optical coherence tomography findings be related with suicide attempt in bipolar disorder?

The aim was to investigate the relationship between OCT findings and suicidal behavior (SB) in patients with Bipolar Disorder type 1 (BPD1) in comparison to healthy controls. Forty five euthymic BPD1 patients with previous suicide attempts (BPD1+), 46 euthymic BPD1 patients without previous suicide attempts (BPD1-) and 63 healthy controls were included. The subjects were evaluated with Sociodemographic Data Form, SCID, Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Young Mania Rating Scale and OCT. All OCT measures were lower in patients with BPD1 than healthy controls (p<0.001). While no significant differences were found between (BPD1+) and (BPD1-) in all GCC levels and inferior RNFL values (p>0.05), the superior RNFL and global RNFL values were found to be lower in the (BPD1+) than in the (BPD1-) (p=0.037, p=0.028, respectively). Global RNFL was found to significantly predict suicide risk in a multivariate logistic regression model (p=0.024 Exp(B):0.930). Neurodegeneration might occur during the course of BPD1 and SB. Decreased RNFL may be important for neurodegeneration related to SB.

The Cardiff Self-Injury Inventory (English version): Convergent validity and psychometric properties.

The Cardiff Self-Injury Inventory (CSII) is a short (1 min), relatively nonintrusive, measure of previous self-injury behaviors written in English. It measures self-injury with suicidal intent and without such intent, covers actions versus thoughts, and has two time periods (lifetime vs recent [defined as the last 3 months]). The study aimed to examine its psychometric properties and its relationship to more well-established measures. A UK community sample of 184 participants completed the CSII and two other measures of self-harming (Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory [DSHI] and Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised [SBQ-R]) in March 2020-May 2020. Fifty participants also repeated these measurements 1-2weeks later. The CSII showed strong psychometric properties with internal reliability of 0.87 and a test-retest of 0.82. The subscales also showed strong psychometric properties. The CSII showed strong concurrent validity to the other measures of self-injury (SBQ-R, r = 0.70; DSHI, r = 0.81). A factor analysis supported the idea that there are two distinct components to the overall CSII score arising due to the distinction between suicidal and nonsuicidal behaviors. The CSII has good psychometric properties in this population and can be used as a fast, nonintrusive, measure of different self-injurious behaviors for clinical or research purposes.

THE IMPORTANCE OF POSITIVE FACTORS IN PROTECTING MENTAL HEALTH AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR AMONG CITIZENS OF THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE COUNTRIES (CPLC)

Introduction: When it comes to mental health, traditional research has been revolving around risk factors and their repercussions on mental health. On the other hand, understanding positive factors underlies prevention strategies of self-improvement of these skills, and social and clinical interventions necessary to maintain good health and well-being. Social support, self-esteem and resilience have been the focus of several studies of this scope, having been associated with better mental health outcomes and lower suicidal behaviors. Objectives: With this study, our objectives are to assess the importance of social support, self-esteem and resilience in protecting mental health and suicidal behavior, to determine differences between countries of residence, to assess levels of association between variables, as well as determining the effect of sociodemographic variables, country of residence, social support, self-esteem and resilience in predicting mental health and suicidal behavior. Method: In this study participated 1006 citizens of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLC), between 18 and 80 years of age (mean = 41.76; SD = 14.19). 40.7% of the participants lived in Brazil, 29.9% lived in the ACPOL and 29.4% were from Portugal. For this study, we included a sociodemographic questionnaire that asked about the participants’ age, country of residence, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, professional status, educational attainment, socioeconomic status and marital status. To identify the presence of psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, or somatization) and thus measure participants’ mental health, we utilized the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18). To assess suicidal behavior, we included the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire – Revised (SBQ-R). To check for social support (family, friends and significant others), the Portuguese version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was utilized. To measure self-esteem, we utilized the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). To measure resilience, we utilized the Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale–10 (CD-RISC-10). A website was created for the purpose of the investigation, to disseminate the questionnaire online through mailing lists and social media, from May to October 2021, using a convenience sample method. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences between the CPLC countries for social support, self-esteem, resilience, mental health, and suicidal behavior. The positive factors were negatively correlated with mental health and suicidal behavior. When added to sociodemographic variables, social support, self-esteem, and resilience are good predictors of both mental health and suicidal behavior. Conclusion: We concluded that, as previously shown in other studies, social support, self-esteem, and resilience all constitute protective factors for mental health and suicidal behaviors. Self-esteem took on an especially relevant role, possibly due to its moderating effect in positive life outcomes, less prevalence of psychological symptomatology and general mental well-being, since a strong sense of self-esteem is also linked to better locus of control and higher personal psychological resources to handle adversity.

Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation and Planning in Senior Medical Students

Objective: Medical students have considerably higher prevalence rates of depression and suicidal thoughts as compared to their age-fellows from the general population. Only a limited number of studies have previously investigated the suicidal thinking/planning in Pakistani medical students. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence rates of suicidal thoughts and planning in medical students studying at a private medical college in Lahore, Pakistan. Place and duration: Fourth year and final year medical students at Azra Naheed Medical College, Lahore were invited to voluntarily take part in this study. The study was conducted from 15th of June to the 15th of July 2022. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study Methodology: Suicide behavior questionnaire revised (SBQ-R) was used as the study instrument. Data collection was anonymous and the study was approved by the local institutional review board. The study was approved by the Institutional review board of Azra Naheed Medical College, Lahore. Descriptive statitstics were employed to report the findings and SPSS version 26 was used to store and analyze the data. Results: A total of 248 medical students (51.5% female) participated in the study. The prevalence of suicidal thoughts/plans in the past was 36.3% and the prevalence of suicidal thoughts in the past year was 31%. More than 16% of students communicated their intent to commit suicide to someone else in the past and 7% of the students reported that it was likely, rather likely or very likely that they will attempt suicide in the future. Conclusions: The prevalence of suicidal thoughts/ planning in medical students is worryingly high. Medical teachers should routinely assess their students for the presence of depressive symptoms/suicidal thoughts and offer support for students who screen positive for these. Key words: Suicide, Medical students, Prevalence

Suicide Behavior Results From the U.S. Army's Suicide Prevention Leadership Tool Study: The Behavioral Health Readiness and Suicide Risk Reduction Review (R4).

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe U.S. Army developed a new tool called the Behavioral Health Readiness and Suicide Risk Reduction Review (R4) for suicide prevention. A 12-month evaluation study with the primary objective of testing the hypothesis (H1) that Army units receiving R4 would demonstrate improved outcomes in suicidal-behavior measures following the intervention, relative to control, was then conducted. The results of analyses to answer H1 are herein presented.Materials and MethodsThe R4 intervention (R4-tools/instructions/orientation) evaluation study, Institutional Review Board approved and conducted in May 2019-June 2020, drew samples from two U.S. Army divisions and employed a repeated measurement in pre-/post-quasi-experimental design, including a nonequivalent, but comparable, business-as-usual control. Intervention effectiveness was evaluated using self-report responses to suicide-related measures (Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire—Revised/total-suicide behaviors/ideations/plans/attempts/non-suicidal self-injuries) at 6-/12-month intervals. Analyses examined baseline to follow-up linked and cross-sectional cohorts, incidence/prevalence, and intervention higher-/lower-use R4 subanalyses.ResultsBoth divisions demonstrated favorable in-study reductions in total-suicide burden, with relatively equivalent trends for total-suicide behaviors, total-suicide risk (Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire—Revised), suicidal ideations, and non-suicidal self-injuries. Although both demonstrated reductions in suicide plans, the control showed a more robust trend. Neither division demonstrated a significant reduction in suicide attempts, but subgroup analyses showed a significant reduction in pre-coronavirus disease 2019-attempt incidence among those with higher-use R4 relative to control.ConclusionsThere is no evidence of harm associated with the R4 intervention. R4 effectiveness as a function of R4 itself requires confirmatory study. R4 is judged an improvement (no evidence of harm + weak evidence of effectiveness) over the status quo (no safety data or effectiveness studies) with regard to tool-based decision-making support for suicide prevention in the U.S. Army.

Gender Self-Confidence as a Protective Factor for Suicide Risk: Analysis of the Sample of Lithuanian Men.

BackgroundAlong with other suicide risk factors, masculinity has been analyzed as an important subject for suicidal behavior in men. This study examines masculinity as a gender self-confidence which is the intensity of an individual's belief that he meets his standards for masculinity. We use Hoffman and her colleague's concept, which provides two theoretical constructs as elements of gender self-confidence: gender self-definition and gender self-acceptance. Gender self-definition relates to how salient masculinity is in one's identity; gender self-acceptance relates to how positively one views his masculinity.MethodsThe quantitative research approach was applied in the study. The survey with a nonprobability quota sampling design was implemented to collect the data. The sample consisted of 562 Lithuanian men from various age groups and regions. The age of participants varied from 18 to 92 years (M = 42.99, SD = 17.18); 40.9% of men were from cities, 28.1% from towns, and 30.8% from rural locations. We used the Hoffman Gender Scale to measure gender self-definition and gender self-acceptance. Suicide risk was estimated with the Suicide Behavior Questionnaire—Revised. Patient Health Questionnaire-2 was used to measure depression symptoms as a controlled variable. Statistical analysis of regression and moderation was used to test the hypothesis.ResultsHigher gender self-definition and higher gender self-acceptance were associated with lower suicide risk. The moderation analysis showed that in men with relatively low gender self-definition, the effect of gender self-acceptance on suicidality was larger than in men with high or moderate gender self-definition.DiscussionWe conclude that a stronger gender self-confidence is an important protective factor in male suicide risk. Both, a smaller part of masculinity in one's identity and a negative view of one's masculinity have a cumulative effect on increased suicide risk. The findings have been discussed in accordance with the theories that explain suicidal behavior through the lenses of self-concept.

Relationship between Psychopathology and Sources of Meaning in Psychotherapeutically Treated Patients: A Naturalistic Cross-Sectional Analysis

Introduction: The experience of meaning seems to be crucial for psychic well-being. In the literature, there are reports of relationships between personality, illness, and life meanings. The objective of this study was to investigate types of experiences of meaning (meaningfulness, crisis of meaning, existential indifference) and their associations with some psychopathological categories in a clinical population. Methods: In a naturalistic and cross-sectional design, 56 German patients in outpatient psychotherapy (29 women, 27 men; mean age = 42.8 years, standard deviation = 13.8) were assessed by the Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (SoMe) Questionnaire (meaning of life, hedonism, eudaemonia). Psychopathology (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Clinical Global Impression scale, Symptom Checklist (SCL)-90), self-esteem (Rosenberg scale), neuroticism (NEO-Five-Factor Inventory), and suicidality (Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire Revised (SBQ-R)). Results: Three distinct groups concerning the experience of meaning emerged: meaningfulness (33.9%), crisis of meaning (21.4%), and, as the largest group, existential indifference (42.9%). Eudaemonia as well as the hedonistic SoMe variables of fun and wellness were shown to be inversely related to psychopathology such as suicide risk (SBQ-R), general symptom distress (SCL-90), and depressive symptomatology (BDI-II). Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of a differential consideration of existential factors, sources of meaning and life orientations for psychopathology in mental health, which should be more considered in standard psychotherapeutic situations.

When the United States says you do not belong: Suicide-related thoughts and behaviors among immigrant young adults varying in immigration legal status.

The number of immigrants in the United States and the risk of suicide among minoritized individuals have increased. Little research has examined the impact of immigration legal status on suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (SRTB), despite theoretical and empirical work suggesting that feelings of burdensomeness and failure to belong (prominent among immigrants) are risk factors. We examined a diverse sample of foreign-born young adults (18-25; N=366). Data collection utilized the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire Revised and items probing belongingness and immigration status (undocumented/Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), permanent, and citizen). DACA/undocumented status was associated with increased SRTB compared with permanent and citizen categories. Increased SRTBs were associated with reduced feelings of acceptance in the United States, increased deportation fears, and increased fear of being harassed or hurt. Of these belongingness variables, only the interpersonal-not feeling welcome in the United States-partially mediated the risk relation between DACA/undocumented immigration legal status and SRTBs, whereas physical and legal threat, like deportation, did not. Our results highlight the interpersonal nature of SRTB risk in DACA/undocumented immigrants and the need for targeted culture and context-appropriate interventions, as well as advocacy and policy to reduce risk in this historically marginalized population.