Suggested Retail Price Research Articles

New Agricultural Tractor Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) Model in Europe

Research investigating models for assessing new tractor pricing is notably scarce, despite its fundamental importance in conducting comprehensive cost analyses. This study aims to identify a model that is both user-friendly and robust, evaluating both parametric and Machine Learning-optimized non-parametric models. Among parametric models, the second-order polynomial model demonstrated superior performance in terms of R-squared (R2) of 0.97469 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 15,633. Conversely, Machine Learning-optimized Gaussian Processes Regressions exhibited the most favorable overall R-squared (R2) of 0.99951 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 2321. While the parametric polynomial model offers a solution with minimal mathematical and computational complexity, the non-parametric GPR model delivers highly robust outcomes, presenting stakeholders involved in new agriculture tractor transactions with superior data-driven decision-making capabilities.

Automobile exports: Exchange rate, export price and retail price

AbstractBy using information on the geographical locations of exporting firms, we transform a national‐level dataset into a quasi‐firm‐product‐level dataset. First, by restricting the dataset to the two exporting ports out of over 100 ports, consistent with the multiproduct exporter model, we find heterogeneity in the exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) among the auto models of a single automaker. We find weak evidence that the core product has a lower ERPT. Second, coupled with the manufacturer's suggested retail price in the US market, we find that the sales margins of US distributors have shrunk substantially, particularly when the US dollar depreciated after the global financial crisis. We find supporting evidence that a higher‐quality product has a lower ERPT.

A Study on Postharvest Losses in Fisheries Owing to Changes in Market Supply and Demand in the Philippines

Market patterns and conditions can affect the economic value of fishery commodities; hence, they can contribute to postharvest losses. This paper primarily aims to provide information on the magnitude of losses incurred from changes in market supply and demand of economically important fishery commodities. Assessed capture commodities in selected landing sites and wet markets recorded an estimated loss of 3.98% and 0.44%, respectively. The total financial loss incurred in both supply chains amounted to PHP 480,160. Estimation of losses per commodity showed that landed sardines obtained the highest loss at 6.86%. This can be attributed to the oversupply of catch at the end of the closure period, leading to a drastic decrease in market prices. Minimal losses were documented in aquaculture at 0.33% and 0.23% for landing and trading, respectively, amounting to PHP 26,541. While lower retail prices could be beneficial to consumers, it could lead to a loss of revenue for fisherfolk. The government should, therefore, take measures to curb price collapses associated with market dynamics through Value Chain Analysis, the establishment of market linkages between producers and consumers, price regulating mechanisms such as the suggested retail price that should be area and species-specific, the establishment of cold storage and commercial-scale ice production facilities in strategic places, utilization of fish and fishery resources through the application of low-cost processing technologies, and provision of livelihood support to small-scale fisherfolk. These initiatives will ensure equitable benefit sharing from the fisheries industry and reduce postharvest losses and wastes across the supply chain in pursuit of food security.

Refining Cotton Replanting Recommendations

The decision to replant suboptimal cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) stands has become more challenging in recent years because the suggested retail price per bag of replanting seed has increased by more than 25%. Previous studies have justified replanting when ≥ 50% of planted area is occupied by skips ≥ 0.91 m (3 ft). Revision of replanting recommendations was deemed necessary with the introduction of more advanced and accurate plant and skip detection methods. The objective of this study was to update replanting recommendations using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The study was conducted at three sites in eastern North Carolina during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. Each site had an early- and a late-planted trial. Treatment combinations were produced using various ratios of DP 1646 B2XF and DP 493 cotton seed. Simulated replanted plots were planted with 100% DP 1646 B2XF three to four weeks after initial planting. Following emergence, glyphosate and glufosinate were applied to terminate all conventional seedlings and produce random skips. Cotton skips were detected using a Zenmuse X5 RGB sensor mounted on a UAV. Yield was regressed to the percentage of planted area occupied by skips > 0.91 m. In 2019, the replanted treatment did not yield higher than earlier planted treatments but, in 2020, yields were significantly higher in the replanted treatment compared to most earlier planted treatments. The data suggest that a replant should be triggered when 30 to 40% of the planted area is occupied by skips ≥ 0.91 m.

An assessment of the state of firearm sales on the Dark Web

ABSTRACT Western law enforcement agencies have made multiple arrests targeting individuals purchasing firearms on Dark Web platforms in recent years, as these transactions may violate national laws and facilitate offline violence. Despite its market presence and growth, research exploring these online illicit markets has been scant, especially as it relates to how firearms are priced on the Dark Web, and the factors that influence their price point. Given this gap in the literature, the current study utilized a sample of 287 firearm products across 20 Dark Web vendors operating in both crypto markets and shops to identify the range and pricing model of illicit weapons. Analyses revealed that long guns offered on the Dark Web had lower average listed prices than their manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP), while handguns had higher advertised prices than their recommended retail value. Further, products’ MSRP was a significant predictor of firearms’ price point for both handguns and long guns, whereas offering a customer service line was only significant for handguns’ price point. The implications of this analysis for our understanding of illicit online market operations are discussed in detail.

The cost of a transition to electric vehicles in Africa: A case study of Ghana

This case study investigates the total cost of ownership (TCO) of four plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) compared with an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) in Ghana over 20 years. The TCO model incorporated the manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP), tax, fuel cost, charging cost, maintenance cost, social cost, and residual value including depreciation. A sensitivity analysis was used to determine the effect of the factors on TCO. Emissions of PEV were determined based on the emission factor of the energy mix. The results show that under the prevailing energy mix, the TCO of ICEV is higher than PEV by at least 30%. While the TCO of three of the PEV was consistently lower in each of the 20 years, but that of the Tesla Model 3 was not until the 12th year. High MSRP and tax regime were contributory factors. While the social cost of ICEV was found to be 164% higher, a renewable energy mix of below 20% was found to be detrimental to the environmental advantage of PEV in Ghana. For each ICEV replaced by an electric vehicle, one-third of emissions savings will be achieved under the prevailing energy mix. But at a renewable energy mix of 15% and below, PEV in Ghana will give more emissions than ICEV. Future expansion in the energy grid should focus on renewable energy. Import tax, if waived could reduce TCO by $0.12/mile. Consequently, the current tax regime on PEV in Ghana could be revised. It is also recommended that the price difference between electricity cost per kilowatt and fuel cost per gallon should always exceed $4 dollars to make PEV competitive.

Reusable, Single-Use, or Both: A Cost Efficiency Analysis of Flexible Ureterorenoscopes After 983 Cases.

Objectives: To determine which flexible ureterorenoscopy program would be most cost-efficient in our center, a cost efficiency analysis and a formula to assess cost efficiency feasibility of a hybrid model were performed. Methods: Total cost per case of reusable flexible ureterorenoscopes (rfURS) was retrospectively calculated and compared with two single-use flexible ureterorenoscopes (sufURS) marketed. A mathematical formula was developed from our data to identify the necessary increase of use of rfURS (NIU-rfURS) to be cost-efficient in a hybrid system utilizing sufURS for only high-risk-of-breakage cases. Results: In 57 months, 983 procedures were performed using 4 digital rfURS (Flex-XC; Storz), necessitating 45 repairs, with a total repair cost of €256.809. Including the capital investment of €24.000 per scope and €60 per sterilization cycle, the cost per case averaged €419 after 983 cases. Consistently using sufURS would have cost 55% to 127% more (respectively, Uscope PU3022® and Lithovue® at €650 and €950 manufacturer suggested retail price). On a per case analysis, the cost was initially extremely high, but declined to reach a plateau around €480 after ∼400 cases. After 155 or 274 procedures, a rfURS program appeared more cost-efficient than consistently using Lithovue or Uscope PU3022, respectively. Based on our data and formula, if we would hypothetically use Uscope PU3022 or Lithovue for 15% of the cases, the NIU-rfURS is, respectively, 28% or 74% (∼6 or 16 cases). The NIU-rfURS increases exponentially with an increased use of sufURS. Conclusion: Consistently using rfURS is more cost-efficient than the constant use of sufURS after 155 to 274 cases. We describe the first mathematical formula that allows a calculation and feasibility assessment of using both reusable and disposable fURS. To identify whether a hybrid system may be a feasible cost-efficient alternative to a rfURS-only program, any center can calculate the NIU-rfURS by entering center-specific data in the formula.

Explainable AI for a No-Teardown Vehicle Component Cost Estimation: A Top-Down Approach

The broader ambition of this article is to popularize an approach for the fair distribution of the quantity of a system's output to its subsystems, while allowing for underlying complex subsystem level interactions. Particularly, we present a data-driven approach to vehicle price modeling and its component price estimation by leveraging a combination of concepts from machine learning and game theory. We show an alternative to common teardown methodologies and surveying approaches for component and vehicle price estimation at the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) level that has the advantage of bypassing the uncertainties involved in 1) the gathering of teardown data, 2) the need to perform expensive and biased surveying, and 3) the need to perform retail price equivalent (RPE) or indirect cost multiplier (ICM) adjustments to mark up direct manufacturing costs to MSRP. This novel exercise not only provides accurate pricing of the technologies at the customer level, but also shows the, a priori known, large gaps in pricing strategies between manufacturers, vehicle sizes, classes, market segments, and other factors. There is also clear synergism or interaction between the price of certain technologies and other specifications present in the same vehicle. Those (unsurprising) results are indication that old methods of manufacturer-level component costing, aggregation, and the application of a flat and rigid RPE or ICM adjustment factor should be carefully examined. The findings are based on an extensive database, developed by Argonne National Laboratory, that includes more than 64,000 vehicles covering MY1990 to MY2020 over hundreds of vehicle specs.

Development Of Spring Roll Using Wrapper With Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus Japonicus) Flakes

This study aimed to determine the Development of Spring roll using Wrapper with Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus japonicus) Flakes and if there were significant differences in the Development of Spring roll using Wrapper with Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus japonicus) Flakes using three different proportions of ingredients per treatment in terms of aroma, color, flavor, texture and general acceptability. The present investigation employed experimental design to establish the level of acceptability of the Development of Spring roll using Wrapper with Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus Japonicus) Flakes. There are three treatments subjected for evaluation using a Researcher made Survey questionnaire. These were Treatments A, B, and C. There were fifteen (15) trained panels composed of faculty of NIPSC Ajuy Campus that were purposely selected to evaluate the product. The data gathered were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation and the Friedman’s Test (Freidman’s ANOVA). The criterion for rejection and acceptance of hypothesis was set at 0.05 level of significance. The study was conducted at NIPSC-Ajuy Campus, during the 2nd Semester of School Year 2020-2021. The findings were based on the data and the results of the analysis obtained were as follows: Treatment B with 150 grams of threadfin bream flakes was found to be “extremely acceptable” and comparable with the commercial spring roll wrappers (Treatment A) in terms of aroma, color, taste, texture, and general acceptability. No significant differences was found out in the acceptability of the Development of Spring roll using Wrapper with Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus japonicus) Flakes in terms of aroma, color, taste, texture, and general acceptability. Spring roll using Wrapper with Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus japonicus) Flakes has suggested retail price of P2.65 which is more than 100 % higher compared to the commercial spring roll wrapper with selling price of P1.00 per piece.
 Finally, it was recommended that continuous research and development shall be pursued in case commercialization of Spring roll using Wrapper with Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus japonicus) Flakes is considered especially in the cost aspects. A feasibility study shall be conducted first before commercialization is pursued. Other pelagic fishes shall also be ventured and tested to fortify spring roll wrapper. Although results positive results in terms of acceptability, researcher shall look into possible ways to lower the cost of the product to ensure profitability. The Municipality of Ajuy along with the academic community and research authorities to take action on making researches that shall promote the utilization of pelagic fishes in the town. This actions shall enable the economic development of the town that can help resolve poverty and shortage of food in the Municipality of Ajuy. The said activities shall also promote entrepreneurial spirit especially the small and local businesses in the community

Integrated three layer supply chain inventory model for price sensitive and time dependent demand with suggested retail price by manufacturer

This paper presents an integrated three layer supply chain policy for multi-channel and multi-echelon consisting manufacturer, distributors and retailers as supply chain members. The demand of retailers end is considered as linear function of time and retail price. The average net profit function per unit time is derived for each supply chain member which are based on demand of retailer's end. Since holding cost of goods/inventory is expensive in developed areas, we have introduced a new concept to share holding cost among distributors and retailers. We have optimized lot size, retailing price and replenishment time interval for retailers. We have also optimized initial inventory level and wholesale price for distributors and manufacturer respectively. This study is performed in two different categories one is decentralized and other is centralized scenario. The profit function of each supply chain members has been derived and shown as a concave function with respect to decision variables. More over propositions and results are made to illustrate the proposed model and we have sensitive analyzed it with numerical example.

Life-Cycle Break-Even Analysis of Electric Carsharing: A Comparative Study in China

Electric carsharing (ECS) is a potential option to address the problem of unsustainability in the transportation sector. The business-to-consumer model of ECS, which is one of several different electric carsharing models, has gained much popularity in recent years. Generating sufficient revenue to cover costs is a critical factor for ECS companies to maintain healthy development. This study makes an economic analysis, on the basis of life-cycle cost and monetary revenue associated with the operation of ECS, of two Chinese ECS companies: EVCARD and LCCS. Based on data gathered by field investigation, this study aims to determine the break-even moment for each company’s main vehicle models by means of the net present value method. The results show that EVCARD achieved an earlier break-even moment than LCCS. The break-even moment of Chery eQ of EVCARD was the shortest of all the vehicle models, at only 181.3 min. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to portray how different cost-related and revenue-related factors influence the break-even moment. Our findings indicate that a wide difference exists in terms of the influence of different factors on the break-even moment. Among these, the manufacturer’s suggested retail price is the most influential variable, followed by the unit rental price. The reaction of the break-even moment to the market price of a charging pile and the non-rental revenue per vehicle—especially the latter—was found to be negligible in the sensitivity analysis.

Dissecting the total cost of ownership of fully electric cars in Italy: The impact of annual distance travelled, home charging and urban driving

The paper quantifies the importance for cost competitiveness of fully electric cars (BEVs) of three determinants of the total cost of ownership (TCO): the annual distance travelled (ADT), the percentage of urban trips, and the availability of a private parking space. The estimates are performed with reference to the Italian car market. We find that charging at home increases the break-even BEV manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) relative to other propulsion systems by €2866-11,466, depending on the ADT. Driving in urban areas increases the break-even BEV MSRP by €910-10,314, depending on the ADT and on the referenced propulsion system. Taking into account the share of Italian drivers who own a garage and drive in urban areas, we find the cheapest BEVs are cost competitive without a subsidy with respect to the HEVs for 11.8% of the Italian drivers, but not with respect to the diesel and petrol cars, unless extremely high annual distances are driven. With the purchase subsidy recently introduced by the Italian government, the cheapest BEVs become competitive also with respect to the diesel cars, but not relative to the petrol cars, unless more than 12,500 km are annually driven.

Digital Nudging: Numeric and Semantic Priming in E-Commerce

ABSTRACTMost research on e-commerce has focused on deliberate rational cognition, yet research in psychology and marketing suggests that buying decisions may also be influenced by priming (a form of what Information Systems researchers have called digital nudging). We conducted seven experiments to investigate the impact of two types of priming (numeric priming and semantic priming) delivered through what appeared to be advertisements on an e-commerce website. We found that numeric priming had a small but significant effect on consumers’ willingness to pay when the value of the product was unclear, but had no effect when products displayed a manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) or a fixed selling price. Semantic priming had larger effects on willingness to pay and the effects were significant but smaller in the presence of an MSRP. Thus, the combination of numeric and semantic priming has a larger impact on consumers’ willingness to pay. Taken together, these experiments show that some of the research on numeric priming and semantic priming done in offline settings generalizes to e-commerce settings, but there are important boundary conditions to their effects in e-commerce that have not been noted in offline settings. In online auctions (e.g., eBay), sellers can influence customers to pay more for products whose value is unclear by displaying products with clearly labelled high prices alongside the products the consumer searched for. However, such tactics will have only minimal effects for auctions of products whose price is known (e.g., those with an MSRP) and no effects on products with clearly listed prices (e.g., Amazon).

Mandating the use of the electric taxis: The case of Florence

Abstract This paper discusses a policy enacted in 2016 by the city of Florence mandating the use of electric vehicles for the taxi service. We interviewed the taxi license owners (carriers), their co-operatives and the city administrators to evaluate the policy implementation, its acceptability and the cost-competitiveness of electric taxis (e-taxis) with respect to their hybrid and diesel alternatives. Using the data collected during the interviews, we estimated the total cost of ownership (TCO) of e-taxis and their conventional counterparts for the models comprising the Florence taxi fleet. We find that e-taxis already represent a valid alternative to the conventional ones not only from an environmental point of view but also from a private economic one. In particular, when the Florence-specific discounted purchase prices are considered and the base case scenario applies, e-taxis are the cheapest choice in terms of TCO and no financial incentives are needed. When the manufacturer suggested retail prices are considered, e-taxis are slightly less cost-competitive than hybrid taxis but more cost-competitive than the diesel ones. Sensitivity analyses are performed to evaluate the impact of the annual distance travelled, Ecobonus purchase subsidy, net revenue loss, annual percentage rate charged to finance the taxi acquisition and insurance premium.

Nichols, W.J.2015. Blue Mind: The Surprising Science That Shows How Being Near, In, On, or Under Water Can Make You Happier, Healthier, More Connected, and Better at What You Do. Reprint Edition. New York: Back Bay Books / Little, Brown, and Company. ISBN: 978‐0‐316‐25211‐9. (Paperback). Suggested Retail Price: $9.98 for Paperback on Amazon.com

Nichols, W.J.2015. Blue Mind: The Surprising Science That Shows How Being Near, In, On, or Under Water Can Make You Happier, Healthier, More Connected, and Better at What You Do. Reprint Edition. New York: Back Bay Books / Little, Brown, and Company. ISBN: 978‐0‐316‐25211‐9. (Paperback). Suggested Retail Price: $9.98 for Paperback on Amazon.com

Productivity and cost estimates for incorporating tracked processors into conventional loblolly pine harvesting regimes in the Southeastern United States

ABSTRACTDue to the recent encouragement for loggers to integrate tracked processors into their conventional harvest equipment regime in the Southeastern United States, this study aimed to provide loggers with an estimate of the additional productivity and operating costs that could be incurred. Since tracked processors have rarely been operated in this region, a comparison study was conducted to determine differences in productivity and operating costs between a less experienced operator versus a more experienced operator. The study indicated the less experienced operator was able to produce 67 green tonnes/hour while the more experienced operator produced 80 green tonnes/hour. Costs per tonne for the less experienced operator were approximately $2.18/tonne at the end of year 1 and decreased to $1.92/tonne at the end of year 5, depicting a $0.26/tonne difference within 5 years. The more experienced operator incurred costs of $1.82/tonne at the end of year 1 and $1.61/tonne at the end of year 5 for a total difference of $0.21/tonne. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that extreme fluctuations in fuel or maintenance/repair prices had less than a $0.20 increase in the final cost/tonne. An increase in production rates from 65 to 125 tonnes decreased the cost/tonne $0.90/tonne, and increasing utilization rates from 50% to 85% decreased the cost per tonne of the processor by $0.78 per tonne. These results indicated that operators should be less concerned with changes in fuel and maintenance costs and be more concerned with their production and utilization rates.Abbreviations: CTL = cut-to-length, WT = whole tree, less experienced operator = LExOp, more experienced operator = MExOp, Timberland Investment Management Organization = TIMO, manufacturer's suggested retail price = MSRP, productive machine hours = PMH

Do Not Leave Your Pricing Strategy Hanging: The Elevate Hammock Company

Greyson Junggren had an entrepreneurial spirit and started Elevate Hammock Company while he was still in college. His mission was to produce high-quality, durable hammocks that were made for the outdoors. Not knowing a lot about how to set the price for his hammocks when he first started his business, Greyson used a cost-plus/competitive approach. But after some time, he noticed that much of the market he had hoped to capture was staying with his higher priced competitors. While still generating and growing sales figures, Elevate Hammock Company was not capturing as much business from rival hammock companies in retail stores that Greyson expected and wanted. Greyson started to understand there was probably a real problem with his price when a very successful retailer in Taos, New Mexico ignored Greyson’s suggested retail price of US$55.00 and instead raised the price to US$65.00; and this resulted in an increase in the demand for Greyson’s hammocks. After 2 years in business, Greyson wondered if he should change his pricing strategy or his distribution model. What pricing strategy should he change to? And what other business strategies should he change or continue with if he did change his pricing strategy?

Comparison of the quality of B-scan ultrasound in modern high-end devices.

The quality of an ultrasound device's B-scan mode is decisive in obtaining clear and informative images. High demands are placed upon ultrasound devices, particularly in cases where evidence of small lesions of parenchymal organs is being gathered. We tested the quality of the B-scan mode in ultrasound devices of 7 different manufacturers. We performed ultrasound examinations of 3 predefined abdominal sections on 4 healthy subjects with 7 different ultrasound devices. Documentation was compiled digitally by recording video sequences. Any characteristics identifying the manufacturer were removed. Subsequently, the sequences were organized into corresponding pairs. The resulting 252 video pairs were shown side by side to a panel of 10 experienced ultrasound examiners who evaluated the quality of the scans by way of direct visual comparison. Two of the 7 devices were clearly judged to be of higher quality. In part, the differences in the overall evaluation and within the subgroups reached levels of statistical significance. The ranking of the tested devices did not correlate with their suggested retail prices. There are relevant differences in the quality of the B-scan mode of modern high-end devices. The suggested retail prices do not correlate with the B-scan quality of the ultrasound devices.

Residual value analysis of plug-in vehicles in the United States

Knowledge about the value of used plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), known as residual value, is critical for potential PEV purchasers, corporations, and governments who wish to consider the lifetime cost effectiveness of PEVs. We investigate the residual values of PEVs and compare them with those of other vehicle powertrain technologies using the “true market value” data from Edmunds.com, and considering U.S. federal incentives. We define the adjusted retention rate as the ratio between resale value and the manufacturer's suggested retail price, subtracting incentives. We develop statistical models to quantify the effects of powertrain technologies on residual value while controlling key factors, including vehicle size, brand, and market segments. We find that the long-range high-performance Tesla Model S holds value significantly better than any other vehicle type evaluated, including internal combustion engine vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are comparable to one another. They hold slightly less value than internal combustion engine vehicles, but significantly more than short-range (< 125 miles) battery electric vehicles. However, short-range battery electric vehicles have a faster improvement in 3-year adjusted retention rate than any other powertrain technology from model year 2013–2014. The other factor that significantly influences adjusted retention rate is the home country of the vehicle manufacturer (e.g., United States, Japan, or Germany).

Cue-less consumers in factory outlet stores: reference price effects on consumer evaluations when semantic phrases are missing

PurposePrior research has demonstrated that reference prices can affect consumer responses, but the reference prices examined have been presented along with semantic cues [e.g. manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) and Compare At]. This study is unique in investigating the effects of reference prices that do not include a semantic cue (i.e. “cue-less”) on consumers’ responses. It also studies consumers’ beliefs about factory outlet stores, a seldom-studied store type in which cue-less reference prices are used.Design/methodology/approachOne qualitative study and one experiment were carried out in this research.FindingsThe qualitative study revealed that a price tag including cue-less reference prices was unlikely to be viewed as a seller mistake or with suspicion, but nonetheless did confuse some respondents. The experiment demonstrated that while consumers find cue-less reference prices to be somewhat less believable that high MSRPs, these beliefs do not appear to come into play when consumers judge attractiveness (e.g. perceived value). Additionally, the results suggest that consumers believe that a product available for sale in a factory outlet store is likely to have been previously available at a different type of store.Originality/valueThis research advances the theory of the effects of reference prices on consumers’ responses by examining the common practice of not labeling reference prices with semantic cues. It also extends the literature regarding consumer beliefs about factory outlet stores.