Sugarcane Farmers Research Articles

Advancing Sugarcane Farm Management Through NDVI-Based Color Mapping and Drone Imaging

Precision agriculture has emerged as a key strategy for boosting crop productivity and optimizing resource use. This study leverages advanced imaging and machine learning to enhance the management of sugarcane farms. Using drones, high-resolution RGB images of sugarcane fields are captured and transformed into multispectral images through a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), revealing critical spectral data for plant health assessment. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is derived from these multispectral images and serves as a vital measure of vegetation health. This NDVI data, combined with farmer-reported yield information, creates a comprehensive dataset linking NDVI values to actual crop yields. To predict sugarcane yield from NDVI values, we trained a feedforward neural network on this integrated dataset. The proposed method not only enhances prediction accuracy but also provides valuable insights into the connection between NDVI metrics and crop performance. The model was validated using individual field images, enabling precise yield predictions for different field sections. This study highlights the effectiveness of integrating drone imagery, machine learning, and remote sensing in precision agriculture. The combination of NDVI data with yield information provides a robust tool for optimizing sugarcane production, improving farm management decisions, and advancing agricultural sustainability.

An Efficiency Analysis of Sugarcane Farming in India: An Interstate Comparison of Performance with Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Index

Background: This paper aims to evaluate the agricultural production of sugarcane in major sugarcane-producing states of India. Even though agriculture’s share of India’s GDP is decreasing, it still plays a significant role in the labor force by accounting for a sizable number of jobs. Recognizing the importance of sugarcane farming and the variations in resource availability among the states is crucial. The study highlights the importance of enhancing production management and resource allocation to increase sugarcane production and optimize inputs. Methods: The present research employs sophisticated statistical techniques, including Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI), to investigate the influence of variables such as land area and labor utilization on the efficacy of sugarcane cultivation at the state level spanning from 2017 to 2022. It uses DEA to analyze the connection between various agricultural inputs and the efficiency of food grain production and provides recommendations for improved resource allocation among Indian states. Result: The results of the investigation indicate that the mean efficiency of sugarcane cultivation across India is approximately 84.2%. Notably, states such as Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have demonstrated the highest levels of efficiency in terms of input utilization in sugarcane farming. Conversely, Bihar and Uttarakhand have emerged as the least efficient states in this regard. Furthermore, an analysis using the Malmquist productivity index indicates that Uttar Pradesh has exhibited the most significant average productivity growth, with Maharashtra and Gujarat following closely behind. Conversely, states such as Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Tamil Nadu have demonstrated only marginal enhancements in productivity. The study’s insights on sustainable sugarcane production and enhanced farmer-level regulatory frameworks have the potential to greatly benefit sugarcane-producing states. By implementing these ideas, we can work towards boosting revenue and reducing poverty in rural areas.

Disentangling the socio-natural dynamics of drought and water scarcity in Colombia's Tropical Andes

Study regionThe Guachal River Basin (GRB), a headwater of the Cauca River in Colombia's Tropical Andes. Study focusDroughts develop gradually, without clear time-space boundaries, affecting extensive geographical areas. When droughts occur, they exacerbate existing water scarcity, aggravating the negative impacts on vulnerable populations and ecosystems. The drivers of these phenomena are complex, ranging from natural to anthropogenic, and their impacts are cumulative and not structural. This research investigates the socio-natural dynamics of drought and water scarcity in the GRB. We explore these dynamics through secondary data review and stakeholder interviews, capturing perceptions and manifestations of droughts beyond official reported data. The Drivers-Response-Impacts framework is employed to unravel these complexities and offer insights to improve drought and water management. New hydrological insights for the regionOur research reveals that water scarcity in the GRB primarily results from land use changes and water overconsumption by the local elite, who have transitioned to sugarcane farming. ENSO-driven droughts further exacerbate water shortages in the GRB. Policy responses to drought and water scarcity are often ineffective and reactive, addressing only immediate symptoms rather than long-term drivers, such as the role of the elite in perpetuating scarcity. We explore several strategies to enhance water management: exploring new drought indicators, creating comprehensive drought damage inventories, implementing adaptable demand control mechanisms targeting high-volume users, and enhancing stakeholder participation in decision-making processes.

Assessment of Sugarcane Cultivation Practices in Sitapur District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The success of sugarcane farming hinges on the intricate interplay of various the adoption of advanced technological practices. The study was conducted during the year 2022-2023 in Machhrehta and Gondlamau blocks of Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh to study the extent of adoption of Sugarcane growers on improved sugarcane cultivation practices. A sample size of 120 respondents was selected based on random sampling procedure. Personal interviews with the help of a structured schedule were taken for data collection. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (51.67%) had medium level of adoption of improved sugarcane cultivation practices followed by 19.17% high and 29.16% low level of adoption of Sugarcane cultivation practices by the respondents. The study analyzed that high adoption found in Field Preparation Sugarcane with 94.78 MPS and respondents had less adoption of seed treatment in Sugarcane crop with 34.89MPS.

Prospects of artificial intelligence for the sustainability of sugarcane production in the modern era of climate change: An overview of related global findings

By analysing biochemical composition, assessing soil quality, projecting yields, predicting productivity, identifying illnesses, and predicting productivity, artificial intelligence (AI) has greatly improved sugarcane cultivation. This study discusses the latest research on artificial intelligence (AI) in sugarcane farming, with particular attention given to soil biochemistry, disease detection, climate-smart technology for greenhouse gas emissions, yield and water productivity prediction, and cane juice biochemistry. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as machine learning algorithms, can optimize irrigation, increase yields, save water, and properly estimate sugarcane production. Because of the effectiveness, affordability, and efficiency of AI, it is essential in sugarcane agriculture for accurate yield forecasting as well as for streamlining resource allocation and crop management. AI facilitates prompt interventions by assisting in early disease identification and production prediction. AI can also forecast soil organic carbon (SOC) levels, which can help guide sustainability and soil health initiatives. The comprehensive global review identifies research gaps in the literature and suggests potential avenues and directions for future research.

Farmers Preference and Willingness to Pay for Sugarcane Seed Attributes in Kenya

Over the years, Sustainable production of sugarcane has been impeded by scarcity of high-quality seeds, this has been mainly attributed by dominancy use of recycled planting materials which are often sourced from local social networks. To help reverse this trend, a number of organizations have been involved in the development of improved and clean seed cane planting material. However, a sustainable seed-system has not yet been actualized largely due to limited development of improved cane seed systems. In order to inform the improved cane seed development efforts, it is important to understand farmer’s preference toward different attributes attached to sugarcane seed varieties. It’s due to the above insistence to identify these preferences that this article has been developed, the data used was collected in Kakamega and Kisumu Counties which occupies the large sugarcane production zone. 284 sugarcane farmers and Value chain actors were interviewed. Choice experiment approach was used in assessment of farmers preferences for sugarcane seeds attributes . The findings of the study revealed that mean age of the farmers was approximately 50 years (49.96 yrs.) with average of 14 years in sugarcane production and average land size of 2 acres with most of farmers having just basic education (Primary school level). The findings indicated that, in general, sugarcane farmers mostly preferred to purchase seed cane planting material with high adaptability to the environment, high yielding, disease resistance, early maturity and Sucrose level in that respective order of importance. The marginal willingness to pay for each attribute show that adaptability had the highest WTP of 3970 followed yields (KES.1316), resistance (KES.608), maturity (KES. 379), and level of Sucrose content (KES.238)respectively. The study therefore recommends that awareness creation on improved cane seeds should be done, and an efficient distribution system for improved seed cane should be established.

Determinants of persistent malaria transmission in the Arjo-Didessa farm area in Ethiopia

Background: In tropical and subtropical areas of the world, malaria is still a serious public health concern. Activities related to agricultural development that involve irrigation schemes likely increase the risk of malaria in tropical and sub-Saharan African regions. Ethiopia is a sub-Saharan country where malaria is endemic.Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the determinants related to the persistence of malaria transmission in the Arjo-Didessa sugarcane farm area in southwest Ethiopia.Method: The study employed a quantitative survey design. Quantitative data were collected from 397 households using structured questionnaires. SPSS Statistics version 26 was used to analyse the data. Z- and Chi-square tests were applied, and the data were analysed using logistic regression.Results: The determinants that were identified included variation in land use, water management practices, socioeconomic status and knowledge about the use of anti-malaria treatment. These were shown to contribute to increased malaria transmission and the rise in malaria cases in agricultural areas.Conclusion: The effectiveness of malaria control in agricultural settings can be improved through free access to malaria testing and treatment as well as knowledge about anti-malaria treatment among the residents in agricultural areas.Contribution: The study revealed key determinants, including the promotion of free access to anti-malaria treatment, which should be considered for the effective management of malaria in agricultural areas.

Determinants of Microfinance Demand (Evidence from Chiredzi Smallholder Resettled Sugarcane Farmers in Zimbabwe)

Despite the MFI insurgency, agricultural financing remains critically low, even though microcredit is widely accepted as both a substitute and compliment to formal credit. Zimbabwe is an agro-based economy and very little is known about the determinants of microcredit demand and microcredit size in smallholder resettled sugarcane farmers. Research is concentrated in short-term agriculture activities. Thus, this study aims to fill the unattended gap in lagged returns agriculture activities such as sugarcane production which takes at least a year to mature, hence, the greater need for agriculture financing alternatives such as microfinance. The study examined the determinants of both microcredit demand and loan size (magnitude of microcredit participation) by smallholder resettled A2 sugarcane farmers in Chiredzi. Primary data from 370 smallholder resettled sugarcane farmers (214 borrower participants and 156 non-borrower participants) were used. Probit and Tobit regression models were used for data analysis in STATA. Operational costs, interest rate, grace period, and land size significantly affect both the demand for microcredit and microcredit size, while education, household farming assets, extension services, and payback period significantly affect microfinance demand, and risk attitude/perception additionally determine microcredit size. Special microfinance schemes best suitable for the agriculture sector and crop/plant-specific agriculture financing schemes, currency, and macroeconomic stability are the major policy recommendations.

Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis

Abstract Sugarcane is an essential commodity in Indonesia. However, climate change negatively affects the sugarcane production efficiency. This study aims to measure the technical efficiency of sugarcane farming using a bootstrap data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, compare the efficiency of irrigated and rain-fed sugarcane farming, and determine the factors affecting the technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia. Primary data were collected from 451 sugarcane farmers during the 2020–2021 planting season. The results indicate that the “bias-corrected” technical efficiency scores of the single- and double-bootstrap approach (0.624 and 0.561) were lower than that of conventional DEA (0.714). The efficiency score of irrigated sugarcane farms (0.593) was higher than that of rain-fed farms (0.529). Moreover, the farmers’ age, household size, dependency, farming experience, training, subsidies, crop diversification, and access to irrigation impacted sugarcane farming’s technical efficiency. Improvement of 1% in training, irrigation access, and subsidies increased the technical efficiency by 0.034, 0.032, and 0.030, respectively. This strategy is expected to enhance the productivity and technical efficiency and reduce the poverty in rural households in East Java.

Developing Site-Specific Prescription Maps for Sugarcane Weed Control Using High-Spatial-Resolution Images and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)

Sugarcane is a perennial grass species mainly for sugar production and one of the significant crops in Costa Rica, where ideal growing conditions support its cultivation. Weed control is a critical aspect of sugarcane farming, traditionally managed through preventive or corrective mechanical and chemical methods. However, these methods can be time-consuming and costly. This study aimed to develop site-specific, variable rate prescription maps for weed control using remote sensing. High-spatial-resolution images (5 cm) and Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) were acquired using a Micasense Rededge-P camera and a DJI L1 sensor mounted on a drone. Precise locations of weeds were collected for calibration and validation. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index derived from multispectral images separated vegetation coverage and soil. A deep learning (DL) algorithm further classified vegetation coverage into sugarcane and weeds. The DL model performed well without overfitting. The classification accuracy was 87% compared to validation samples. The density and average heights of weed patches were extracted from the canopy height model (LiDAR). They were used to derive site-specific prescription maps for weed control. This efficient and precise alternative to traditional methods could optimize weed control, reduce herbicide usage and provide more profitable yield.

Driving sustainability in the sugarcane industry: Life Cycle Assessment of conventional and emerging spraying technologies in Tanzania

Sugarcane dominates global sugar and bioethanol production, involving extensive cultivation and supply chain activities. The sugarcane development encounters challenges, such as climate change, diseases, pests, and water scarcity, affecting growth and yields. Sugarcane management often involves the use of pesticides, which risk soil and water contamination. It also leads to biodiversity loss, high water use, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy consumption. This study conducted a life cycle assessment to compare the environmental impacts of cropdusters and drones in ripener application for sugarcane farming. The life cycle assessment enables informed decisions on sustainable practices by providing a holistic view of environmental impacts, facilitating comparisons, and identifies hotspots. The analysis examined the impacts of machinery, ripener compounds, and spraying operations. It explored using sugarcane waste (bagasse) as bioenergy for drone batteries or cropdusters. Results show that drones minimize environmental impacts by 11,557 kgCO2eq, 128,079 MJ, and 103 m3 for 40 ha farm compared to using cropdusters. Also, bagasse from a 40-ha farm can generate 1.93E+09 Wh of bioenergy, enough to charge drone batteries for spraying over approximately 4.9 million ha or to fuel cropdusters for 0.04 million ha of sugarcane. Conclusively, emerging technologies help to reduce environmental impacts and align with sustainable development goals, SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). These goals promote renewable energy, enhance agricultural efficiency, and ensure sustainable resource management, fostering a global transition to sustainable practices.

Evaluating Belizean Sugarcane Farmers’ Adoption Intentions Regarding Organic Fertilizer

Sugarcane is vital to Belize’s economy, significantly contributing to its Gross Domestic Product and supporting a large portion of the population. It is necessary to address the declining soil health in this nation due to excessive chemical fertilizer use, and Belize aims to promote organic fertilizers, which enhance soil quality and reduce environmental impacts. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of adoption intentions regarding organic fertilizers among Belizean sugarcane farmers using the Extended Theory of Reasoned Action. Data were collected from 207 farmers in the Orange Walk and Corozal districts using a non-probability sampling approach via a self-administered questionnaire measuring perceived health risks, environmental concerns, attitudes, subjective norms, and adoption intentions. The results revealed that both perceived health risks and environmental concerns influenced farmers’ attitudes and subjective norms, which, in turn, affected their adoption intentions, as revealed through path analysis; socio-economic factors, years of farming experience, and ownership background partially affected adoption intentions regarding organic fertilizers, as determined via binary logistic regression analysis. The findings suggest that raising farmers’ awareness of health risks and environmental crises, as well as enhancing farmers’ knowledge and their positive attitudes towards the use of organic fertilizers, will contribute to the sustainable development of the sugarcane industry in Belize. Some interventions by policymakers are recommended to support the transition to the use of organic fertilizers in sugarcane farming.

Burning fields, fading memories: exploring the effects of sugarcane burning on air quality and cognitive functioning – A case study in Northeast Thailand

This study assessed the relationship between PM2.5 concentration and the working memory of sugarcane farmers (n = 444) in Khon Kaen Province, one of the largest sugarcane producers in the Northeast region of Thailand. The relationship between the ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the working memory of sugarcane farmers was evaluated using two working memory outcomes. These outcomes included a working memory difficulty score derived from self-report of difficulty in daily tasks that require working memory and an objective memory test score consisting of a set of number recall exercises. The PM2.5 concentration data in this study were obtained from air quality monitoring stations located in the vicinity of the study locations, ensuring both precision and relevance to local air conditions. The regression results showed that farmers in the low-burn farming zone had less difficulty with working memory and better performance on number recall exercises, compared to farmers in the high-burn farming zones, even after controlling for health and socio-economic factors. Our findings highlight the potential impacts of PM2.5 exposure on the cognitive functions of farmers who burn sugarcane residues in Thailand. Our study supports the need for the government of Thailand or health agencies to establish an effective policy to reduce sugarcane residue burning in Thailand.

A Comparative Study of Different Unorganized Sectors’ Workers in India to Identify Musculoskeletal Disorder Prevalence through Empirical Survey and Deep Learning Methods

Background:: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a group of non-fatal injuries that can occur as a result of various repetitive workplace activities, mainly in unorganized sectors. Workers who engage in highly repetitive activities involving constant hand effort, localized mechanical pressure, and vibration are more prone to developing these disorders. Objective:: The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of MSDs among workers in various unorganized sectors in India who perform hand-intensive occupations. Method:: A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 340 workers from diverse groups such as sugarcane farmers, footwear industry workers, and tarpaulin weavers, to accomplish this goal. Data for the survey was collected using a questionnaire. Additionally, a comprehensive time study and a deep learning-based posture detection study were conducted on the different activities performed during the workers' occupational tasks. The chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between discomfort and work repetitiveness. Result:: The data analysis revealed that the working activities (especially cutting/harvesting, rubber cutting, etc.) of unorganized sector workers were repetitive, with more than half of each activity’s work cycle involving a similar usage pattern. Furthermore, a significant association was observed between the level of discomfort and work repetitiveness among workers in different sectors (sugarcane farmers: p < 0.01, footwear industry workers: p < 0.05, tarpaulin weavers: p < 0.05). Consequently, it can be concluded that prolonged occupational activities involving repetitive and prolonged standing may contribute to the occurrence of MSDs. Conclusion:: Ergonomic interventions/modifications in the form of patent work will be necessary to prevent these issues in the near future.

Analysis Of Factors Influencing The Decision Of Sugarcane Farmers To Use The Services Of Financial Institutions Savings And Loan Cooperatives Independent Business Partners In Semboro Jember District

Analysis Of Factors Influencing The Decision Of Sugarcane Farmers To Use The Services Of Financial Institutions Savings And Loan Cooperatives Independent Business Partners In Semboro Jember District

Multiparameter analysis of Diuron and its metabolites (DCA and DCPMU) in different stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) development

IntroductionDiuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is a prominent herbicide in Brazilian agriculture, particularly in sugarcane farming. This herbicide persists in the environment and is transformed into potentially toxic metabolites, such as 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU), raising concerns that encompass environmental contamination and One Health, which unites environmental and human health. Zebrafish are an appropriate experimental model to evaluate toxicity: they metabolically and genetically resemble humans and can be applied in ecotoxicology.MethodsIn this study, we have employed multiparameter evaluation to characterize the toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations (0.5–100 μM) of Diuron, DCA, or DCPMU in Brazil, a developing country. In the early stages of zebrafish development, we performed the fish embryo toxicity test according to the guidelines established in OECD Protocol No. 236, extended to 144 h post fertilization (hpf). We also investigated the oxygen consumption rate in zebrafish embryos at 24 hpf, evaluated the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity in zebrafish larvae at 96 hpf, and used the Comet Assay to assess DNA fragmentation in zebrafish larvae at 96 hpf. We subjected adult zebrafish to acute exposure for 96 h in accordance with OECD protocol no. 203 for the Acute Toxicity Test in Fish. Following this exposure, we analyzed mutagenicity by using the micronucleus test, which was complemented by quantification of nuclear anomalies (NA) in erythrocytes and further confirmed by histopathological investigations.Results and discussionExposure to any of the tested Diuron concentrations damaged DNA, and NA became significant beyond 10 μM Diuron. At 10 μM, DCA altered AChE activity, suggesting neuromuscular toxicity. Between 0.5 and 5 μM, DCA was potentially genotoxic, and 5–10 μM DCA induced nuclear pleomorphism. At all the tested concentrations, DCPMU damaged DNA, and NA emerged between 1 and 10 μM DCPMU. Adult zebrafish exposed to any of the tested Diuron, DCA, or DCPMU concentrations for 96 h did not exhibit significant histopathological alterations. Erythrocyte morphology analysis did not reveal mutagenicity. Although we observed non-mutagenic genotoxicity, chromosomal instability is of concern. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of how Diuron and its metabolites affect zebrafish and highlights the need for multiparametric assessment to elucidate how herbicides and their metabolites impact the environment and human health. This endeavor informs regulatory measures for safely using Diuron and similar herbicides and reveals substantial implications for developing nations grappling with escalating water contamination due to pesticide use.

Human Resource Empowerment Regarding the Operation of TPS 3R Assets

This article provides an overview of the empowerment of Human Resources that have TPS 3R Assets. Berat Kulon, Kemlagi District is one of the villages that has the potential for the best TPS 3R asset management in Mojokerto Regency, which was originally able to rise with the large amount of waste in the operation of Village Assets, namely TPS 3R. Precisely since the Corona pandemic in early 2020, there has been a spike in the amount of waste in this village which then resulted in piles of garbage everywhere, however, there are also small groups of residents who take advantage of this momentum to increase the economic income of residents around Berat Kulo Village, one of which is by managing waste into handicrafts in the form of bags, but this business did not have time to develop, after the pandemic, residents returned to sugar cane farming which has indeed been very much pursued by residents. The purpose of this service is to emphasize building awareness of empowering Human Resources (HR) through the operation of TPS 3R Assets. Utilizing the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) approach, the results of the community service are 1) Implementation of human resource empowerment for the operation of TPS 3R Assets and 2) Assistance in the operation of TPS 3R Assets through, a) Waste Management Education Seminar through TPS 3R, b) Implementation of the August 17th competition in the context of environmental cleanliness creativity, c) Procurement of garbage signs, and d) Procurement of garbage bins.

Effect of Row Orientation on Productivity Of Sugarcane With Potato as Intercrop

An experiment was carried out at the Regional Sugarcrop Research Station (RSRS) farm, Thakurgaon under the agro-ecological zone of Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain (AEZ-1) of Bangladesh, during 2016-2017 to 2017-2018 cropping seasons to evaluate the impact of row orientation on the productivity of sugarcane with potato as intercrop. Under the study eight treatments viz T1: Single row cane (SRC) only in north-south direction, T2: SRC + potato in North-South direction, T3: SRC only in east-west direction, T4: SRC + potato in east-west direction,T5: Paired row cane (PRC) only in North-South direction, T6: PRC + potato in north-south direction, T7: PRC only in east-west direction and T8: PRC + potato in east-west direction were tested following Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications Significant differences were found among the observed parameters except germination (%) of setts, number of internodes per stalk and unit stalk weight of sugarcane. The highest number of tiller and millable cane population, cane yield and brix reading were achieved from the treatment SRC + potato in the North-South direction. The highest intercrop yield, equivalent cane yield of intercrop, total adjusted yield and gross return were obtained from the treatment PRC + potato in north-south direction, but the highest net return and benefit cost ratio were obtained from the treatment SRC + potato in the North-South direction. Having the highest cane yield, net return and benefit cost ratio with less variable cost, sugarcane planting in a single row system with potato as intercrop in a North-South row direction could be considered the best package practice for successful sugarcane farming. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2024, 26(2): 7-15

Effect of Flood on Poverty Status: Evidence from Sugar cane Farmers in Kwara State and Osun State of Nigeria

In Nigeria, sugarcane is a prominent crop and the primary crop used to produce sugar. However, floods have been a major tragedy that has troubled Nigeria's small-scale farmers. The bulk of rural poor people are these small-scale farmers, and as poverty rates have been rising over time, corrective action is required. This study was therefore carried out to assess the poverty status of sugar cane farming households (affected by flood, and unaffected by flood) in Kwara/Osun State of Nigeria. The study employed two-stage sampling technique to select 120 sugarcane farming households in the study area. Descriptive statistics, the Flood Loss Estimation, Logit Regression and Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) are the empirical analytical tools employed to analyze the data collected for the study. The results of the poverty index analysis revealed that 46 percent of the respondents are relatively poor, the poverty depth was 0.16 which implies that 16 percent were below the poverty line and the poverty severity was 0.07 which implies that 7 percent of the respondents were severely poor. Also, it revealed that flood shocks, gender, household size, household income, access to credit and membership to social organization were significant determinants of poverty. The study then came to the conclusion that many coping mechanisms people employ are corrosive because they have detrimental long-term implications on the sustainability of household subsistence. For future risk assessments and flood mitigation, the study advises using a holistic strategy and adept models. The remedies outlined in this paper would help the government, private sector, and sugar cane farmers economically.

Combating Soil Salinity in Sugarcane Farming: Integrated Approaches and Bio-saline Agriculture Innovations

Sugarcane, a vital commercial crop globally, faces significant challenges due to soil salinity, particularly in India where regions such as Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Rajasthan are notably affected. Salinity impairs sugarcane growth through reduced water uptake, ion toxicity, nutrient imbalance, stunted growth and soil structure degradation. To combat these issues, various strategies have been proposed, including improving drainage, leaching, selecting salt-tolerant varieties, optimizing irrigation, and using soil amendments. Bio-saline agriculture, incorporating plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and salt-tolerant plants, offers an innovative approach by enhancing soil fertility and crop resilience under saline conditions. Additionally, research indicates that long-term irrigation practices can exacerbate soil salinity, altering key soil parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity and sodium levels. Studies on spent wash application show variable impacts on sugarcane yield and quality, with optimal results observed at moderate application rates. Effective management of soil salinity through these combined approaches can mitigate adverse effects and improve sugarcane productivity and sustainability.