Sugars In Grain Research Articles

The Effect of Drip Irrigation Quota on Biochemical Activities and Yield-Related Traits in Different Drought-Tolerant Maize Varieties

Drip irrigation has a close relationship with the growth and development of maize grains and yield formation in semiarid areas. To explore the response mechanism of grain yield formation to drip irrigation quotas, a 2-year pond planting experiment was conducted under controlled conditions, by using two maize varieties with differences in drought resistance as experimental materials. Six treatments were set up, including CK1 (drought-resistant variety, 500 mm), T1 (drought-resistant variety, 350 mm), T2 (drought-resistant variety, 200 mm), CK2 (drought-sensitive variety, 500 mm), T3 (drought-sensitive variety, 350 mm), and T4 (drought-sensitive variety, 200 mm). The changes in maize grain filling characteristics, related hormones, enzyme activity related to starch synthesis, sugars and amino acids contents, and yield were analysed. The results showed that 100-grain weight at different filling times, filling rate, average filling rate, auxin, cytokinin, acid sucrose invertase, sucrose synthase, starch synthase, and adenosine diphosphate glucose pyro phosphorylase activities in maize grains decreased and the abscisic acid content and content of various amino acids and sugars in grains increased with the decrease in drip irrigation quota. The percentage of changes in drought-sensitive maize varieties was relatively high. The maize yield decreased with the decrease in drip irrigation quota. In summary, there was no significant difference in grain filling characteristics, hormone content, starch synthesis enzyme activity, and yield between maize treated with T1 (drought-resistant variety, 350 mm) and the control treatment. This effectively maintained grain growth and yield formation, achieving the goal of water saving and stable yields.

Nitrogen and Chemical Control Management Improve Yield and Quality in High-Density Planting of Maize by Promoting Root-Bleeding Sap and Nutrient Absorption.

High-density planting aggravates competition among plants and has a negative impact on plant growth and productivity. Nitrogen application and chemical control can improve plant growth and increase grain yield in high-density planting. Our experiment explored the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant growth regulators on maize root-bleeding sap, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) accumulation and translocation, and grain yield and quality in high-density planting. We established a field study during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons, with three nitrogen levels of N100 (100 kg ha−1), N200 (200 kg ha−1), and N300 (300 kg ha−1) at high-density planting (90,000 plants ha−1), and applied Yuhuangjin (a plant growth regulator mixture of 3% DTA-6 and 27% ethephon) at the 7th leaf. Our results showed that N200 application combined with chemical control could regulate amino acid and mineral nutrient concentration delivery rates in root-bleeding sap and improve its sap rate. Also, the treated plant exhibited higher P and K uptake and translocation ability. Furthermore, chemical control and N200 treatment maintained a high level of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), nitrate reductase (NR), and glutamine synthetase (GS) enzymatic activities in leaves. In addition, plant growth regulator and nitrogen application improved the enzymatic activities of GS, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and the contents of crude protein, lysine, sucrose, and soluble sugar in grain and ultimately increased maize yield. This study suggests that N200 application in combination with chemical control promotes root vitality and nutrient accumulation and could improve grain yield and quality in high-density planting.

Content of valuable substances in barley grain grown under contrast climate conditions

The influence of abiotic factors and genotype on the quality of barley yield was studied. The research was conducted in various agroclimatic conditions at two state variety-testing sites in 2019. The first is located in the steppe zone of foothills on the ordinary and southern chernozems of the Republic of Khakassia, the second – in the forest-steppe soilclimate zone of the Republic of Tuva. During the experiment, a more contrasting difference in the daily temperature range in the conditions of Tuva was noted. The following varieties of spring chaffy barley of Siberian breeding were used as an object of the study: Uvatsky, Krasnoyarsky 91, Emelya (multi-rowed), Acha, Biom, Tanay, Buyan, Takmak, Abalak, Olenek (two-rowed). Production characteristics of the varieties (weight of 1000 grains, yield), the content of protein, sugars, fat and fiber in grain were determined by using standard methods. More stringent conditions for growing plants in the Republic of Tuva, compared to the Republic of Khakassia, caused a 20% decrease in the weight of 1000 grains and yield, a 47% decrease in protein content in grain, and an increase in the accumulation of fat and fiber in it (by 24 and 48%, respectively). When growing barley in Tuva, less significant intervarietal differences were noted in the production characteristics of the crop and in the content of valuable substances in the grain (except for protein). Varieties of barley with a high content of valuable substances in grain for cultivation in the Republic of Tuva in contrasting climatic conditions were determined. Variety Krasnoyarsky 91 was recommended (there was no decrease in the mass of 1000 grains and the level of productivity) and Biome (the smallest decrease in protein content, the largest increase in the content of fat and sugars in grain).

English

The present study was undertaken with the objectives to develop protocol for preparation of sorghum Shankarpali, to study the organoleptic properties of sorghum Shankarpali, identify the superior genotype of sorghum for Shankarpali preparation, and to study the nutritional quality parameter of sorghum grains as well as its Shankarpali. Five varieties and two hybrids were used for preparation of sorghum Shankarpali. The experiments were laid in completely randomized design with seven treatments and three to ten replications. The crude protein content in grain and Shankarpali ranged from 13.64 to 18.28 per cent and 9.4 to 11.15 per cent, respectively. The variety M 35-1 gave numerically higher level of protein. The Total sugar content in grain ranged from 1.62 to 1.95 per cent and in Shankarpali ranged from 33.30 to 34.25 per cent. Phule Anuradha showed higher level of total sugar in grain and Shankarpali than the other genotype. The crude fiber content in grain and Shankarpali ranged from 2.70 to 3.25 and 2.80 to 4.35 per cent respectively. The fat content in grain and Shankarpali ranged from 1.25 to 1.66 per cent and 26.95 to 33.73 per cent, respectively. The ash content in sorghum grain and Shankarpali ranged from 4.01 to 4.45 and 1.30 to 1.58 per cent respectively. Preliminary study with various combinations (0 to 100 % sorghum flour addition) was conducted and 50 % addition of sorghum flour for the preparation of Shankarpali was found most suitable. Then five varieties and two hybrids with 50% combination for Shankarpali were judged for genotype identification. The organoleptic properties of Shankarpali prepared from sorghum flour were judged on the basis of colour, appearance, texture, flavour, taste and overall acceptability of the product by semi-trained judges on 9 point hedonic scale. The products prepared from Sorghum flour i.e. Shankarpali was liked very much and gave highest rating of more than 8. While considering the yield of Shankarpali from sorghum grains as well as their nutritional composition and organoleptic properties of the niche products prepared from them, the variety, Phule Revati was the best one as compared to the other varieties and hybrids.

Effect of corn grain variety on the bioethanol production efficiency

The impact of corn grain variety on the ethanol production effectiveness was determined. The screening of 258 various corn samples were done. The endosperm of recognized 258 types of corn was semi flint as a consequence of crossing between female parent with dent type seeds and male parent with flint type seeds. The tested cultivars fall into two groups, ie. 133 belong to single cross (SC) and 125 belong to three-way cross (TC) hybrids. These hybrids of corn were created with four male parents: 96 with S61328, 61 with S80660A, 20 with S07787A and 8 with S09347. The corn samples were mashed and fermented with distillery yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which produced ethanol from corn mashes yielding maximum 81.33% of the theoretical value. It was noted that the corn samples with higher starch content had lower efficiency of starch saccharification (−0.35, p<0.05). This fact generates negative correlation between variables ethanol (L/100kg starch) and starch content (−0.43, p<0.05). The highest level of reducing sugars in grains led to higher productivity of ethanol. The comparisons in groups generated with multivariate exploratory techniques (cluster analysis, k-means clustering, PCA) showed that it is possible to distinguish a statistically different cluster with the highest ethanol yield (35.6L of ethanol per 100kg grains). Moreover, the PCA analysis showed that hybrids of corn with S80660A male parent have the biggest impact on efficiency of ethanol. The presented results clearly prove that not only starch content in corn grains determine the ethanol productivity.

PROCESSING OF SORGHUM FROM DIFFERENT VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS FOR SEMOLINA AND THEIR PRODUCTS

The present study was undertaken with the objective to standardise procedures for preparation of semolina (rava) from sorghum, to identify the best genotype for preparation of semolina and to study the nutritional quality parameters of semolina. For processing of sorghum, ten varieties and five hybrids were used for preparation of semolina and their products. A process has been standardized for semolina preparation using ultra grinding mill from sorghum grain. The semolina yield ranged from 46.51% to 54.29%. Hybrid CSH-15R gave the highest yield of semolina (54.29%). Starch content in semolina ranged from 59.93% to 66.43%. The new genotypes Phule Vasudha, Phule Yashoda and M 35-1 showed higher levels of starch content as compared to the other genotypes. The Phule Vasudha and Selection-3 showed higher levels of total soluble sugars in grains, as well as in semolina than the other genotypes. Phule Maulee gave higher level of crude fibre content (3.12%). The amino acid profile of sorghum grain and semolina showed very minor differences in the content due to the processing of sorghum grains into various products like semolina. The new genotypes of rabi sorghum showed comparable results for the mineral with that of hybrids. The organoleptic properties of the sweet (shira), upama and idali prepared from semolina were judged on the basis of colour, texture and appearance, flavour, taste and overall acceptability of the products using semi-trained judges and 1 to 9 hedonic scales. All products prepared from semolina were like very much and gave highest rating of more than 8 hedonic scales. While considering the yield of semolina from sorghum grains as well as their nutritional composition and organoleptic properties of the niche products (shira, upama, idali) prepared from them, the varieties Phule Vasudha and Phule Yashoda were the best one as compared to the other varieties and hybrids and overall varieties were better than the hybrids.

PROCESSING OF SORGHUM FROM DIFFERENT VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS FOR SEMOLINA AND THEIR PRODUCTS

The present study was undertaken with the objective to standardise procedures for preparation of semolina (rava) from sorghum, to identify the best genotype for preparation of semolina and to study the nutritional quality parameters of semolina. For processing of sorghum, ten varieties and five hybrids were used for preparation of semolina and their products. A process has been standardized for semolina preparation using ultra grinding mill from sorghum grain. The semolina yield ranged from 46.51% to 54.29%. Hybrid CSH-15R gave the highest yield of semolina (54.29%). Starch content in semolina ranged from 59.93% to 66.43%. The new genotypes Phule Vasudha, Phule Yashoda and M 35-1 showed higher levels of starch content as compared to the other genotypes. The Phule Vasudha and Selection-3 showed higher levels of total soluble sugars in grains, as well as in semolina than the other genotypes. Phule Maulee gave higher level of crude fibre content (3.12%). The amino acid profile of sorghum grain and semolina showed very minor differences in the content due to the processing of sorghum grains into various products like semolina. The new genotypes of rabi sorghum showed comparable results for the mineral with that of hybrids. The organoleptic properties of the sweet (shira), upama and idali prepared from semolina were judged on the basis of colour, texture and appearance, flavour, taste and overall acceptability of the products using semi-trained judges and 1 to 9 hedonic scales. All products prepared from semolina were like very much and gave highest rating of more than 8 hedonic scales. While considering the yield of semolina from sorghum grains as well as their nutritional composition and organoleptic properties of the niche products (shira, upama, idali) prepared from them, the varieties Phule Vasudha and Phule Yashoda were the best one as compared to the other varieties and hybrids and overall varieties were better than the hybrids.

Response of elevated temperature on carbohydrate accumulation and grain yield in different wheat cultivars

In order to study the response of terminal heat stress on carbohydrate accumulation and grain yield of three wheat cultivars namely BARI Gom 25, BARI Gom 26 and Pavon 76 were sown on 18 November, 2011 in experimental field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur in Bangladesh and two temperature regimes viz. normal (23°C in open field) and elevated (6 ± 1°C higher compare to open field mean air temperature in polythene chamber) were created. Elevated temperature shortened the grain filling duration by 5-day in BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 26 and 10-day in Pavon 76. Under elevated temperature condition grain starch synthesis was found to be stopped at 25 days after anthesis (DAA) in Pavon 76 which in BARI Gom 26 appeared 5-day later (30 DAA) in spite of higher level of soluble sugar in grain. Results indicate that early failure of conversion of sugar to starch rather than supply of soluble sugar under elevated temperature condition were responsible for shortening of grain filling duration and smaller grain size in all wheat cultivars. Smaller reduction of grain size and grain number along with smaller reduction of grain weight per main stem under elevated temperature condition finally contributed to sustain negligible loss of grain yield, biological yield and harvest index in BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 26 compare to Pavon 76.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(2): 205-215, June 2015

Physiological characteristics of seed reserve utilization during the early seedling growth in rice

Seed reserve utilization is an important characteristic of seed quality. In this study, the rice varieties Jiucaiqing (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica) and IR26 (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) and their recombinant inbred lines were used to determine the physiological and genetic control of seed reserve utilization during the early seedling growth. Seedling dry weight and weight of mobilized seed reserve increased with seed germination, while seed reserve utilization efficiency decreased after the first rise. The early seedling growth is firstly determined by the mobilization of storage reserve followed by the conversion efficiency of utilized seed reserve into seedling tissues. The major soluble sugars in grains were fructose and glucose, while fructose in shoots and roots. Glucose content in grains and fructose in shoots and roots slightly decreased after the first rise with seed germination, while fructose content in grains increased and sucrose content in grains, shoots, and roots changed slightly. Seed reserve utilization was significantly and positively correlated with sugar contents. Amylase activity significantly associated with seed reserve utilization increased with seed germination, while there was a slight change in sucrose synthase activity. Each of the three α-amylase (OsAmy3B, OsAmy3C, and OsAmy3E) and sucrose synthase (OsSus2, OsSus3, and OsSus4) genes might be involved in seed reserve utilization. Two and seven quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for amylase and sucrose synthase activity, respectively, in which four were novel QTLs. The identified amylase and sucrose synthase genes/QTLs might be applicable to improve seed reserve utilization during the early seedling growth in rice by the transgenic and marker-assisted selection approaches.

Visible injury and nitrogen metabolism of rice leaves under ozone stress, and effect on sugar and protein contents in grain

Effect of ozone on the visible injury, nitrogen metabolism of rice leaves, and sugar and protein contents in rice grain was carried out by the open-top chamber. The results indicated that ozone stress caused obvious injury in rice leaves. The increase in ozone concentration had significant influence on the nitrate reductase activity in rice leaves. At the ozone concentration of 40, 80 and 120 nL L−1, the nitrate reductase activities in rice leaves in the tillering stage, the jointing stage, the heading stage and milk stage were separately reduced by 25.3–86.3%, 57.4–97.8%, 91.0–99.3% and 89.5–96.7% compared with those in the control treatment. As ozone concentration increased, the contents of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in rice leaves were obviously reduced. Ozone stress also had an influence on the contents of sugar and protein in rice grain. The stress of high ozone concentration (120 nL L−1) caused the starch content in grain to reduce by 15.8% than that in the control treatment, but total soluble sugars in grain was actually enhanced by 47.5% compared to that in the control treatment. The contents of albumin and glutenin in rice grain increased with increasing the ozone concentration, and prolamin and crude protein contents in rice grain increased only at the higher ozone concentration. Under ozone concentration of 120 nL L−1, the contents of albumin, glutenin and crude protein in rice grain were increased respectively by 23.1%, 21.0% and 21.1% compared with those in the control treatment. The result suggested that ozone tress has an influence on nitrogen metabolism of rice leaves and grain quality.

Effect of elevated CO 2 concentration on photosynthesis and flowering in three wheat species belonging to different ploidies

Diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species of wheat were grown at ambient (375 μl l −1) or elevated (550 μl l −1) CO 2 concentration [CO 2] in a mid Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) facility, to study their differential response to CO 2 enrichment. It was observed that elevated [CO 2] consistently reduced the activity of Photosystem I (PS I) and PS II in all three wheat species investigated. Down regulation of photosynthesis may be attributed to feed back inhibition due to significantly higher accumulation of starch and total soluble sugars in grains and leaves. In spite of photosynthetic acclimation, dry weight of plants at harvest significantly increased in all the three species. CO 2 enrichment also delayed the date of ear emergence and anthesis. Highest reduction in activity of PS I, and maximum accumulation of carbohydrates along with increase in biomass, was observed in Triticum dicoccoides. Maximum delay in ear emergence and anthesis was also observed in this species. Minimum reduction in the activity of PS I and PS II, and least increase in biomass, were observed in T. aestivum. The study reports, for the first time, a correlation between the altered carbohydrate composition and activity of the two photosystems and flowering time in wild and cultivated species of wheat grown in FACE facility.

Comparison of Waxy vs. Nonwaxy Wheats in Fuel Ethanol Fermentation

ABSTRACTFermentation performance of eight waxy, seven nonwaxy soft, and 15 nonwaxy hard wheat cultivars was compared in a laboratory dry‐grind procedure. With nitrogen supplements in the mash, the range of ethanol yields was 368–447 L/ton. Nonwaxy soft wheat had an average ethanol yield of 433 L/ton, higher than nonwaxy hard and waxy wheat. Conversion efficiencies were 91.3–96.2%. Despite having higher levels of free sugars in grain, waxy wheat had higher conversion efficiency than nonwaxy wheat. Although there was huge variation in the protein content between nonwaxy hard and soft wheat, no difference in conversion efficiency was observed. Waxy cultivars had extremely low peak viscosity during liquefaction. Novel mashing properties of waxy cultivars were related to unique pasting properties of starch granules. With nitrogen supplementation, waxy wheat had a faster fermentation rate than nonwaxy wheat. Fermentation rates for waxy cultivars without nitrogen supplementation and nonwaxy cultivars with nitrogen supplementation were comparable. Ethanol yield was highly related to both total starch and protein content, but total starch was a better predictor of ethanol yield. There were strong negative relationships between total starch content of grain and both yield and protein content of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS).

Comparison of Two Methods of Fiber Analysis of 58 Foods

Nine fruits, 8 grains, 9 legumes, 19 vegetables, 6 nuts and seeds, and 7 miscellaneous foods were analyzed for dietary fiber content using two methods of analysis. Fiber values determined using the AOAC method were either similar to or greater than those measured using the Uppsala method. The total fiber contents of the samples were generally similar to what have been reported for other foods in the same food group. Soluble fiber was an average of ∼15–20% of the total fiber in fruits, vegetables and grains, and <10% of total fiber in legumes, nuts, and seeds. Pectin and hemicelluloses were major soluble fiber components of fruits and vegetables. Grains contained little pectin. Glucose, representing cellulose, was usually the major (≥50%) neutral sugar in the insoluble fiber fractions of fruits, legumes, and vegetables. Neutral sugars in soluble fiber fractions suggested the presence of arabinogalactan hemicelluloses in fruits and vegetables. Arabinose and xylose were usually the major hemicellulosic sugars in grains. Within a food group the dietary fiber content and composition of the 58 foods were generally similar to those previously analyzed in the same food groups.

Free sugars and their relationship with grain size and starch content in developing wheat grains

AbstractFree sugars in wheat varieties, at different stages of grain development and differing in grain size and starch content per grain, were analysed to determine any relationship with grain size and starch content. Fresh and dry weight (mg per grain) of developing grain increased with maturity until 35 days after anthesis. Fresh weight declined after 35 days but dry weight remained almost constant. Water content increased until the 21 and/or 28 day stage and then decreased. Active starch synthesis started from 14 days onwards and continued until 35 days after anthesis. Free sugars (total sugars, reducing sugars, non‐reducing sugars and sucrose) per grain followed closely the changes in the rate of starch accumulation and, in general, were maximum at the 14 day stage followed by a decline up to 28 days, with no significant alteration afterwards. Presence of adequate amounts of soluble sugars in grain even when starch synthesis had stopped suggested that the supply of sugar precursors did not limit starch synthesis. None of the sugars was found to have a significant relationship with either grain size or starch content. A hypothesis explaining the termination of starch accumulation in developing cereal grains has been proposed.

INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION AND SOIL MOISTURE ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHINOOK WHEAT

The influence of solar radiation on the growth and yield of Chinook wheat was determined in a 5-year field shading study, and a 1-year, 3 × 3 shading × soil moisture lysimeter experiment.In the field, shading with saran mesh reduced solar radiation and wind but had little effect on air or soil temperature. In moist years shade maintained soil moisture at a higher level than no shade. Generally, mean leaf area ratio decreased and mean net assimilation rate and relative growth rate increased linearly with increases in the log of light intensity. There were interactions between shading × years (weather) relative to dry matter yield. The efficiency with which solar energy was used for grain production increased with shading. The effect of shading on crude protein and soluble sugars in grain was variable.In the lysimeter shading study, regression equations were used to relate several plant characters to shading and soil moisture (in the available range). Plant height, stem diameter, days to head, number of tillers, weights of grain and of straw, and percent cellulose were negatively related to soil moisture stress; crude protein was positively related. Days to head and crude protein were negatively related to light intensity, but all the other characters were positively related. The partial regression coefficients indicated that the influence of soil moisture stress was much more important than solar radiation on the crude protein content of the grain.