Sugar Grains Research Articles

Diferentes fontes de sacarose na fermentação do kefir de água

Abstract Kefir is a functional drink with potential market growth and several beneficial properties to the human body such as intestinal microbiota balance and anti-inflammatory properties. It is produced from grains that multiply from an initial culture of microorganisms that ferment sucrose, resulting in a slightly acidic, carbonated and low-alcohol beverage. The objective of this work was to use three different substrates for the fermentation (coconut, brown, and refined sugar) and to carry out analyzes of pH, titratable acidity (TA), and soluble solids content during 48 h of the process. In the grains, microbial biomass, dry mass content, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were evaluated. Five fermentations were made for each sugar. The results showed differences in the use of sugar, concluding that there was a greater difference in relation to refined sugar and the others. Drinks fermented in coconut and brown sugar showed pH and acidity values within the ranges found in the consulted literature, with grain structures that provided good adhesion of microorganisms, which was not noticed in refined sugar grains. This may be due to the white sugar’s refining process involving chemical compounds, causing the sugar to have a high sucrose content but a low concentration of minerals and nutrients that favor grain growth. However, grains did not show a high mass gain, which may have been caused by the proportion of sugar/grain (40 g/26 g), temperature (27 °C), and time (48 h) used. Considering the aforementioned parameters, this pioneering study compared coconut, brown, and refined sugars. It was concluded that coconut and brown sugars were more suitable for the fermentation of the kefir drink, due to their similarities with the desired characteristics.

Features of The Treatment of Parkinson's Disease by The Method Resonance Therapy

Parkinson disease (PD) is a degenerative disease of the extrapyramidal motor system. The formations of the midbrain are affected and are expressed in 1. tremor, 2. hypokinesia, 3. muscle rigidity, 4. postural instability. With these diseases, a large number of brain structures degenerate, including demyelinating brain processes. Both diseases are considered incurable. This article presents materials for the effective treatment of diseases by the method of resonance medicine - the resonance of creation and resonance of destruction. With the help of the resonance of creation, the degenerated structures of the brain are restored. Until now, no methods have been known to restore dead brain cells. For the treatment, the resonance therapy method was used, which has been known for at least 25 years and which has been modified in our work since 2016. The essence of our modification was that the author began to use 1. not only low (previously known), but also high potencies of resonant drugs. 2. We have created a direction in resonance therapy, which is called "resonance of creation" and "resonance of destruction". Resonance of destruction is known, with the help of which oncological tissues, infectious processes, cysts, stones, etc. are treated - destroyed. With the help of the resonance of creation, various biological structures that have undergone degeneration and death are restored - the myelin sheath of the nerves in multiple sclerosis, nerve cells in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, etc. With the help of the resonance of creation, the beta cells of the tail of the pancreas are restored in type 1 diabetes, and restoration of the lymphoid system in autoimmune diseases. sis. For the treatment of PD , appropriate preparations are prepared from the tested organopreparations. They are recorded on sugar grains in the potency that is necessary for treatment and resonant treatment of patients is carried out. Treatment of all tested brain structures showed that the patient responds to this treatment quite adequately. In the process of treatment, the “insular cortex” was the first to stop testing, then the “basal nucleus”. As the testability of these brain structures decreased, the patient reported that his condition became significantly better, not only in terms of short-term memory recovery, but also in other indicators. It is well known that the cause of Parkinson's disease is not only the degeneration of various brain structures, but also the appearance of substances with the accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein and Lewy bodies in the cells. It is absolutely impossible to remove alpha-synuclein and Lewy bodies from cells by the method of resonance of creation. That is why to remove these substances in our work we use the principle of treatment - the resonance of destruction. As a result of using this method, the condition of patients with PD improved even more compared to the results that were presented when using only the principle of resonance of creation for treatment. In the selector of the device we find the nosode "Parkinson's disease", we select the necessary potency of the therapeutic drug for the patient in the same way as it was in our other work and write down the drug that the patient takes and is cured on sugar grains. Thus, for the treatment of PD, we use not only the principle of the resonance of creation, but also the resonance of destruction, which together give good results for the treatment of PD.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimers Disease and Parkinsons Disease with Resonance Medicine

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a degenerative disease of the extrapyramidal motor system. The formations of the midbrain are affected and are expressed in 1. Tremor, 2. Hypokinesia, 3. Muscle rigidity, 4. Postural instability. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive form of senile dementia, leading to a complete loss of cognitive abilities, developing mainly after 60-65 years of age. With these diseases, a large number of brain structures degenerate, including demyelinating brain processes. Both diseases are considered incurable. This article presents materials for the effective treatment of diseases by the method of resonance medicine - mainly the resonance of creation. With the help of the resonance of creation, the degenerated structures of the brain are restored. Until now, no methods have been known to restore dead brain cells. This review aims to present materials on the effective treatment (cure) of these diseases. For the treatment, the resonance therapy method was used, which has been known for at least 25 years and which has been modified in our work since 2016. The essence of our modification was that the author began to use 1. Not only low (previously known), but also high potencies of resonant drugs. 2. We have created a direction in resonance therapy, which is called "resonance of creation." So far, only the direction known as “resonance of destruction” is known, with the help of which oncological tissues, infectious processes, cysts, stones, etc. are treated - destroyed. With the help of the resonance of creation, various biological structures that have undergone degeneration and death are restored - the myelin sheath of the nerves in multiple sclerosis, nerve cells in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, etc. With the help of the resonance of creation, the beta cells of the tail of the pancreas are restored in type 1 diabetes, and restoration of the lymphoid system in autoimmune diseases. For the treatment of PD and AD, appropriate preparations are prepared from the tested organopreparations. They are recorded on sugar grains in the potency that is necessary for treatment and resonant treatment of patients is carried out. Treatment of all tested brain structures showed that the patient responds to this treatment quite adequately. In the process of treatment, the “insular cortex” was the first to stop testing, then the “basal nucleus”. As the testability of these brain structures decreased, the patient reported that his condition became significantly better, not only in terms of short-term memory recovery, but also in other indicators. In patients with moderate dementia, in the first weeks of treatment, organ preparations, the "insular cortex", "basal nucleus", "temporal lobe", "isocortex" and those that are characteristic of Parkinson's disease - "lenticular nucleus", "paranigra dopamine nuclei of the middle brain", "roof of the midbrain". Subsequently, the hippocampus, the piriform lobe, the insular field, and the hippocampal pre-basement were no longer tested. At the same time, the reports of the patients' relatives changed: “Our patient began to cry less, be less offended by us and began to recognize loved ones more often - children, grandchildren. Another very important thing is that it has become easier to get up from a chair. Before starting treatment, getting up from a chair was a difficult and lengthy process for her. She became less touchy, became less likely to incontinence. Treatment is carried out until the complete loss of AD symptoms. It has been established that in Alzheimer's disease, the restoration of degenerated formations - the hippocampus, neocortex, amygdala, basal nucleus, isocortex, the pre-foundation of the hippocampus, the insular cortex, the brain septum, the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe, the paralimbic cortex, the piriform lobe led to the restoration these degenerated masses and effective clinical improvement in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The above indicates the effective treatment of PD and AD by the method of resonance of creation.

Abstract 2586: Association between healthy eating index score and risk of pancreatic cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial (PLCO)

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest malignancies in the US. Most cases are diagnosed in the late, non-resectable stages largely due to lack of effective screening tests. There is an urgent need to identify modifiable risk factors for primary prevention of this malignancy. To date, only a few risk factors (family history, smoking, and type-2 diabetes) have been identified for pancreatic cancer. Although several lines of evidence suggest that nutrition plays a role in pancreatic cancer, few nutrients have been consistently associated with its risk in epidemiologic studies. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the association between the 2015 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) score and pancreatic cancer risk among participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). The HEI-2015 is a measure of overall diet quality used to assess how well a diet conforms to key recommendations of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The HEI score is made up of 13 food components, with higher scores (ranged 0-100 points) indicating better dietary quality. In the present study, the HEI-2015 scores were calculated from participant responses to two food frequency questionnaires, dietary questionnaire (DQX) and dietary history questionnaire (DHQ) administered at baseline and the three-year anniversary of enrollment, respectively. During a median follow-up of 12.2 years, 279 cases of pancreatic cancer were identified among 58,477 participants who completed the DQX, while 101,721 participants who responded to the DHQ gave rise to 380 cases of pancreatic cancer over a median follow-up of 8.9 years. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence internals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression for total HEI score and individual score components, classified into adequacy components (total fruit, whole fruits, total vegetables, greens and beans, whole grains, dairy, total protein foods, seafood and plant proteins, and fatty acids) and moderation components (refined grains, sodium, added sugars, and saturated fats). After adjustment for confounders, no significant association between total HEI score and pancreatic cancer was identified [HR (95% CI) for quartile (Q) 4 vs. Q1: 0.86 (0.60, 1.09) for DQX and 1.03 (0.77, 1.39) for DHQ]. The individual component scores for total vegetables and added sugar in the DHQ analysis and whole grain score in the DQX analysis were inversely associated with pancreatic cancer risk [HR (95% CI) for one-point score increase: 0.89 (0.81, 0.98), 0.95 (0.91, 0.99), and 0.94 (0.89, 0.99), respectively]. In summary, our study did not find a significant association between overall diet quality and pancreatic cancer risk but revealed significant associations with total vegetables, added sugar, and whole grains in the PLCO trial. Citation Format: Margaret L. Hoyt, Jianjun Zhang. Association between healthy eating index score and risk of pancreatic cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial (PLCO) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2586.

Formulasi Kefir Rendah Lemak dari Kacang Bambara (Vigna subterranae) dengan Variasi Waktu Fermentasi dan Konsentrasi Starter

Kefir is one of probiotic product which contains yeast and lactic acid bacteria as the agent of fermentation and a good intestinal microflora. It makes kefir really good for health. But kefir usually made from animal milk, which make the kefir contains high fat. And to make it become low fat product, it should made from plant-based milk. Bogor was famous with its Bambara groundnut, the citizen always called kacang bogor. But they only use it just to be a snack, so to make them become more valuable, it can be made into kefir. The aim of this research was to find out the best formulation of Bambara groundnut kefir with a variety of fermentation time and concentration of starter. There were two kind of raw material that was used, such as 100% Bambara groundnut extract and Bambara groundnut extract with skim milk addition (50:50). The raw material were added with 10% sugar and kefir grains / starter with variety concentration about 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. The fermentation process was carried out for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The results showed that the best formulation of the kefir were made from 100% Bambara groundnut with 7.5% starter addition and 72 hours of fermentation. It showed that Bambara groundnut kefir has low fat about 2,43% and the amount of lactic acid bacteria and yeast about 1,5x109 CFU/gram and 4,3x107 CFU/gram respectively. The protein content of it still low, it was about 1,87%.

Does Colour of the Food Attract Ants?

Milky white, brown, yellow and pink sugar grains along with normal sugar grains in equal number were offered to the ants at different sites, in the foraging ground of a garden locating at Garia, Kolkata, India to note the role of colouration of the food in food selection, if any. It is revealed that the ants Anoplolepis gracilipes procured all the supplied colour sugar grains from the offered sites between 1 and 43 min and the normal sugar grains between 1 and 38 min from the offered sites. Results of statistical analyses clearly indicate that the colour of the food has no role to attract the ants A. gracilipes in respect to procurement times of the sugar grains noted. This suggests that the colour of the food does not act as an attractant for the ants A. gracilipes in food selection.

Ants’ Food Examination

Sugar, salt and alum grains between 15 and 55 mg were deposited at different sites in the foraging ground of the ants Anoplolepis gracilipes and Paratrechina longicornis to study the examination processes the ants applied prior to carry these grains to the nest or refused at the site. It is revealed that, of the supplied 10 grains of these three substances A. gracilipes and P. longicornis examined only one sugar grain in most cases and two grains in few cases prior to carry a grain to the nest. Under similar situation an ant irrespective of species examined in most cases only one salt grain though few individuals examined 2 or 3 or 4 grains prior to have a decision either to carry one to the nest or to move elsewhere refusing the same at the site. Interestingly, an ant individual only in few cases examined only one alum grain but in most cases it examined 2, 3, 4 even up to all the 10 supplied alum grains scrupulously prior to refuse the same. Of the offered grain the ants procured 100 % sugar grains and 60 % salt grains from the sites to the nest while 100 % alum grains were refused at the sites following careful examination. As sugar, salt and alum grains look almost alike examination of all the alum grains was performed by the ants with a hope to get sugar grains, if any, from amongst these visually similar kinds of grains. This may be due to lack of food examination system at a precision level.

Granular structure determined by terahertz scattering

Light scattering from particles reveals static and dynamical information about the particles and their correlations. Such methods are particularly powerful when the wavelength of the light is chosen similar to the sizes and distances of the particles. To apply scattering to investigate granular matter in particular —or other objects of similar submillimeter size— light of suitable wavelength in the terahertz regime needs to be chosen. By using a quantum cascade laser in a benchtop setup we determine the angle-dependent scattering of spherical particles as well as coffee powder and sugar grains. The scattering from single particles can be interpreted by form factors derived within the Mie theory. In addition, collective correlations can be extracted as static structure factors and compared to recent computer simulations.

Internal Deformation Measurement of Polymer Bonded Sugar in Compression by Digital Volume Correlation of In-situ Tomography

A polymer bonded sugar (PBS) cylindrical specimen, in which caster sugar grains are embedded in hydroxylterminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binder matrix, was compressed up to −31.5 % of compressive strain without confinement, while its internal microstructures were determined by X-ray micro-computed tomography. The reconstructed volumetric images were analyzed to determine three-dimensional (3D) morphologies and to investigate the damage and failure mechanisms. The image grayscale was filtered by threshold values to identify individual material constituents, and determine grain volume fraction. An incremental digital volume correlation (DVC) technique was developed to determine the internal deformations and to track the movement of individual sugar grains. The evolution of the internal 3D deformation of PBS is correlated to its microstructures, as well as debonding and void formation. The side length of a cubic representative volume element (RVE) for the PBS is determined as 10 times of the average grain size, based on the analysis of sugar volume fraction; it is consistent with the RVE size determined from convergence analysis of the average and the standard deviation of strain distribution. Image analysis indicates that void ratio can be used as an indicator to quantify the extent of damage. Debonding occurs at first in the inner core region, and then propagates to the outer annular region. Debonding is also determined as the primary mechanism for damage formation and evolution. Grain fracture was not observed during the uniaxial compression of this PBS specimen under a nominal strain of −31.5 % without confinement.

Education

Long ago, I forgave Arthur Conan Doyle for making the greatest literary detective of all time a chemist and his arch villain a mathematician, but there was a logic behind it. After all, Sherlock Holmes was a man of action and intellect. He collected data before he interpreted it. His nemesis, Moriarty, is characterized as an organizer, acting by proxy and letting others be his eyes and ears. Doyle's fiction was a reflection of his time, but times have changed. There was a time when gathering data often required special skills, equipment, and a great deal of time. Now, inexpensive cameras and sensors are ubiquitous, as is the software to extract and manipulate data, and our two Education section contributions this issue exemplify this component of modern mathematical inquiry. The first is a piece about Bayesian inversion, a category of problems where a well-established model is available, but some internal parameters are unknown. The mathematical challenge is to map a noisy data set to the probability distributions of the parameters so that they best explain the data. The second contribution surveys models for describing angles of repose and free surfaces of granular materials. In both cases, the authors demonstrate the value of their ideas by comparing their mathematical results with simple, inexpensive, self-contained experiments. In “Estimating Parameters in Physical Models through Bayesian Inversion: A Complete Example” authors Moritz Allmaras, Wolfgang Bangerth, Jean Marie Linhart, Javier Polanco, Fang Wang, Kainan Wang, Jennifer Webster, and Sarah Zedler put forth a true team effort and walk the reader through an example of Bayesian inversion from start to finish. The probabilistic model is relatively simple, but as the title states, we face an inverse problem in trying to determine the parameters. The goal is to determine a probability density of the parameters given a set of measurements with known or assumed probability densities. In this case, the authors walk us through an example using data extracted from video footage of a falling object to determine the gravitational acceleration and the object's viscous drag coefficient. The inversion for a small number of parameters can be tackled directly with numerical integration, but as the authors note, larger numbers of parameters curse us with a greater number of dimensions, a topic beyond the scope of this introductory communication. Like any good detective story, things are not as they seem. The authors find that either their assumptions are a bit off or gravity is weaker in College Station than in other towns in Texas (or anywhere else in the world). To resolve the discrepancy, the authors propose an additional measurement error that produces a more believable set of parameter distributions, highlighting one of the main points of the article: No amount of data will help unless we carefully choose where and how we take measurements. In the second Education section offering, authors Rachael Gordon-Wright and Pierre A. Gremaud explore free surfaces of granular materials. Unlike motions of simple gases and liquids which in most circumstances can be explained adequately by the Navier--Stokes equations, continuum models of granular materials pose a greater challenge. As the authors suggest, a mountain of potatoes may have a different shape than a pile of sugar grains. In their article “Granular Free Surfaces,” they limit the discussion to steady free surfaces, a rich topic because unlike a fluid, granular materials can sustain a shear stress while at rest and so there are many possible free surfaces. For these problems, the relevant mathematical structure is not a differential equation but rather a differential inclusion. For linear slopes, a direct calculation will reveal the angle of repose if one knows a few internal parameters. Next, the authors put a “spin” on the problem by exploring free surfaces in rotating cylinders. Finally, they compare their mathematical results with experimental observation and in this case find qualitative agreement. While we feature two very different contributions in this issue, they share some important features beyond the use of home-brew data collection. Both articles would fit well with an upper division undergraduate or introductory graduate modeling course. Both hint at the challenges posed to mathematicians when theoretical predictions provide qualitative but not quantitative agreement. Finally, like all great detective stories, both articles describe a great problem, round up the usual theoretical suspects, and bring us to a satisfying resolution.

Vazão de grãos em um silo cilíndrico: uma atividade experimental

O fluxo de materiais granulares é pouco discutido nos livros de física básica, apesar de que sistemas de grãos estão muito presentes na vida cotidiana. Este trabalho mostra o desenvolvimento de um sistema experimental relativamente simples para estudar a vazão de grãos de arroz e de açúcar. O aparelho é constituído por um silo cilíndrico com uma abertura circular no fundo e uma balança. A balança é conectada a um computador para monitorar a massa como função do tempo dos grãos que saem do silo. Foram realizadas medidas para diferentes diâmetros da abertura de saída do silo e diferentes alturas iniciais da coluna de grãos. Para fins didáticos, o mesmo sistema foi usado para medir a vazão de água. Os resultados claramente ilustram as diferenças entre os dois tipos de fluidos e podem ser facilmente reproduzidos em sala de aulas.

Effect of operating conditions on dry particle coating in a high shear mixer

An investigation into the effects of the operating conditions on a dry particle coating process has been performed with mixtures of sugar grains (Suglet®) and magnesium stearate (MgSt) as the host and invited particles, respectively. Dry coating has been carried out in a high shear mixer (Cyclomix®) at different processing times t, rotational speeds ω, and filling ratios J, of the mixer. In order to determine the effect of the operating conditions on the properties of the products, the changes in flowability and wettability of the mixtures as a function of ω, J and the operating time t have been analyzed. The flowability is found to be improved by longer processing times. Higher speeds of rotations can improve the flowability more rapidly. However, the flowability does not seem to be sensitive to the filling ratio and it may be concluded that operating with higher filling ratios gives higher production. A method is proposed to measure the mass fraction of invited particles on the surfaces of the host particles. This fraction is linked to the product properties as the flowability and wettability. This result can be predicted by a model using a coating rate constant kc which can be used to optimize dry coating processes to give desired properties of coated particles. This coating rate constant can define and represent the efficiency of the dry coating.

Hybrid modelling of batch centrifuges as part of a generic object oriented beet Sugar Mill library

Sugar crystallizers deliver a slurry where the sugar grains are suspended in the so called mother liquor. The batch centrifuges are the units in charge of mechanically separating the former from the latter guaranteeing the quality and efficiency of the process. A realistic first principles model of a batch sugar centrifuge is described in the context of a Sugar House object oriented generic library, specially designed for the training of control room personnel. The challenges posed by the hybrid continuous–discrete character of the model are particularly addressed.

Librería de Modelos Orientada a Objetos para la Simulación del Cuarto de Azúcar: Cristalizador Continuo por Evaporación al Vacío

The Sugar House is the final department of beet sugar factories. The section receives from the previous department a concentrated sucrose syrup and delivers the commercial sugar grains. In this article the main features of an Object Oriented Library to model the typical Sugar House with the declared purpose of building simulation tools for the training of control room operators is presented. The model of the continuous crystallizer is described in detail.

Librería de Modelos Orientada a Objetos para la Simulación del Cuarto de Azúcar: Cristalizador Continuo por Evaporación al Vacío

The Sugar House is the final department of beet sugar factories. The section receives from the previous department a concentrated sucrose syrup and delivers the commercial sugar grains. In this article the main features of an Object Oriented Library to model the typical Sugar House with the declared purpose of building simulation tools for the training of control room operators is presented. The model of the continuous crystallizer is described in detail.

Estudo comparativo de algumas propriedades dinâmicas de líquidos e grãos na sala de aula

Visando entender as diferenças entre as propriedades dinâmicas dos materiais granulares e as propriedades dinâmicas dos líquidos, foram realizados experimentos usando água e grãos de arroz e açúcar. Os experimentos requerem poucos recursos e foram pensados para que possam ser desenvolvidos com facilidade na sala de aula ou num laboratório de ensino. Os resultados mostraram que o fluxo de grãos difere significativamente do fluxo de líquidos.

A Hybrid Object-Oriented Library for the Simulation of Sugar Houses

The final department of any sugar factory is in charge of producing commercial sugar grains out of an impure sucrose in water solution by means of crystallization. Quality requirements demand a fed-batch mode of operation from most of the process units of the section and in particular from the industrial crystallizers. A library of reusable simulation models of the Sugar House have been developed taking advantage of object oriented modeling concepts. The dynamic simulation of batch equipment usually demands the use of hybrid type models.